Development of sidedness of asymmetric body structures in vertebrates

International Journal of Developmental Biology

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 153-186

  Fujinaga, Masahiko ^a,b,c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VA PALO ALTO HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

asymmetry; left right body axis; situs inversus; vertebrate

Indexed keywords

ACCESSORY SPLEEN; ASPLENIA; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; KARTAGENER SYNDROME; KIDNEY DYSPLASIA; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SITUS INVERSUS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TRISOMY;

ABNORMALITIES; ANIMALS; EMBRYO; EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; MUTATION; SITUS INVERSUS; SYNDROME;

EID: 0030945714     PISSN: 02146282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (428)

1. AFZELIUS, B.A. (1976). A human syndrome caused by immotile cilia. Science 193 317-319
2. AFZELIUS, B.A. (1979) The immotile-cilia syndrome and other ciliary diseases Int Rev. Exp Pathology 19 1-43
3. AFZELIUS, B.A. (1965). Situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities. What is the connection? Int J Dev Biol. 39. 839-844
4. AFZELIUS, B A and MOSSBERG, B. (1989) Immotile-cilia syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia) including Kartagener syndrome In The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. 6th ed. (Eds. C.R. Scriver, A.L. Beaudet, W.S Sly and D. Valle). McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2739-2750
5. AHFELD, J F. (1882). Die Missbildingen des Menschen. F.W Grunow, Leipzig, 166: 164 (Cited from Persulte et al. 1990).
6. ALLEN, E and MACDOWELL, E.G. (1940) Variation in mouse embryos of 8 days gestation Anat Rec. 77 165-173.
7. ALMIRANTIS, Y. (1995). Left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. BioEssays 17:79-83.
8. ALMIRANTIS, Y and NICOLIS, G. (1987). Morphogenesisin an asymmetric medium. Bull. Math. Biol. 49: 519-530.
9. ALONSO, S , PIERPONT, M.E., RADTKE, W., MARTINEZ, J, CHEN, S., GRANT, J W., DAHNERT, I., TAVIAUX, S., ROMEY, M-C., DEMAILLE, J. and BOUVAGNET, P (1995) Heterotaxia syndrome and autosomal dominant inheritance Am J Med. Genet. 56: 12-15
10. ANONYMOUS (1991). Recommendations for isotretinoin use in women of childbearing potential. Teratology 44 1-6
11. ANONYMOUS (1995). Historical control data (1992-1994) for developmental and reproductive toxicity studies using the Cri CD BR rat. Compiled by MARTA (Middle Atlantic Reproduction and Teratology Association) and MTA (Midwest Teratology Association). Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington
12. ARNOLD, G.L., BIXLER, D. and GIROD, D (1983) Probable autosomal recessive inheritance of polysplenia, situs inversus and cardiac defects in an Amish family. Am. J Med. Genet. 16. 35-42
13. AYLSWORTH, A.S. (1993). The spleen In Human Malformations and Related Anomalies. Vol. II (Ed. R E. Stevenson, J G Hall and R M. Goodman) Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics No. 27. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 307-321.
14. BADEN, J M and FUJINAGA, M (1991). Effects of nitrous oxide on day 9 rat embryos grown in culture. Br J. Anaesth. 66 500-503.
15. BAER, K E. (1828). Ueber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere; Beobachtung und Reflexion, I. Entwickelungsgeschichte des Huhnchens im Eie. Bornträger, Konigsberg, pp. 315. (Cited from Romanoff, 1960)
16. BALDWIN, H.S and SOLURSH, M. (1989) Degradation of hyaluronic acid does not prevent looping of the mammalian heart in situ Dev Biol. 136. 555-559
17. BARR, M (1973). The teratogenicity of cadmium chloride in two stocks of Wistar rats. Teratology 7: 237-242
18. BARTELMEZ, G.W. (1918). The relation of the embryo to the principal axis of symmetry in the bird's egg Biol. Bull. 35: 319-361.
19. BEDDINGTON, R (1987) Isolation, culture and manipulation of postimplantation mouse embryos. In Mammalian Development (Ed. M. Monk). IRL Press, Oxford, pp. 43-69.
20. BEDDINGTON, R (1996). Left, right, left ⋯ turn. Nature 381: 116-117.
21. BEDDINGTON, R and SOLTER, D. (1995). Opinions on left-right axis formation. Trends Genet. 11: 213-214.
22. BERNSTEIN, J., CHANDRA, M., CRESWELL, J., KAHM, E., MALOUF, N.N., McVICAR, M., WEINBERG, A G. and WYBEL, R.E (1987). Renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia: a syndrome reconsidered. Am. J. Med. Genet 26 391-403
23. BERNSTEIN, R , ISDALE, J , PINTO, M., DU TOIT ZAAIJMAN, J. and JENKINS, T. (1985) Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, a single or heterogeneous entity? A reevaluation prompted by four new cases. J. Med. Genet. 22: 46-53.
