Characterization of the stringent and relaxed responses of Streptococcus equisimilis

Journal of Bacteriology

Volumn 179, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 2658-2667

  Mechold, Undine ^a   Malke, Horst ^a  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3' PYROPHOSPHORYLTRANSFERASE; BACTERIAL ENZYME; GUANOSINE 3',5' BIS(DIPHOSPHATE) 3' PYROPHOSPHOHYDROLASE; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENETICS; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; BIOACCUMULATION; ENERGY BALANCE; GENE FUNCTION; MUTATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RNA SYNTHESIS; STREPTOCOCCUS; STRESS;

EID: 0030952241     PISSN: 00219193     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.8.2658-2667.1997     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Belitskii, B. R., and R. S. Shakulov. 1982. Role of the spoT gene product in the degradation of ppGpp in bacteria. Mol. Biol. (Moscow) 14:1342-1353.
2. Cashel, M. 1994. Detection of (p)ppGpp accumulation patterns in Escherichia coli mutants. Methods Mol. Genet. 3:341-356.
3. Cashel, M., D. R. Gentry, V. J. Hernandez, and D. Vinella. 1996. The stringent response, p. 1458-1496. In F. C. Neidhardt. R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and A. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
4. Cashel, M., and B. Kalbacher. 1970. The control of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli. V. Characterization of a nucleotide associated with the stringent response. J. Biol. Chem. 245:2309-2318.
5. Cashel, M., and K. E. Rudd. 1987. The stringent response, p. 1410-1438. In F. C. Neidhardt, J. L. Ingraham, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: cellular and molecular biology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
6. Cassels, R., B. Oliva, and D. Knowles. 1995. Occurrence of the regulatory nucleotides ppGpp and pppGpp following induction of the stringent response in staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 177:5161-5165.
7. Christensen, L. R. 1945. Streptococcal fibrinolysis: a proteolytic reaction due to a serum enzyme activated by Streptococcal fibrinolysis. J. Gen. Physiol. 28:363-383.
8. Cochran, J. W., and R. W. Byrne. 1974. Isolation and properties of a ribosome-bound factor required for ppGpp and pppGpp synthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 249:353-360.
9. Condon, C., C. Squires, and C. L. Squires. 1995. Control of rRNA transcription in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 59:623-645.
10. Fiil, N. P., B. M. Willumsen, J. D. Friesen, and K. von Meyenberg. 1977. Interaction of alleles of the relA, relC and spoT genes in Escherichia cod: analysis of the interconversion of GTP, ppGpp, and pppGpp. Mol. Gen. Genet. 150:87-101.
11. Flärdh, K., T. Axeberg, N. H. Albertson, and S. Kjelleberg. 1994. Stringent control during carbon starvation of marine Vibrio sp. strain S14: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and deletion of the relA gene. J. Bacteriol. 176:5949-5957.
12. Fraser, C. M., J. D. Gocayne, O. White, M. D. Adams, R. A. Clayton, R. D. Fleischmann, C. J. Bull, A. R. Kerlavage, G. Sutton, J. M. Kelley, et al. 1995. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 270:397-403.
13. Gallant, J., and R. A. Lazzarini. 1976. The regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis and degradation in bacteria, p. 310-349. In E. McConkey (ed.), Protein synthesis, a series of advances, vol. 2. Marcel Dekker. Inc., New York, N.Y.
14. Gallant, J., and G. Margason. 1972. Amino acid control of messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 247:2280-2294.
15. Gallant J., G. Margason, and B. Finch. 1972. On the turnover of ppGpp in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 247:6055-6058.
16. Gentry, D. R., and M. Cashel. 1996. Mutational analysis of the Escherichia coli spoT gene identifies distinct but overlapping regions involved in ppGpp synthesis and degradation. Mol. Microbiol. 19:1373-1384.
17. Goldman, E., and H. Jakubowski. 1990. Uncharged tRNA, protein synthesis, and the bacterial stringent response. Mol. Microbiol. 4:2035-2040.
18. Haseltine, W. A., and R. Block. 1973. Synthesis of guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate requires the presence of a codon-specific, uncharged transfer ribonucleic acid in the acceptor site of ribosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:1564-1568.
19. Haseltine, W. A., R. Block, W. Gilbert, and K. Weber. 1972. MSI and MSII are made on the ribosome in an idling reaction of protein synthesis. Nature 238:381-385.
20. Hernandez, V. J., and H. Bremer. 1991. Escherichia coli ppGpp synthetase II activity requires spoT. J. Biol. Chem. 266:5991-5999.
