Light dosimetry in vivo

Physics in Medicine and Biology

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 763-787

  Star, Willem M ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DOSIMETRY; FLUORESCENCE; HUMAN; LIGHT; LIGHT ABSORPTION; NONHUMAN; OPTICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; HUMANS; LIGHT; OPTICS; PHOTOBIOLOGY;

EID: 0030945884     PISSN: 00319155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/42/5/003     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Allardice J T, Abulafi A M, Dean R, Rowland A C and Williams N S 1993 Light delivery systems for adjunctive intraoperative photodynamic therapy Lasers Med. Sci. 8 1-14
2. Arnfield M R, Chapman J D, Tulip J, Fenning M C and McPhee M S 1993 Optical properties of experimental prostate tumors in vivo Photochem. Photobiol. 57 306-11
3. Arnfield M R, Tulip J, Chetner M and McPhee M S 1989 Optical dosimetry for interstitial photodynamic therapy Med. Phys. 16 602-8
4. Arnfield M R, Tulip J and McPhee M S 1990 Photodynamic therapy dosimetry in post mortem and in vivo rat tumors and an optical phantom Photochem. Photobiol. 51 667-74
5. Anderson, R R and Parrish J A 1982 Optical properties of human skin The Science of Photomedicine ed J D Regan and J A Parrish (New York: Plenum) pp 147-93
6. Baas P, Murrer L H P, Zoetmulder F A N, Stewart F A, Ris H B, van Zandwijk N and Rutgers E M 1997 Photodynamic therapy as adjunctive therapy in surgically treated pleural malignancies Br. J. Cancer at press
7. Baghdassarian R, Wright M W, Vaughn S A, Berns M W, Martin D C and Wile A G 1985 The use of lipid emulsion as an intravesical medium to disperse light in the potential treatment of bladder tumors J. Urol. 133 126-30
8. Bays R 1992 Instrumentation for the study of the optical properties of living tissues PhD Thesis École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
9. Bays R, Wagnières G, Robert D, Braichotte D, Savary J-F, Monnier Ph and van den Bergh H 1996 Clinical determination of tissue optical properties by endoscopic spatially resolved reflectometry Appl. Opt. 35 1756-66
10. Bays R, Wagnières G, Robert D, Mizeret J, Braichotte D, Savary J-F, Monnier Ph and van den Bergh H 1995 Clinical measurements of tissue optical properties in the esophagus and in the oral cavity Proc SPIE 2371 388-95
11. Beck G, Kienle A and Steiner R 1995 Estimation of the parameters of dye distributions by optical probing Proc. SPIE 2326 222-32
12. Bjöm L O and Vogelmann T C 1996 Quantifying light and ultraviolet radiation in plant biology Photochem. Photobiol. 64 403-6
13. Bolin F P, Preuss L E, Taylor R C, Ference R J 1989 Refractive index of some mammalian tissues using a fiber optic cladding method Appl. Opt. 28 2297-303
14. Bolt R A and ten Bosch J J 1993 Method for measuring position dependent volume reflection Appl. Opt. 32 4641-5
15. Booth C R 1976 The design and evaluation of a measurement system for photosynthetically active quantum scalar irradiance Limnol. Oceanogr. 21 326-36
16. Braichotte D, Savary J-F, Glanzmann T, Monnier Ph, Wagnières G and van den Bergh H 1996a Optimizing light dosimetry in photodynamic therapy of the bronchi by fluorescence spectroscopy Lasers Med. Sci. 11 247-54
17. Braichotte D, Savary J-F, Monnier Ph, Wagnières G and van den Bergh H 1996b Optimizing light dosimetry in photodynamic therapy of early stage carcinomas of the esophagus using fluorescence spectroscopy Lasers Surg. Med. 19 340-6
18. Chandrasehkar S 1960 Radiative Transfer (New York: Dover) p 383
19. Chen Q, Wilson B C, Dereski M O, Patterson M S, Chopp M and Hetzel F W 1992 Effects of light beam size on fluence distribution and depth of necrosis in superficially applied photodynamic therapy of normal rat brain Photochem. Photobiol. 56 379-84