24. BERRIDGE, M J., DOWNES, C.P and HANLEY, M R. (1989). Neural and developmental actions of lithium. A unifying hypothesis. Cell 59: 411-419.
25. BEZOLD, L I. and McQUINN, T. (1995) Lack of effect of phenylephrine on sidedness of cardiac looping in cultured chick embryos. Scientific Conference on the Molecular, Cellular, and Functional Aspects of Cardiovascular Development in New Orleans, Louisiana. Abstr. No. P1.
26. BIDDLE, F.G., JUNG, J.D. and EALES, B.A. (1991a). Genetically determined variation in the azygos vein in the mouse. Teratology 44: 675-683.
27. BIDDLE, F.G , MULHOLLAND, L.R. and EALES, B.A. (1991b) Time-response and dose-response to acetazolamide in the WB/ReJ and C57BL/6J mouse strains: genetic interaction in the ectrodactyly response. Teratology 44. 107-120.
28. BIDDLE, F.G., MULHOLLAND, L.R. and EALES, B.A. (1993). Penetrance and expressivity of acetazolamide-ectrodactyly provide a method to define a right-left teratogenic gradient that differs between the C57BL/6J and WB/ReJ mouse strains. Teratology 47. 603-612.
29. BIRCH, N.J. (1991). Lithium and the Cell: Pharmacology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, London.
30. BOCHNER, S. (1973). Symmetry and asymmetry. In Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Vol. 4 (Ed. P.P. Wiener) Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, pp. 345-353. (Cited from Oppenheimer, 1974)
31. BOCK, G.R and MARSH, J. (1991). Biological Asymmetry and Handedness. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
32. BOYCOTT, A.E., DIVER, C., GARSTANG, S.L., HARDY, A.C. and TURNER, F.M. (1930) II. The inheritance of sinistrality in Limnæa peregra (Mollusca, Pulmonata). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 219. 51-131
33. BRITZ-CUNNINGHAM, S.H., SHAH, M.M , ZUPPAN, C.W and FLETCHER, W.H. (1995). Mutations of the connexin43 gap-junction gene in patients with heart malformations and defects of laterality N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 1323-1329.
34. BROWN, N A. (1991). Development of left and right - the worm turns. Curr. Biol. 1: 159-161.
35. BROWN, N A and LANDER, A (1993). On the other hand. Nature 363: 303-304.
36. BROWN, N.A and LANDER, A (1995). Opinions on left-right axis formation. Trends Genet. 11:213.
37. BROWN, N.A. and WOLPERT, L (1990) The development of handedness in left/right asymmetry. Development 109 1-9.
38. BROWN, N.A., HOYLE, C.I., McCARTHY, A. and WOLPERT, L (1989). The development of asymmetry: the sidedness of drug-induced limb abnormalities is reversed in situs inversus mice. Development 107: 637-642
39. BROWN, N.A., McCARTHY, A. and SEO, J. (1992). Development of the left-right axis. In: Postimplantation Development in The Mouse (Eds. D.J Chadwick and J. Marsh). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 144-161.
40. BROWN, N.A., McCARTHY, A. and WOLPERT, L (1990). The development of handed asymmetry in aggregation chimeras of situs inversusmutant and wild-type mouse embryo. Development 110. 949-954
41. BROWN, N.A., McCARTHY, A. and WOLPERT, L. (1991). Development of handed body asymmetry In mammals. In Biological Asymmetry and Handedness (Eds. G R. Bock and J. Marsh). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 182-201.
42. BRUECKNER, M , D'EUSTACHIO, P. and HORWICH, A.L (1989). Linkage mapping of a mouse gene, i.V., that controls left-right asymmetry of the heart and viscera. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 86: 5035-5038.
43. BRUECKNER, M., McGRATH, J, DANOS, M. and YOST, H.J. (1996). A gene homologous to a cytoskeleton-associated phosphoprotein is a candidate for the mouse iv (inversus viscerum) gene involved in the development of left-right asymmetry Keystone Symposia "Molecular Biology of the Cardiovascular Sys-tem". Abstr No. 303
44. BRUECKNER, M., McGRATH, J., D'EUSTACHIO, P. and HORWICH, A L. (1991). In Biological Asymmetry and Handedness (Eds G.R. Bock and J. Marsh). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 202-218.
45. BRYAN, J.H.D (1983). The immotile cilia syndrome. Mice versus man Virchows Arch. [Pathol. Anat.] 399: 265-275.
46. BURLINGAME, P.L and LONG, J.A. (1939) The development of the heart in the rat. Univ. Calif. Publ Zool. 43: 249-320.
47. BUSELMAIER, W , BACCHUS, C. and STERZ, H. (1991). Genesis and systematization of cardiovascular anomalies in murine trisomy 16. In The Morphogenesis of Down Syndrome. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 203-214.