21. Hughes, J., and G. Mellows. 1978. Inhibition of isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase in Escherichia coli by pseudomonic acid. Biochem. J. 176: 305-318.
22. Kaplan, S., A. G. Atherly, and A. Barrett. 1973. Synthesis of stable RNA in stringent Escherichia coli cells in the absence of charged transfer RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:689-692.
23. Kornberg, A. 1995. Inorganic polyphosphate: toward making a forgotten polymer unforgettable. J. Bacteriol. 177:491-496.
24. Lazzarint, R. A., M. Cashel, and J. Gallant. 1971. On the regulation of guanosine tetraphosphate levels in stringent and relaxed strains of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 246:4381-4385.
25. Ludwig, J. R., II, S. G. Oliver, and C. S. McLaughlin. 1977. The effect of amino acids on growth and phosphate metabolism in a prototrophic yeast strain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 79:16-23.
26. McDowell, T. D., E. R. Kelyenne, and W. M. Hadley. 1988. Accumulation of ppGpp in three streptococci during periods of amino acid starvation. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56:151-156.
27. Mechold, U., M. Cashel, K. Steiner, D. Gentry, and H. Malke. 1996. Functional analysis of a relA/spoT gene homolog from Streptococcus equisimilis. J. Bacteriol. 178:1401-1411.
28. Mechold, U., K. Steiner, S. Vettermann, and H. Malke. 1993. Genetic organization of the streptokinase region of the Streptococcus equisimilis H46A chromosome. Mol. Gen. Genet. 241:129-140.
29. Metzger, S., G. Schreiber, E. Aizenman, M. Cashel, and G. Glaser. 1989. Characterization of the relA1 mutation and a comparison of relA1 with new relA null alleles in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 264:21146-21152.
30. Nierlich, D. P. 1968. Amino acid control over RNA synthesis, a re-evaluation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 60:1345-1352.
31. Pedersen, F. S., and N. O. Kjeldgaard. 1977. Analysis of the relA gene product of Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 76:91-97.
32. Rao, N. N., and A. Kornberg. 1996. Inorganic polyphosphale supports resistance and survival of stationary-phase Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178: 1394-1400.
33. Rojiani, M. V., H. Jakubowski, and M. Goldman. 1989. Effect of variation of charged and uncharged tRNA (Trp) levels on ppGpp synthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol, 171:6493-6502.
34. Trp in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1511-1515.
35. Sarubbi, E., K. E. Rudd, and M. Cashel. 1988. Basai ppGpp level adjustment shown by new spoT mutants affect steady state growth rates and rrnA ribosomal promoter regulation in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 213:214-222.
36. Schreiber, G., S. Metzger, E. Aizenman, S. Roza, M. Cashel, and G. Glaser. 1991. Overexpression of the relA gene in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 266:3760-3767.
37. Scoarughi, G. L., C. Cimmino, and P. Donini. 1995. Lack of production of (p)ppGpp in Halobacterium volcanii under conditions that are effective in the eubacteria. J. Bacteriol. 177:82-85.
38. Solimene, R., A. M. Guerrini, and P. Donini. 1980. Levels of acid-soluble polyphosphate in growing cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 143:710-714.
39. Steiner, K., and H. Malke. 1995. Transcription termination of the streptokinase gene of Streptococcus equisimilis H46A: bidirectionality and efficiency in homologous and heterologous hosts. Mol. Gen. Genet. 246:374-380.
40. Svitil, A. L., M. Cashel, and J. W. Zyskind. 1993. Guanosine tetraphosphate inhibits protein synthesis in vivo: a possible protective mechanism for starvation stress in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 268:2307-2311.
41. van de Guchte, M., J. M. van der Vossen, J. Kok, and G. Venema. 1989. Construction of a lactococcal expression vector: expression of hen egg white lysozyme in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 224-228.
42. van de Rijn, I., and R. E. Kessler. 1980. Growth characteristics of group A streptococci in a new chemically defined medium. Infect. Immun. 27:444-448.
43. Winslow, R. M., and R. A. Lazzarini. 1969. The rates of synthesis and chain elongation of ribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 244:1128-1137.
44. Xiao, H., M. Kaiman, K. Ikehara, S. Zemel, G. Glaser, and M. Cashel. 1991. Residual guanosine 3′,5′-bispyrophosphate synthetic activity of relA null mutants can be eliminated by spoT null mutations. J. Biol. Chem. 266:5980-5990.
45. Yanisch-Perron, C., J. Vieira, and J. Messing. 1985. Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains; nucleotide sequences of the M13mpl8 and pUC19 vectors. Gene 33:103-119.