Additive hypocholesterolemic effect of psyllium and cholestyramine in the hamster: Influence on fecal sterol and bile acid profiles

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 491-502

  Daggy, B P ^a   O'Connell, N C ^b   Jerdack, G R ^a   Stinson, B A ^a   Setchell, K D R ^b  

^a PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY   (United States)

^b CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

cholesterol; dietary fiber; feces; mass spectrometry; therapeutic agents

Indexed keywords

COLESTYRAMINE; ISPAGULA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIETARY FIBER; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION; FECES ANALYSIS; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STEROL SYNTHESIS;

EID: 0030947804     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37257-6     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. LaRosa, J. 1989. Review of clinical studies of bile acid sequestrants for lowering plasma lipid levels. Cardiology. 76(suppl): 55-64.
2. Anderson, J. W., N. Zettwoch, T. Feldman, J. Tietyen-Clark, P. Oeltgen, and C. B. Bishop. 1988. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid for hypercholesterolemic men. Arch. Mem. Med. 148: 292-296.
3. Bell, L. P., K. Hectome, H. Reynolds, T. K. Balm, and D. B. Hunninghake. 1989. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid. Adjunct therapy to a prudent diet for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 261: 3419-3423.
4. Levin, E. G., V. T. Miller, R. A. Muesing, D. B. Stoy, T. K. Balm, and J. C. LaRosa. 1990. Comparison of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid and cellulose as adjuncts to a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch. Intern. Med. 150: 1822-1827.
5. Sprecher, D. L., B. V. Harris, A. C. Goldberg, E. C. Anderson, L. M. Bayuk, B. S. Russell, D. S. Crone, C. Quinn, J. Bateman, B. R. Kuzmak, and L. D. Allgood. 1993. Efficacy of psyllium in reducing serum cholesterol levels in the hypercholesterolemic patients on high- or low-fat diets. Ann. Intern. Med. 119: 545-554.
6. McCall, M. R., T. Mehta, C. W. Leathers, and D. M. Foster. 1992. Psyllium husk I: effect on plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis in African green monkeys. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56: 376-384.
7. Kritchevsky, D., and S. A. Tepper. 1995. Influence of dietary fiber on establishment and progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. J. Nutr. Biochem. 6: 509-512.
8. Turley, S. D., B. P. Daggy, and J. M. Dietschy. 1994. Psyllium augments the cholesterol-lowering action of cholestyramine in hamsters by enhancing sterol loss from the liver. Gastroenterology, 107: 444-452.
9. Turley, S. D., B. P. Daggy, and J. M. Dietschy. 1996. Effect of feeding psyllium and cholestyramine in combination on low density lipoprotein metabolism and fecal bile acid excretion in hamsters with dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 27: 71-79.
10. Maciejko, J. J., R. Brazg, A. Shah, S. Patil, and M. Rubenfire. 1994. Psyllium for the reduction of cholestyramine-associated gastrointestinal symptoms in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. Arch. Fam. Med. 3: 955-960.
11. Spence, J. D., M. W. Huff, P. Heidenheim, A. Viswanatha, C. Munoz, R. Lindsay, B. Wolfe, and D. Mills. 1995. Combination therapy with colestipol and psyllium mucilloid in patients with hyperlipidemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 123: 493-499.
12. Grundy, S. M., E. H. Ahrens, Jr., and G. Salen. 1971. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man: comparative effects of cholestyramine and ileal exclusion on cholesterol metabolism. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 78. 94-121.
13. Suckling, K. E., G. M. Benson, B. Bond, A. Gee, A. Glen, C. Haynes, and B. Jackson. 1991. Cholesterol lowering and bile acid excretion in the hamster with cholestyramine treatment. Atherosclerosis. 89: 183-190.
14. Miettinen, T. A. 1978. Effects of dietary fibers and ion-exchange resins on cholesterol metabolism in man. In International Conference on Atherosclerosis. L. A. Carlson et al., editors. Raven Press, NY. 193-198.
15. Shepherd, J. 1989. Mechanism of action of bile acid sequestrants and other lipid-lowering drugs. Cardiology. 76(suppl): 65-74.