48. CAMPBELL, M. and DEUCHAR, D.C. (1965). Dextrocardia and isolated lævocardia. I. Isolated lævocardia. Br. Heart J. 27. 69-82.
49. CAMPBELL, M. and DEUCHAR, D.C. (1967). Absent infenor vena cava, symmetrical liver, splenic agenesis, and situs inversus, and their embryology Br. Heart J 29 268-275.
50. CARMI, R., BOUGHMAN, J.A. and ROSENBAUM, K.R. (1992). Human situs determination is probably controlled by several different genes. Am. J. Med. Genet. 44: 246-247.
51. CARTER, T.C. (1954) The genetics of luxate mice. IV. Embryology. J. Genet. 52: 1-35.
52. CASEY, B. and BALLABIO, A. (1995). Connexin43 mutations in sporadic and familial defects of laterality. N. Engl J. Med. 333: 941.
53. CASEY, B., DEVOTO, M JONES, K.L. and BALLABIO, A. (1993). A mapping of a gene for familial situs abnormalities to human chromosome Xq24-q27.1. Nature Genet. 5: 403-407
54. CASTRO-QUEZADA, A., NADAL-GINARD, B. and DE LA CRUZ, M.V. (1972). Experimental study of the formation of the bulboventricular loop in the chick. J Embryol. Exp Morphol. 27: 623-637.
55. CENTER, E.M. (1955). Postaxial polydactyly in the mouse. J. Hered. 46: 144-148.
56. CHAUBE, S. (1959). On axiation and symmetry in transplanted wing of the chick. J. Exp Zool. 140: 29-77.
57. CHEN, S-C., and MONTELEONE, P.L. (1977). Familial splenic anomaly syndrome. J. Pediatr. 91: 160-161.
58. CHEN, Y and SOLURSH, M. (1992). Comparison of Hensen's node and retinoic acid in secondary axis induction in the early chick embryo. Dev. Dynamics 195: 142-151.
59. CHEN, Y., DONG, D , KOSTETSKII, I and ZILE, M.H. (1996). Hensen's node from vitamin A-deficient quail embryo induces chick limb bud duplication and retains its normal asymmetric expression of sonic hedgehog (Shh). Dev. Biol. 173:256-264.
60. CHRISTIE, G.A. (1961). An embryological analysis of certain cardiac abnormalities produced in rats by the injection of trypan blue. Scott. Med J. 6. 465-476.
61. CLARKE, J.D W., HOLDER, N., SOFFE, S.R. and STORM-MATHISEN, J. (1991). Neuroanatomical and functional analysis of neural tube formation in notochordless Xenopus embryos; laterality of the ventral spinal cord is lost Development 112: 499-516
62. COAKLEY, M.E. and BROWN, N.A. (1986). Tissue oxygen as a determinant of axially asymmetric teratogenic responses: misonidazole as a marker for hypoxic cells. Hum. Toxicol. 5. 404.
63. COCKAYNE, E.A. (1938). The genetics of transposition of the viscera. Q. J. Med. 31: 479-493.
64. COCKROFT, D.L and NEW, DAT. (1978). Abnormalities induced in cultured rat embryos by hyperthermia. Teratology 17: 277-284.
65. COLLIGNON, J., VARLET, I and ROBERTSON, E J (1996). Relationship between asymmetric nodal expression and the direction of embryonic turning. Nature 381: 155-158.
66. COLLINS, R.L. (1968) On the inheritance of handedness I. Laterality in inbred mice. J. Hered 59: 9-12.
67. COLLINS, R.L. (1969). On the inheritance of handedness. II. Selection for sinistrality in mice. J Hered. 60: 117-119.
68. COLLINS, R.L. (1975) When left-handed mice live in right-handed worlds. Science 187. 181-184.
69. COLLINS, R L (1988). Observational learning of a left-right behavioral asymmetry in mice (Mus musculus) J. Comp. Psychol. 102: 222-224
70. COOKE, J. (1995). Vertebrate embryo handedness Nature 374: 681.
71. CORBALLIS, M.C. and MORGAN, M.J. (1978). On the biological basis of human laterality I. Evidence for a maturational left-right gradient Behav Brain Sci 2. 261-269.
72. CUNNIFF, C., JONES, K.L , JONES, M.C., SAUNDERS, B., SHEPARD, T.H. and BENIRSCHKE, K. (1988). Laterality defects in conjoined twins, implications for normal asymmetry in human embryogenesis. Am J. Med. Genet. 31: 669-677.