20. Cheong W-F 1995 Summary of optical properties Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue ed A J Welch and M J C van Gemert (New York: Plenum) pp 275-303
21. Cheong W-F, Prahl S A and Welch A J 1990 A review of the optical properties of biological tissues IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26 2166-85
22. Davis M, Dowden J, Steger A, Kapadia P and Whiting P 1989 A mathematical model for interstitial laser treatment of tumours using four fibres Lasers Med. Sci. 4 41-53
23. DeLaney Th F, Sindelar W F, Tochner Z, Smith P D, Friauf W S, Thomas G, Dachowski L, Cole J W, Steinberg S M and Glatstein E 1993 Phase I study of debulking surgery and photodynamic therapy for disseminated intraperitoneal tumors Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 25 445-57
24. Dietel W, Bolsen K, Dickson E, Fritsch C. Pottier R and Wendenburg R 1996 Formation of water-soluble porphyrins and protoporphyrin IX in 5-aminlolevulinic-acid-incubated carcinoma cells J. Photochem. Photobiol. B:Biol. 33 225-31
25. Doiron D R, Svaasand L O and Profio A E 1983 Light dosimetry in tissue: application to photoradiation therapy Porphyrin Photosensitization ed D Kessel and T J Dougherty (New York: Plenum) pp 63-76
26. Dougherty T J, Kaufman J E, Goldfarb A, Weishaupt K R, Boyle D and Mittleman A 1978 Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors Cancer Res. 38 2628-35
27. Driver I, Lowdell C P and Ash D V 1991 In vivo measurement of the optical interaction coefficients of human tumours at 630 nm Phys. Med. Biol. 36 805-13
28. Durkin A J and Richards-Kortum R 1996 Comparison of methods to determine chromophore concentrations from fluorescence spectra of turbid samples Lasers Surg. Med. 19 75-89
29. Farr P M, Diffey B L and Steele M C 1984 A preliminary study on the in vivo transmission of light through psoriatic plaques Photodermatology 1 87-90
30. Farrell Th J and Patterson M S 1992 A diffusion theory model of spatially resolved, steady state diffuse reflectance for the noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties Med. Phys. 19 879-88
31. Feather J W, King P R, Driver I and Dawson J B 1989 A method for the construction of disposable cylindrical diffusing fibre optic tips for use in photodynamic therapy Lasers Med. Sci. 4 229-35
32. Feins R H, Hilf R, Ross H and Gibson S L 1990 Photodynamic therapy for human malignant mesothelioma in the nude mouse J. Surg. Res. 49 311-14
33. Fenning M C, Brown D Q, and Chapman J D 1994 Photodosimetry of interstitial light delivery to solid tumors Med. Phys. 21 1149-56
34. Flock S T, Wilson B C and Patterson M S 1987 Total attenuation and scattering phase functions of tissues and phantom materials at 633 nm Med. Phys. 14 835-41
35. Fukshansky-Kazarinova N, Fukshansky L, Kühl M and Jørgensen B B 1996 Theory of equidistant three-dimensional radiance measurements with optical microprobes Appl. Opt. 35 65-73
36. Garcia-Pichel F 1995 A scalar irradiance fiber-optic microprobe for the measurement of ultraviolet radiation at high spatial resolution Photochem. Photobiol. 61 248-54
37. Gardner C M, Jacques S L and Welch A J 1996 Light transport in tissue: accurate expressions for one-dimensional fluence rate and escape function based upon Monte Carlo simulation Lasers Surg. Med 18 129-38
38. Gibson S L, Van Der Meid K R, Murant R S, Raubertas R F and Hilf R 1990 Effects of various photoradiation regimes on the antitumor efficacy of photodynamic therapy for R3230AC mammary carcinomas Cancer Res. 50 7236-41
39. Graaff R, Aarnoudse J G, de Mul F F M, Jentink H W 1989 Light propagation parameters for anisotropically scattering media based on a rigorous solution of the transport equation Appl. Opt. 26 2273-9
40. Graaff R, Aarnoudse J G, de Mul F F M and Jentink H W 1993a Similarity relations for anisotropic scattering in absorbing media Opt. Eng. 32 244-52