16. Horton, J. D., J. A. Cuthbert, and D. K. Spady. 1994. Regulation of hepatic 7α-hydroxylase expression by dietary psyllium in the hamster. J. Clin. Invest. 93: 2084-209.
17. Turley, S. D., and J. M. Dietschy. 1995. Mechanisms of LDL-cholesterol lowering action of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid in the hamster. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1255. 177-184.
18. Beher, W. T., and K. K. Casazza. 1971. Effects of psyllium hydrocolloid on bile acid metabolism in normal and hypophysectomized rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 136: 253-256.
19. Forman, D. T., J. E. Garvin, J. E. Forestner, and C. B. Taylor. 1968. Increased excretion of fecal bile acids by an oral hydrophillic colloid. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 127: 1060-1063.
20. Stanley, M. M., D. Paul, D. Gacke, and J. Murphy. 1973. Effects of cholestyramine, metamucil, and cellulose on fecal bile salt excretion in man. Gastroenterology. 65: 889-894.
21. Abraham, Z. D., and T. Mehta. 1988. Three-week psyllium-husk supplementation: effect on plasma cholesterol concentrations, fecal steroid excretion, and carbohydrate absorption in men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47: 67-74.
22. Miettinen, T. A., and S. Tarpila. 1989. Serum lipids and cholesterol metabolism during guar gum, plantago ovata and high fibre treatments. Clin. Chim. Acta. 183: 253-262.
23. Matheson H. B., I. S. Colon, and J. A. Story. 1995. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity is increased by dietary modification with psyllium hydrocolloid pectin, cholesterol and cholestyramine in rat. J. Nutr. 125: 454-458.
24. Everson, G. T., B. P. Daggy, C. McKinley, and J. A. Story. 1992. Effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on LUL-cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in hypercholesterolemic men. J. Lipid Res. 33: 1183-1192
25. Turley, S. D., B. P. Daggy, and J. M. Dietschy. 1991. Cholesterol-lowering action of psyllium mucilloid in the hamster: sites and possible mechanisms of action. Metabolism. 40: 1063-1073.
26. Ruotolo, G., B. V. Howard, W. V. Brown, and N.-A. Le. 1989. Soluble fibers do not bind bile acids. Arteriosclerosis. 9: 760a.
27. The Merck Index, 9th Edition. 1976. M. Windholz, edition. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ. 284.
28. Sandhu, J. S., G. J. Hudson, and J. F. Kennedy. 1981. The gel nature and structure of the carbohydrate of Ispaghula husk ex Plantago ovata Forsk. Carbohydr. Res. 93: 247-259.
29. Spady, D. K., and J. M. Dietschy. 1985. Dietary saturated triacylglycerols suppress hepatic low density lipoprotein receptor activity in the hamster. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 82: 4526-4530.
30. Imray, C. H. E., T. Minoura, A. Davis, S. Radley, K. M. Newborn, M. Lavelle-Jones, A. M. Lawson, P. R. Baker, and T. P. Neoptolemos. 1992. Comparability of hamster with human faecal unconjugated bile acids in a model of colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 12: 553-558.
31. Havel, R. J., H. A. Eder, and J. H. Bragdon 1955. The distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum. J. Clin. Invest 34: 1345-1353.
32. Setchell, K. D. R., A. M. Lawson, N. Tanida, and J. Sjövall. 1983. General methods for the analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids and related compounds in feces. J. Lipid Res. 24: 1085-1100.
33. Setchell, K. D. R., and A. M. Lawson. 1989. Bile acids. In Mass Spectrometry. A. M. Lawson, editor. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York. 53-125.
34. Setchell, K. D. R., J. M. Street, and J. Sjövall. 1988. Fecal bile acids. In The Bile Acids. Vol. 4. K.D.R. Setchell, D. Kritchevsky, and P. P. Nair, editors. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 441-570.
35. Blau, K., and G. S. King. 1978. Handbook of Derivatives for Chromatography. Heyden & Son, London.
36. Hirano, Y., H. Miyazaki, S. Higashidate, and F. Nakayama. 1987 Analysis of 3-sulfated and nonsulfated bile acids by one-step hydrolysis and high performance liquid chromatoeraphy. J. Lipid Res. 28: 1524-1529.
37. Nair, P. P., and C. C. Garcia. 1969. A modified gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the rapid determination of bile acids in biological fluids. Anal. Biochem. 29: 164-166.