73. DALCQ, A. (1942). La morphogénèse du tractus digestif, d'après son analyse expérimentale chez les amphibiens Bull. Acad Med Belg. 7:466-497. (Cited from Wehrmaker, 1969)
74. DALCQ, A. (1947). Sur les opérations susceptibles de provoquer l'inversion du situs viscerum chez les anoures. Acta Anat 4: 100-107. (Cited from Wehrmaker, 1969)
75. DALCQ, A and HALTER, S. (1943). Contribution à l'étude expérimentale de la morphogénese du tractus digestif chez les amphibiens. Arch Biol. 54: 477-587. (Cited from Wehrmaker, 1969)
76. DALTON, J.C. (1881). Position of the embryo in the fowl's egg. Med Rec 20. 589.
77. DANOS, M.C. and YOST, H.J. (1995). Linkage of cardiac left-right asymmetry and dorsal-anterior development in Xenopus. Development 121: 1467-1474
78. DANOS, M.C. and YOST, H.J (1996). Role of notochord in specification of cardiac left-right orientation in zebrafish and Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 177: 96-103.
79. DAVIS, C. L. (1927). Development of the human heart from its first appearance to the stage found in embryos of twenty paired somites. Publication 380. Contributions to Embryology, No. 107. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington.
80. DE MEEUS, A., ALONSO, S., DEMAILLE, J. and BOUVAGNET, P. (1992). A detailed linkage map of subtelomeric murine chromosome 12 region including the situs inversus mutation locus IV. Mammal Genome 3: 637-643
81. DE MEEUS, A., ALONSO, S., DEMAILLE, J. and BOUVAGNET, P. (1993). La souris Sl/Col: un modèle d'étude dans la recherche des gènes impliqués dans le situs inversus. Arch. Mal. Cœur. 86. 617-622.
82. DE MEEUS, A., ALONSO, S , MATSUOKA, R , PIERPONT, M-E, TANMAN, B., DEBRUS, S., DEMAILLE, J. and BOUVAGNET, P. (1995). In Developmental Mechanisms of Heart Disease (Eds E B. Clark, R.R. Markwald and A. Takao). Futura Publishing Co , Armonk, pp. 521-527.
83. DE SIERRA, T.M , ASHMEAD, G and BILENKER, R. (1992). Prenatal diagnosis of short rib (polydactyly) syndrome with situs inversus Am. J Med Genet. 44 555-557.
84. DECICCO, F., STEELE, M.W., PAU, S and PARK, S.C (1973). Monosomy of chromosome No. 22: A case report J Pediatr. 83: 836-838
85. DEHAAN, R.L. (1965). Morphogenesis of the vertebrate heart. In Organogenesis (Eds. R L. Dehaan and H. Ursprung) Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp 377-419.
86. DEOL, M.S (1961) Genetical studies on the skeleton of the mouse XXVIII Tail-short. Proc. R. Soc London Biol Sci 155:78-95.
87. DEUCHAR, E M (1969) Effects of transecting early rat embryos on axial movements and differentiation in culture Acta Embryol. Exp. pp. 157-167
88. DEUCHAR, E.M. (1971). The mechanism of axial rotation in the rat embryo: an experimental study in vitro. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 25. 189-201.
89. DEUCHAR, E.M. (1975a). Reconstitutive ability of axial tissue in early rat embryos after operations and culture in vitro. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 33. 217-226.
90. DEUCHAR, E.M (1975b) The course of rotation in rat embryos after bisections of the axis. Acta Embryol Exp. issue 3. 265-271.
91. DEUCHAR, E.M. and PARKER, F M. (1975). Further observations on axial rotation in rat embryos. Acta Embryol. Exp. issue 1: 55-68.
92. DICKMAN, S. (1996) The left-hearted gene. Discover 77: 71-75
93. DOWNS, K.M. and DAVIES, T. (1993). Staging of gastrulating mouse embryos by morphological landmarks in the dissecting microscope Development 118. 1255-1266.
94. DRUT, R M., HARRIS, C.P., DRUT, R. and MEISNER, L. (1992). Use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect trisomy 13 in archival tissues for cytogenetic diagnosis. Pediatr Pathol 12:799-805
95. DRYSDALE, TA., TONISSEN, KF., PATTERSON, K.D , CRAWFORD, M J. and KRIEG, P A (1994). Cardiac troponin I is a heart-specific marker in the Xenopus embryo: expression during abnormal heart morphogenesis Dev Biol. 165:432-441.
96. EASTON, H., VEINI, M and BELLAIRS, R. (1992) Cardiac looping in the chick embryo, the role of the posterior precardiac mesoderm. Anat Embryol. 185:249-258.
97. EDWARDS, D.F , PATTON, C S. and KENNEDY, J.R. (1992) Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the dog Probl. Vet. Med 4: 291-319.
98. EDWARDS, M J. (1986) Hyperthermia as a teratogen a review of experimental studies and their clinical significance Teratogenesis Carcinog Mutagen. 6. 563-582.
99. ELIASSON, R , MOSSBERG. B., CAMNER, P. and AFZELIUS, B.A. (1977). The immotile-cilia syndrome A congenital ciliary abnormality as an etiologic factor in chronic airway infections and male sterility. N Engl. J Med 297: 1-6
100. ENDO, A. and SAKAI, N. (1987). The incidence of tail flexion to the left side in mouse embryos Anat. Embryol. 176 133-134.