41. Graaff R, Dassel A C M, Koelink M H, de Mul F F M, Aamoudse J G and Zijlstra W G 1993b Optical properties of human dermis in vitro and in vivo Appl. Opt. 32 435-47
42. Graaff R, Koelink M H, de Mul F F M, Zijlstra W G, Dassel A C M and Aarnoudse J G 1993c Condensed Monte Carlo simulations for the description of light transport Appl. Opt. 32 426-34
43. Groenhuis R A J, ten Bosch J J and Ferwerda H A 1983a Scattering and absorption of turbid materials determined from reflection measurements. 1 : Theory Appl. Opt. 22 2456-62
44. _1983b Scattering and absorption of turbid materials determined from reflection measurements. 2: Measuring method and calibration Appl. Opt. 22 2463-67
45. Gudgin Dickson E F and Portier R H 1995 On the role of protoporphyrin IX photoproducts in photodynamic therapy J. Photochem. Photobiol. B:Biol. 29 91-3
46. Henderson B 1991 An isotropic dosimetry probe for monitoring light in tissue, theoretical and experimental assessment PhD Thesis Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh
47. Henyey L G and Greenstein J L 1941 Diffuse radiation in the galaxy Astrophys. J. 93 70-83
48. Hudson E J 1995 A study of laser light dosimetry in tissue relevant to the treatment of skin lesions by superficial photodynamic therapy PhD Thesis University of Leeds
49. Hudson E J, Stringer M R, Cairnduff F, Ash D V and Smith M A 1994 The optical properties of skin tumours measured during superficial photodynamic therapy Lasers Med. Sci. 9 99-103
50. ISO 31/6 1980 International Organization for Standardization: Quantities and units of light and related electromagnetic radiations 2nd edn (ISO)
51. Jacques S L, Alter C A and Prahl S A 1987 Angular dependence of HeNe laser light scattering by human dermis Lasers Life Sci. 1 309-33
52. Jocharn D, Staehler G, Chaussy Ch, Unsöld E, Hammer C, Löhrs U and Gorisch W 1984 Integral dye-laser irradiation of photosensitized bladder tumors with the aid of a light-scattering medium Porphyrin Localization and Treatment of Tumors ed D R Doiron and C J Gomer (New York: Liss) pp 249-56
53. Kabalin J N 1993 Laser prostatectomy performed with a right angle firing neodymium:YAG laser fiber at 40 Watts power setting J. Urol. 150 95-9
54. Kaufmann W F and Hartmann K M 1988 Internal brightness of disk-shaped samples J. Photochem. Photobiol. B:Biol. 1 337-60
55. Kennedy J C and Pottier R H 1992 Endogenous protoporphyrin IX, a clinically useful photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy J. Photochem. Photobiol. B:Biol. 14 275-92
56. Kienle A, Lilge L, Patterson M S, Hibst R, Steiner R, and Wilson B C 1996 Spatially resolved absolute diffuse reflectance measurements for noninvasive determination of the optical scattering and absorption coefficients of biological tissue Appl. Opt. 35 2304-14
57. Kienle A, Lilge L, Patterson M S, Wilson B C, Hibst R and Steiner R 1995 Investigation of multi-layered tissue with in vivo reflectance measurements Proc. SPIE 2326 212-21
58. Kubelka P 1948 New contributions the the theory of intensely light-scattering matrials. I. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38 448-57
59. Kühl M and Jørgensen B B 1994 The light field of microbenthic communities: radiance distribution and microscale optics of sandy coastal sediments Limnol. Oceanogr. 39 1368-98
60. Lassen C, Ploug H and Jørgensen B B 1992 A fibre-optic scalar irradiance microsensor: application for spectral light measurements in sediments FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 86 247-54
61. Lilge L, Dabrowski W, Holdsworth D W, Blake J, Kato D, Wilson B C and Hasan T 1994 Light delivery and dosimetry for photodynamic therapy in an ovarian cancer mouse model Proc. SPIE 2133 150-61
62. Lilge L, Flotte T J, Kochevar I E, Jacques S L and Hillenkamp F 1993a Photoactivable fluorophores for the measurement of fluence in turbid media Photochem. Photobiol. 58 37-44