38. Setchell, K. D. R., and J. Worthington. 1982. A rapid method for the quantitative extraction of bile acids and their conjugates from serum using commercially available reverse-phase octadecylsilane bonded silica cartridges. Clin Chim. Acta. 125: 135-144.
39. Aime, B., A. Bremmelgaard, J. Sjövall, and P. Thomassen. 1977. Analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids in urine using a lipophilic anion exchanger and computerized gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Lipid Res. 18: 339-362.
40. Axelson, M., and J. Sjövall. 1974. Separation and computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of unconjugated neutral steroids in plasma. J. Steroid Biochem. 5: 733-738.
41. Lawson, A. M., and K. D. R. Setchell. 1988. Mass spectrometry of bile acids. In The Bile Acids. Vol. 4 K. D. R. Setchell, D. Kritchevsky, and P. P. Nair, editors. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 167-267.
42. Turley, S. D., D. K. Spady, and J. M. Dietschy. 1983. Alteration of the degree of biliary cholesterol saturation in the hamster and rat by manipulation of the pools of preformed and newly synthesized cholesterol. Gastroenterology 84: 253-264.
43. Singhal, A. K., J. Pinver-Sadowsky, C. K. McSherry, and E. H. Mosbach. 1983. Effect of cholesterol and bile acids on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in hamster. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 752: 214-222.
44. Bellentani, S., E. Bosisio, M. Pecoran, E. De Fabiani, P. Cordoma, M. Crestani, and F. Manenti. 1987. Effect of tauroursodeoxycholate feeding, with or without taurine supplementation on hepatic bile acids and cholesterol metabolism in the hamster. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 19: 327-339.
45. Bellentani, S., M. Pecorari, P. Cordoma, P. Marchegiano, F. Manenti, E. Bosisio, E. De Fabiani, and G. Galli. 1987. Taurine increases bile acid pool size and reduces bile saturation index in the hamster. J. Lipid Res. 28: 1021-1027.
46. Malavolti, M., S. Ceryak, and H. Fromm. 1987. Modulation of bile secretion by hepatic low-density lipoprotein uptake and by chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in the hamster. Gastroenterology. 93: 1104-1115.
47. Chijiiwa, K., and F. Nakayama. 1988. Simultaneous microanalysis of bile acids and cholesterol in bile by glass capillary column gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 431: 17-25.
48. Trautwein, E. A., J. Liang, and K. C. Hayes. 1993. Plasma lipoproteins, biliary lipids, and bile acid profile differ in various strains of Syrian hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104A: 829-835.
49. Sjövall, J. 1959. Dietary glycine and taurine on bile acid conjugation in man. Bile acids and steroids 75. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 100: 676-678.
50. 22-Ursodeoxycholic acid - a unique metabolite of administered ursodeoxycholic acid in rats, indicating partial β-oxidation as a major metabolic pathway for bile acid metabolism. Biochemistry. 34: 4169-4178.
51. Rodrigues, C. M. P., B. T. Kren, C. J. Steer, and K. D. R. Setchell. 1995. The site-specific delivery of ursodeoxycholic acid to the rat colon by sulfate conjugation. Gastroenterology. 109: 1835-1844.
52. Cook, D. A., L. M. Hagerman, and D. L. Schneider. 1971. Effect of dietary taurine on fecal bile salt excretion in rats and hamsters fed cholestyramine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 138: 830-834.
53. Gallaher, D. D., C. A. Hassel, K.-J. Lee, and C. M. Gallaher. 1993. Viscosity and fermentability as attributes of dietary fiber responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect in hamsters. J. Nutr. 123: 244-252.
54. Malavolti, M., H. Fromm, S. Ceryak, and I. M. Roberts. 1987. Modulation of low density lipoprotein receptor activity by bile acids: differential effects of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids in the hamster. J. Lipid Res. 28: 1281-1295.
55. Imaizumi, K., K. Abe, C. Kuroiwa, and M. Sugano. 1993. Fat containing stearic acid increases fecal neutral steroid excretion and catabolism of low density lipoproteins without affecting plasma cholesterol concentration in hamsters fed a cholesterol-containing diet. J. Nutr. 123: 1693-1702.
56. Riottot, M., P. Olivier, A. Huet, J. J. Caboche, M. Parquet, J. Khallou, and C. Lutton. 1993. Hypolipidemic effects of beta-cyclodextrin in the hamster and in the genetically hypercholesterolemic Rico rat. Lipids. 28: 181-188.