101. EWART, J.L , COHEN, M.C , PARK, SMJ, LAZATIN, B.C., PARK, J.J , LAZATIN, J.O and LO, CW (1995). Defects in neural tube development and left/right patterning in mice ectopically expressing the gap junction gene connexin 43 Dev. Biol. 170. 760 (Abstr.)
102. EWING, T. (1993). Genetic 'Mater switch' for left-right symmetry found Science 260. 624-625
103. FANTEL, A.G., BURROUGHS-GLEIM, C J., PERSON, R.E and MACKLER, B. (1990). The direct embryotoxicity of cocaine in rats: effects on mitochondrial activity, cardiac function and growth and development in vitro. Teratology 42. 35-43.
104. FANTEL, A.G., GREENAWAY, J.C , WALKER, E. and JUCHAU, M.R. (1986). The toxicity of niridazole in rat embryos in vitro. Teratology 33. 105-112.
105. FANTEL, A.G., PERSON, R.E., BURROUGHS-GLEIM, C.J., SHEPARD, T.H . JUCHAU, M.R. and MACKLER, B. (1991). Asymmetric development of mitochondrial activity in rat embryos as a determinant of the defect patterns induced by exposure to hypoxia, hyperoxia, and redox cyclers in vitro. Teratology 44: 355-362
106. FERM, V H. (1963) Colchicine teratogenesis in hamster embryos. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol Med. 112. 775-778.
107. FINK. B.R , SHEPARD, T.H. and BLANDAU, R.J. (1967). Teratogenic activity of nitrous oxide Nature 214: 146-148
108. FISHMAN, L N. and LAVINE, J.E. (1994) What's wrong when it isn't right. Situs inversus and genetic control of organ position. Hepatology 19: 257-258.
109. FLETCHER, W.H., BRITZ-CUNNINGHAM, S.H. and ZUPPAN, C W. (1995) Connexin43mutations in sporadic and familial defects of laterally. N Engl. J. Med 333 941-942.
110. FLYNN, T J, GIBSON, R.R. and JOHANNESSEN, J N (1993a). Evidence that spontaneous situs inversus in cultured neural plate staged rat embryos is additive with and not mediated through adrenergic mechanisms. Teratology 48: 161-168.
111. FLYNN, T.J., GIBSON, R.R. and JOHANNESSEN, J N (1994) Letters. Teratology 49: 179-180.
112. FLYNN, T.J., JOHANNESSEN, J N , GIBSON, R.R and INGRAM, G. (1993b) Absence of spontaneous situs inversus (SI) in neural plate staged rat embryos cultured in bovine serum. Teratology 47: 418 (Abstr.).
113. FÖRSTER, A. (1861) Die Missbildung des Menschen. Jena, p. 136. (Cited from Cockayne, 1938)
114. FOX, M.H and GOSS, C.M. (1957). Experimentally produced malformations of the heart and great vessels in rat fetuses. Atrial and caval abnormalities. Anat. Rec. 129. 309-332.
115. FOX, M H. and GOSS, C.M. (1958). Experimentally produced malformations of the heart and great vessels in rat fetuses. Transposition complexes and aortic arch abnormalities Am. J. Anat. 102 65-92
116. FREEMAN, G. and LUNDELIUS, J.W. (1982) The developmental genetics and dextraliiy and smistrality in the Gastropod Lymnaea peregra. W Roux Arch. 191 69-83.
117. FUJINAGA, M. (1995) Rat whole embryo culture system as a tool to investigate developmental mechanisms of left/right body axis. Toxicol. In Vitro 9: 593-600.
118. FUJINAGA, M. and BADEN, J.M. (1989). Effects of nitrous oxide on rat embryos grown in culture. Anesthesiology 71: 991-992.
119. FUJINAGA, M. and BADEN, J.M (1990) Could the teratogenicity of nitrous oxide in rats be due to its sympathomimetic action on the embryo? Anesthesiology 73-A354 (Abstr.)
120. FUJINAGA, M and BADEN, JM (1991a) A new method for explanting early postimplantation rat embryos for culture Teratology 43: 95-100.
121. FUJINAGA, M. and BADEN, J M. (1991 b) Evidence for an adrenergic mechanism in the control of body asymmetry Dev. Biol 143. 203-205
122. FUJINAGA, M. and BADEN, J.M. (1991c). Critical period of rat development when sidedness of body asymmetry is determined. Teratology 44: 453-462.
123. FUJINAGA, M and BADEN, J.M (1992) Variation in development of rat embryos at the presomite period. Teratology 45: 661-670.
124. FUJINAGA, M. and BADEN, J.M (1993a). Microsurgical study on the mechanisms determining sidedness of axial rotation in rat embryos Teratology 47: 585-593.