63. Lilge L, Haw T and Wilson B C 1993b Miniature isotropic optical fibre probes for quantitative light dosimetry in tissue Phys. Med. Biol. 38 215-30
64. Lilge L, Olivo M C, Schatz S W, MaGuire J A, Patterson M S and Wilson B C 1996 The sensitivity of normal brain and intracranially implanted VX2 tumour to interstitial photodynamic therapy Br. J. Cancer 73 332-43
65. Lowdell C P, Ash D V, Driver I and Brown S B 1993 Interstitial photodynamic therapy: clinical experience with diffusing fibres in the treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumours Br. J. Cancer 67 1398-403
66. Marijnissen J P A and Star W M 1984 Phantom measurements for light dosimetry using isotropic and small aperture detectors Porphyrin Localization and Treatment of Tumors ed D R Doiron and C J Gomer (New York: Liss) pp 133-48
67. _1987 Quantitative light dosimetry in vitro and in vivo. Lasers Med Sci. 2 235-42
68. _1996 Calibration of isotropic light dosimetry probes based on scattering bulbs in clear media Phys. Med. Biol. 41 1191-208
69. Marijnissen J P A, Baas P, Beek J F, van Moll J H, van Zandwijk N and Star W M 1993b Pilot study on light dosimetry for endobronchial photodynamic therapy Photochem. Photobiol. 58 92-9
70. Marijnissen J P A, Jansen H, and Star W M 1989 Treatment system for whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy with in vivo monitoring and control of light dose rate and dose J. Urol. 142 1351-5
71. Marijnissen J P A, Star W M, in't Zandt H J A, D'Hallewin M A and Baert L 1993a In situ light dosimetry during whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy: clinical results and experimental verification Phys. Med. Biol. 38 567-82
72. Marijnissen J P A, Star W M, van Delft J L and Franken N A P 1985 Light intensity measurements in optical phantoms and in vivo during HpD-photoradiation treatment using a miniature light detector with isotropic response Photodynamic Therapy of Tumors and Other Diseases ed G Jori and C Perria (Padova: Libreria Progetto) pp 387-90
73. Marijnissen, J P A, Versteeg J A C, Star W M and van Putten W L J 1992 Tumor and normal tissue response to interstitial photodynamic therapy of the rat R-1 rhabdomyosarcoma Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol Phys. 22 963-72
74. Masters A, Steger A C, Lees W R, Walmsley K M and Bown S G 1992 Interstitial laser hyperthermia: a new approach for treating liver metastases Br. J. Cancer 66 518-22
75. Meador W E and Weaver W R 1979 Diffusion approximation for large absorption in radiative transfer Appl. Opt. 18 1204-8
76. Motamedi M, Torres J H, Orihuela E, Pow-Sang M, Cowan D F and Warren M M 1995 Laser photocoagulation of prostate: influence of dosimetry Lasers Surg. Med. 17 49-58
77. Murrer L H P, Marijnissen J P A, Baas P and Star W M 1996b Applicator for light delivery and in situ light dosimetry during endobronchial photodynamic therapy: first measurements in humans Lasers Med. Sci. at press
78. Murrer L H P, Marijnissen J P A and Star W M 1995 Ex vivo light dosimetry and Monte Carlo simulations for endobronchial photodynamic therapy Phys. Med. Biol. 40 1807-17
79. _1996a Light distribution by linear diffusing sources for photodynamic therapy Phys. Med. Biol. 41 951-61
80. Nichols M G and Foster T H 1994 Oxygen diffusion and reaction kinetics in the photodynamic therapy of multicell tumour spheroids Phys. Med. Biol. 39 2161-81
81. Panjehpour M, Overholt B F, DeNovo R C, Sneed R E and Petersen M G 1992 Centering balloon to improve esophageal photodynamic therapy Lasers Surg. Med. 12 631-8
82. Pass H and DeLaney T F 1992 Innovative photodynamic therapy at the National Cancer Institute: intraoperative, intracavitary treatment Photodynamic Therapy. Basic Principles and Clinical Applications ed B W Henderson and T J Dougherty (New York: Dekker) pp 287-301