57. Benson, G. M., N. J. Haskins, C. Eckers, P. J. Moore, D. G. Reid, R. C. Mitchell, S. Waghmare, and K. E. Suckling. 1993. Polydeoxycholate in human and hamster feces: a major product of cholate metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 34: 2121-2134.
58. Grundy, S. M., E. H. Ahrens, Jr., and T. A. Miettinen. 1965. Quantitative isolation and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of total fecal bile acids. J. Lipid Res. 6: 397-410.
59. Ali, S. S., A. Kuksis, and J. M. R. Beveridge. 1965. Excretion of bile acids by three men on a fat-free diet. Can. J. Biochem. 44: 957-969.
60. Evrard, E., and G. Janssen. 1968. Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of human fecal bile acids. J. Lipid Res. 9: 226-236.
61. Eneroth, P., K. Hellstrom, and J. Sjövall. 1968. A method for quantitative determination of bile acids in human feces. Acta Chem. Scand. 22: 1729-1744.
62. Manes, J. D., and D. L. Schneider. 1971. Extraction of bile acids from rat feces containing cholestyramine. J. Lipid Res. 12: 376-377.
63. Setchell, K. D. R., J. A. Ives, G. C. Cashmore, and A. M. Lawson. 1987. On the homogeneity of stools with respect to bile acid composition and normal day-to-day variations: a detailed qualitative and quantitative study using capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clin. Chim. Acta. 162: 257-275.
64. Hoagland, P. D., and P. E. Pfeffer. 1987. Cobinding of bile acids to carrot fiber. J. Agric. Food Chem. 35: 316-319.
65. Edwards, C. A., I. T. Johnson, and N. W. Read. 1988. Do viscous polysaccharides slow absorption by inhibiting diffusion or convection? Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 42: 307-312.
66. Johnson, I. T., and J. M. Gee. 1981. Effect of gel-forming gums on the intestinal unstirred layer and sugar transport in vitro. Gut. 22: 398-403.
67. Gerencser, G. A., J. Cerda, C. Burgin, M. M. Baig, and R. Gould. 1984. Unstirred water layers in rabbit intestine; effects of pectin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 176: 183-186.
68. Fuse, K., T. Bamba, and S. Hosoda. 1989. Effects of pectin on fatty acid and glucose absorption and on thickness of unstirred water layer in rat and human intestine. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34: 1109-1116.
69. Matheson, H. B., and J. A. Story. 1994. Dietary psyllium hydrocolloid and pectin increase bile acid pool size and change bile acid composition in rats. J. Nutr. 124: 1161-1165.
70. McBurney, M. I., and L. U. Thompson. 1989. In vitro fermentabilities of purified fiber supplements. J. Food Sci. 54: 347-350.
71. Prynne, C. J., and D. A. T. Southgate. 1979. The effects of a supplement of dietary fibre on faecal excretion by human subjects. Br. J. Nutr. 41: 494-503.
72. Arjmandi, B. H., J. Craig, S. Nathani, and R. D. Reeves. 1992. Soluble dietary fiber and cholesterol influence in vivo hepatic and intestinal cholesterol biosynthesis in rats. J. Nutr. 122: 1559-1565.
73. Marlett, J. A., K. B. Hosig, N. W. Vollendorf, F. L. Shinnick, V. S. Haack, and J. A. Story. 1994. Mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by oat bran. Hepatology. 20: 1450-1457.
74. Ganji, V., and C. V. Kies. 1994. Psyllium husk fibre supplementation to soybean and coconut oil diets of human: effect on fat digestibility and faecal fatty acid excretion. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48: 595-597.
75. Jenkins, D. J. A., and A. L. Jenkins. 1985. Dietary fiber and the glycemic response. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 180: 422-431.
76. Björkhem, I., G. Eggertsen, and U. Andersson. 1991. On the mechanism of stimulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase by dietary cholesterol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1085: 329-335.
77. Hoang, V. Q., K. M. Botham, G. M. Benson, E. E. Eldredge, B. Jackson, N. Pearce, and K. E. Suckling. 1993. Bile acid synthesis in hamster hepatocytes in primary culture: sources of cholesterol and comparison with other species. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1210: 73-80.
78. National Cholesterol Education Program. 1993. Second report of the expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. NIH Publication No. 93-3095, p. IIIA-4.