125. FUJINAGA, M and BADEN, J M. (1993b) Effects of lidocaine on rat embryos grown in culture during the early postimplantation period. Teratology 47: 418 (Abstr ).
126. FUJINAGA, M. and BADEN, J M (1994). Methionine prevents nitrous oxide-induced teratogenicity in rat embryos grown in culture. Anesthesiology 81: 184-189.
127. FUJINAGA, M., BADEN, J.M and MAZZE, R.I (1989) Susceptible period of nitrous oxide teratogenicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Teratology 40. 439-444.
128. FUJINAGA, M , BADEN, J.M. and MAZZE, R.I. (1990a). Nitrous oxide alters body laterality in rats. Teratology 41. 131-135
129. FUJINAGA, M , BADEN, J.M. and MAZZE, R I (1992a). Developmental toxicity of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants in cultured rat embryos. Anesthesiology 76: 999-1003
130. FUJINAGA, M , BADEN, J.M , SUTO, A, MYATT, J.K and MAZZE, R I. (1991). Preventive effects of phenoxybenzamine on nitrous oxide-induced reproductive toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Teratology 43: 151-157
131. FUJINAGA, M., BADEN, J.M , YHAP, E.O. and MAZZE, R.I. (1987). Reproductive and teratogenic effects of nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and their combination in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesiology 67. 960-964.
132. FUJINAGA, M., BROWN, N.A. and BADEN, J.M. (1992b). Comparison of staging systems for the gastrulation and early neurulation period in rodents: a proposed new system. Teratology 46: 183-190
133. FUJINAGA, M., HUFFMAN, B.B. and BADEN, J.M. (1994a). Receptor subtype and intracellular signal transduction pathway associated with situs inversus induced by α1 adrenergic stimulation in rat embryos. Dev. Biol. 162. 558-567.
134. FUJINAGA, M., HUFFMAN, B.B. and BADEN, J.M. (1995a). Axial rotation in rat embryos: morphological analysis and microsurgical study on the role of the allantois. Teratology 51: 94-106.
135. FUJINAGA, M., HU, Z-W., OKAZAKI, M., BADEN, J.M. and HOFFMAN, B B. (1995b) Expression of mRNA for α1-adrenoceptor subtypes at the beginning of neurula-tion in rat embryos. Toxicology In vitro 9: 601-606.
136. FUJINAGA, M., JACKSON, E C. and BADEN, J.M. (1990b) Interlitter variability and developmental stage of day 11 rat embryos produced by overnight and morning short-period breeding regimens. Teratology 42: 535-540
137. FUJINAGA, M , MAZE. M , HOFFMAN, B.B. and BADEN, J M. (1992c). Activation of α-1 adrenergic receptors modulates the control of left/right sidedness in rat embryos. Dev Biol 150: 419-421.
138. FUJINAGA, M., OKAZAKI, M., BADEN, J.M. and HUFFMAN, B.B. (1995c). Gene expression of transcriptional factor induced by α1 adrenoceptor stimulation in rat embryos at the beginning of neurulation. Dev. Biol. 170: 744 (Abstr.).
139. FUJINAGA, M , PARK, H.W , SHEPARD, T H , MIRKES, P E. and BADEN, J.M. (1994b). Staurosporine does not prevent adrenergic-induced situs inversus, but causes a unique syndrome of defects in rat embryos grown in culture. Teratology 50: 261-274.
140. GALLOWAY, J (1990). A handle on handedness. Nature 346: 223-224.
141. GARDNER, M. (1990). The New Ambidextrous Universe. Symmetry and Asymmetry from Mirror Reflections to Superstrings, 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman & Co., New York.
142. GENUARDI, M., POMPONI, M.G., SAMMITO, V., BELLUSSI, A., ZOLLINO, M and NERI, G. (1993). Split hand/split foot anomaly in a family segregating a balanced translocation with breakpoint on 7q22 1. Am. J. Med. Genet 47: 823-831.
143. GEORGMÁNEANU, M , IAGARU, N , POPESCU-MICLOSANU, SP and BADULESCU, M. (1983). Congenital hemihypertrophy tendency to association with other abnormalities and/or tumors. Rev. Roum. Morphol. Embryol. Physiol. Morphol.-Embryol. 29: 39-45.
144. GERLIS, LM., SEO, J.W., HO, S.Y. and CHI, J.G (1993). Morphology of the cardiovascular system in conjoined twins: spatial and sequential segmental arrangements in 36 cases Teratology 47: 91-108.
145. GHASKADBI, S and MULHERKAR, L. (1984). Effects of cytochalasin H on chick embryo explants cultured in vitro. Toxicology 33. 323-330.