83. Patterson M S, Schwartz E and Wilson B C 1989 Quantitative reflectance spectrophotometry for the noninvasive measurement of photosensitizer concentration in tissue during photodynamic therapy Proc. SPIE 1065 115-22
84. Ravi B, Regula J, Buonaccorsi G A, MacRobert A J, Loh C S and Bown S G 1996 Sensitization and photodynamic therapy of normal pancreas, duodenum and bile ducts in the hamster using 5-aminolaevulinic acid Lasers Med. Sci. 11 11-21
85. Ris H-B et at 1991 Photodynamic therapy with chlorins for diffuse malignant mesothelioma: initial clinical results Br. J. Cancer 64 1116-20
86. Ris H-B, Altermatt H J, Nachbur B, Stewart J C M, Wang Q, Lim C K, Bonnett R and Althaus U 1996 Intraoperative photodynamic therapy with m-THPC for chest malignancies Lasers Surg. Med. 18 39-45
87. Sindelar W F, DeLaney Th F, Tochner Z, Thomas G F, Dachowski L J, Smith P D, Friauf W S, Cole J W and Glatstein E 1991 Technique of photodynamic therapy for disseminated intraperitoneal neoplasms. Phase I study Arch. Surg. 126 318-24
88. Stamp J M and Williams J L 1991 Photodynamic therapy in the bladder: can the light dose be easily quantified? Lasers Med. Sci. 6 147-54
89. Star W M 1995 Diffusion theory of light transport Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue ed A J Welch and M J C van Gemert (New York: Plenum) pp 131-206
90. Star W M and Marijnissen J P A 1989 Calculating the response of isotropic light dosimetry probes as a function of the tissue refractive index Appl. Opt. 12 2288-91
91. Star W M, Marijnissen J P A, Jansen H, Keijzer M and van Gemert M J C 1987 Light dosimetry for photodynamic therapy by whole bladder wall irradiation Photochem. Photobiol. 46 619-24
92. Star W M, Marijnissen J P A and van Gemert M J C 1988 Light dosimetry in optical phantoms and in tissues: I. Multiple flux and transport theory Phys. Med Biol 33 437-54
93. Star W M, Wilson B C and Patterson M S 1992 Light delivery and optical dosimetry in photodynamic therapy of solid tumors Photodynamic therapy. Basic Principles and Clinical Applications ed B W Henderson and T J Dougherty (New York: Dekker) pp 335-68
94. Stringer M R, Hudson E J and Smith M A 1995 The calibration of fibre optic probes used for dosimetry measurements during photodynamic therapy Lasers Med. Sci. 10 19-24
95. Sturesson C and Andersson-Engels S 1996 Theoretical analysis of transurethral laser-induced thermotherapy for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Evaluation of a water cooled applicator Phys. Med. Biol. 41 445-63
96. Svaasand L O 1984 Optical dosimetry for direct and interstitial photoradiation therapy of malignant tumors Porphyrin Localization and Treatment of Tumors ed D R Doiron and C J Gomer (New York: Liss) pp 91-114
97. Svaasand L O and Potter W R 1992 The implications of photobleaching for photodynamic therapy Photodynamic Therapy. Basic Principles and Clinical Applications ed B W Henderson and T J Dougherty (New York: Dekker) pp 369-85
98. Svaasand L O, Wyss P, Wyss M-T, Tadir Y, Tromberg B J and Berns M W 1996 Dosimetry model for photodynamic therapy with topically administered photosensitizers Lasers Surg. Med. 18 139-49
99. Tromberg B J, Orenstein A, Kimel S, Barker S J, Hyatt J, Nelson J S and Berns M W 1990 In vivo tumor oxygen tension measurements for the evaluation of the efficiency of photodynamic therapy Photochem. Photobiol. 52 375-85
100. van de Hulst H C 1980 Multiple Light Scattering Tables, Formulas and Applications (New York: Academic) table 25
101. van de Hulst H C and Graaff R 1996 Aspects of similarity in tissue optics with strong forward scattering Phys. Med. Biol. 41 2519-31
102. van Gemert M J C, Jacques S L, Sterenborg H J C M and Star W M 1989 Skin optics IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 36 1146-54