146. GILBERT, S F. (1994) Developmental Biology, 4th ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
147. GILLMAN, J., GILBERT, C , GILLMAN, T and SPENCE, I. (1948) A preliminary report on hydrocephalus, spina bifida and other congenital anomalies in the rat produced by trypan blue. S. Afr J. Med Sci 13: 47-90
148. GOSS, C.M (1938). The first contractions of the heart in rat embryos. Anat Rec. 70: 505-524.
149. GRAY, S.W., SKANDALAKIS, J E and RICKETTS, R. (1994). Anomalies of situs and symmetry In Embryology for Surgeons The Embryologiesl Basis for the Treatment of Congenital Anomalies, 2nd ed Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 1052-1059.
150. GREEN, M.C. (1967) A defect of the splanchnic mesoderm caused by the mutant gene dominant hemimelia in the mouse Dev. Biol. 15: 62-89
151. GREENAWAY, J C, FANTEL, A G. JUCHAU, M.R. (1986). On the capacity of nitroheterocyclic compounds to elicit an unusual axial asymmetry in cultured rat embryos Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 82. 307-315.
152. GULAMHUSEIN. A P , HARRISON-SAGE, C., BECK, F. AL-ALOUSI, A (1980). Salicylate-induced teratogenesis in the ferret. Life Sci. 27. 1799-1805.
153. GULAMHUSEIN, A.P., MOORE, W.J., GUPTA, M and BECK, F (1982), Trypan blue teratogenesis in the rat. further observations in vitro Teratology 26: 289-297.
154. GURDON, J.B (1992). In search of new principles of development BioEssays 14: 427.
155. HAMBURGER, V. (1938) Morphogenetic and axial self-differentiation of transplanted limb primordia of 2-day chick embryos J. Exp. Zool 77. 379-399
156. HAMBURGER, V and HAMILTON, H L (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J Morphol. 88: 49-92.
157. HANDEL, M. and KENNEDY, J.R. (1984). Situs inversus in homozygous mice without immotile cilia. J. Hered. 75: 498.
158. HANZLIK, A J., BINDER, M , LAYTON, W M., ROWE, L., LAYTON, M., TAYLOR, B A , OSEMLAK, M.M , RICHARDS, J.E , KURNIT, D M. and STEWART, G.D (1990). The munne situs inversus viscerum (iv) gene responsible for visceral asymmetry is linked tightly to the Igh-C cluster on chromosome 12. Genomics 7: 389-393.
159. HARA, K. (1978). 'Spemann's organizer' in birds. In Organizer-A Milestone of a Half-Century from Spemann (Eds. S Nakamura and S. Toivonen) Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 221-265.
160. HARRISON, R.G. (1921). On relations of symmetry in transplanted limbs. J. Exp. Zool. 32: 1-136.
161. HARRISON, R G. (1936). Relations of symmetry in the developing ear of Amblystoma punctatum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 22: 238-247.
162. HARRISON, R.G. (1945). Relations of symmetry in the developing embryo. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci 36: 277-330.
163. HAY, S and WEHRUNG, D.A. (1970). Congenital malformations in twins. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 22. 662-678.
164. HENNEKAM, R.C.M. (1990). Agnathia-holoprosencephaly: a midline malformation association. Am. J. Med. Genet. 36. 525.
165. HIRAOKA, K., HARATAKE, J., HORIE, A. and MIYAGAWA, T. (1988) Bilateral renal dysplasia, pancreatic fibrosis, intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis, and situs inversus totalis in a boy. Hum. Pathol. 19: 871-873.
166. HIRSCH, K.S. and SCOTT, W J. (1983). Searching for the mechanism of acetazolamide teratogenesis. In Issues and Reviews in Teratology, Vol 1 (Ed. H Kalter) Plenum Press, New York, pp 309-347.
167. HISAOKA, K.K. and BATTLE, H.I. (1958) The normal developmental stages of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan). J. Morphol. 107: 205-225.
168. HO, S.Y., SEO, J-W., BROWN, N.A., COOK, A.C , FAGG, N.L K and ANDERSON, R H (1995). Morphology of the sinus node in human and mouse hearts with isomerism of the atrial appendages. Br. Heart J. 74: 437-442.
169. HOGAN, B , BEDDINGTON, R., COSTANTINI, F. and LACY, E. (1994). Manipulating the Mouse Embryo. A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview.
170. HORI, M. (1993). Frequency-dependent natural selection in the handedness of scaleeating cichild fish Science 260: 216-219.
171. HORWICH, A. and BRUECKNER, M (1993) Left, right and without a cue. Nature Genet 5: 321-322.
172. HOYLE, C., BROWN, N.A and WOLPERT, L (1992) Development of left/right handedness in the chick heart Development 115: 1071-1078
173. HOYME, H E (1993). Asymmetry and hypertrophy. In Human Malformations and Related Anomalies, Vol II(EdS R.E. Stevenson, J.G Hall and R.M. Goodman) Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics No. 27 Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1031-1046
174. HUMMEL, K P. and CHAPMAN, D.B. (1959). Visceral inversion and associated anomalies in the mouse J. Hered. 50: 9-13
175. HURWITZ, R.C. and CASKEY, C T. (1982). Ivemark syndrome in siblings Clin. Genet. 22: 7-11
176. ICARDO, J M (1990). Development of the outflow tract. A study in hearts with situs solitus and situs inversus. Ann NY Acad Sci 588: 26-40.