103. van Gemert M J C, de Kleijn W J A and Hulsbergen Henning J P 1982 Temperature behaviour of a model port wine stain during argon laser coagulation Phys. Med. Biol. 27 1089-104
104. van Gemert M J C, Welch A J, Pickering J W, Tan O T and Gijsbers G H M 1995 Wavelengths for laser treatment of port wine stains and telangiectasia Lasers Surg. Med. 16 147-55
105. van Gemert M J C, Welch A J, Star W M, Motamedi M and Cheong W-F 1987 Tissue optics in a slab geometry in the diffusion approximation Lasers Med. Sci. 2 295-302
106. van Hillegersberg R, van Staveren H J, Kort W J, Zondervan P E and Terpstra O T 1994 Interstitial laser coagulation with a cylindrical diffusing fiber tip in experimantal liver metastases Lasers Surg. Med. 14 124-38
107. van Staveren H J, Beek J F, Keijrer M and Star W M 1995b Integrating sphere effect in whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy. II. The influence of urine at 458, 488, 514 and 630 nm optical irradiation Phys. Med. Biol. 40 1307-15
108. van Staveren H J, Bertrams R H P and Star W M 1996 Light distribution in bladder PDT with intravesical clear and light scattering media and an eccentric isotropic light source Lasers Surg. Med. at press
109. van Staveren H J, Moes C J M, van Marie J, Prahl S A and van Gemert M J C 1991 Light scattering in Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm Appl. Opt. 30 4507-14
110. van Staveren H J, Marijnissen J P A, Aalders M C G and Star W M 1995a Construction, Quality assurance and calibration of spherical isotropic fibre optic light diffusers Lasers Med. Sci. 10 137-47
111. Veenhuizen R B 1997 Photodynamic therapy for minimal residual cancer in the peritoneal cavity; preclinical studies PhD Thesis University of Amsterdam
112. Veenhuizen R B, Ruevekamp-Helmers M C, Helmerhorst Th J M, Kenemans P, Mooi W J, Marijnissen J P A and Stewart F A 1994 Intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy in the rat: comparison of toxicity profiles for photofrin and m-THPC Int. J. Cancer 59 830-6
113. Veenhuizen R B and Stewart F A 1995 The importance of fluence rate in photodynamic therapy: is there a parallel with ionizing radiation dose rate effects? Radiother. Oncol. 37 131-5
114. Vogelmann T C and Martin G 1993 The functional significance of palisade tissue: penetration of directional versus diffuse light Plant, Cell and Environ. 16 65-72
115. Vogelmann T C, Martin G, Chen G, and Buttry D 1991 Fibre optic microprobes and measurement of the light microenvironment within plant tissues Adv. Bot. Res. 18 255-95
116. Wang L and Jacques S L 1995 Use of a laser beam with an oblique angle of incidence to measure the reduced scattering coefficient of a turbid medium Appl Opt. 34 2362-6
117. Welch A J, van Gemert M J C, Star W M and Wilson B C 1995 Defnitions and overview of tissue optics Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue ed A J Welch and M J C van Gemert (New York: Plenum) pp 15-46
118. Whitehurst C, Pantelides M L, Moore J V, Brooman P J C and Blacklock N J 1994 In vivo laser light distribution in human prostatic carcinoma J. Urol. 151 1411-15
119. Whiting P, Dowden J and Kapadia P 1989 A mathematical analysis of the results of experiments on rat's livers by local laser hyperthermia Lasers Med. Sci. 4 55-64
120. Wilksch P A, Jacka F and Blake A J 1984 Studies of light propagation through tissue Porphyrin Localization and Treatment of Tumors ed D R Doiron and C J Gomer (New York: Liss) pp 149-61
121. Wilson B C 1995 Measurement of tissue optical properties: methods and theories Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue ed A J Welch and M J C van Gemert (New York: Plenum) pp 233-74
122. Wilson B C, Jeeves W P and Lowe D M 1985 In vivo and post mortem measurements of the attenuation spectra of light in mammalian tissues Photochem. Photobiol. 42 153-62