177. ICARDO,J.M and COLVEE, E. (1995) Commonatrioventricular canalandconotruncal anomalies in mice with heterotaxia In Developmental Mechanisms of Heart Disease (Eds. E.B. Clark, R.R Markwald and A. Takao). Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, pp 615-620
178. ICARDO, J.M. and OJEDA, J.L. (1984). Effects of colchicine on the formation and looping of the tubular heart of the embryonic chick. Acta. Anat 119. 1 -9.
179. ICARDO, J M. and SANCHEZ DE VEGA, M J (1991). Spectrum of heart malformations in mice with situs solitus, situs inversus, and associated visceral heterotaxy. Circulation 84. 2547-2558.
180. ICARDO, J.M., ARRECHEDERA, H. and COLVEE, E (1995) Atrioventricular endocardial cushions in the pathogenesis of common atrioventricular canal: morphological study in the iv/iv mouse. In Developmental Mechanisms of Heart Disease (Eds. E B. Clark, R R Markwald and A Takao) Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, pp. 529-544.
181. IGARASHI, S., HARA, H , TANAKA, N , MIZOGUCHI, K., TSUNO, T., TAKEUCHI, H. and TANAKA, K. (1994). Forelimb malformation induced by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in genetic situs inversus rats Teratology 50: 18B (Abstr.).
182. INSEL, P.A (1990). Analgesic-antipyretics and antiinflammatory agents; drugs employed in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gout. In Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed. (Eds. A.G. Gilman, T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor) Pergamon Press, New York, pp 638-681.
183. IOFFE, E. and STANLEY, P. (1994). Mice lacking N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity die at mid-gestation, revealing an essential role for complex or hybrid N-linked carbohydrates. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 728-732.
184. ITASAKI, N., NAKAMURA, H. and YASUDA, M. (1989). Changes in the arrangement of actin bundles during heart looping in the chick embryo. Anat. Embryol. 180:413-420.
185. ITASAKI, N., NAKAMURA, H., SUMIDA, H. and YASUDA, M (1991). Actin bundles on the right side in the caudal part of the heart tube play a role in dextro-looping in the embryonic chick heart Anat. Embryol. 183. 29-39.
186. IVEMARK, B.I. (1955). Implications of agenesis of the spleen on the pathogenesis of cono-truncus anomalies in childhood An analysis of the heart malformations in the splenic agenesis syndrome, with fourteen new cases Acta Pædiatr. 44 (Suppl. 104). 1-110.
187. JEFFERIES, R.P.S. (1991). Two types of bilateral symmetry in the Meiazoa: chordate and bilaterian. In Biological Asymmetry and Handedness (Eds. G R. Bock and J. Marsh). J. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 94-127.
188. JEFFERIES, R.P.S. and BROWN, N.A. (1995). Dorsalventral axis inversion? Nature 374: 22.
189. JOHNSON, J.R. (1949). Situs inversus with associated abnormalities: review of the literature and report of three cases. Arch. Surg. 58: 149-162.
190. KALTER, H (1968) How should times during pregnancy be called in Teratology? Teratology 1: 231-234.
191. KÄLLÉN, B. (1986). Congenital malformation in twins: a population study. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. 35: 167-178.
192. KAO, K.R and ELINSON, R.P. (1988). The entire mesodermal mantle behaves as Spemann's organizer in dorsoanterior enhanced Xenopus laevis embryos. Dev. Biol. 127: 54-77.
193. KARASHIMA, I (1912). Ein Fall von Situs inversus viscerum totalis. Inaug, Diss , München. (Cited from Lineback, 1920)
194. KARTAGENER, M (1933). Zur Pathogenese der Bronchiektasien. I. Bronchiektasien bei Situs viscerum inversus. Beitr. Klin. Tuberk. 83. 489-501.
195. KARTAGENER, M. and STUCKI, P. (1962). Bronchiectasis with situs inversus Arch. Pediatr. 79. 193-207.
196. KAUFMAN, M.H. (1990). Morphological stages of postimplantation embryonic development In Postimplantation Mammalian Embryos A Practical Approach (Eds. A.J. Copp and D.L. Cockroft). IRL Press, Oxford, pp. 81-91.
197. KAUFMAN, M.H. (1992). The Atlas of Mouse Development Academic Press, San Diego.
198. KAUFMAN, M.H. and NAVARATNAM, V. (1981). Early differentiation of the heart in mouse embryo J. Anat 133: 235-246.
199. KIMMEL, C.B., BALLARD, W.M., KIMMEL, S R., ULLMANN, B and SCHILLING, T F (1995). Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dynamics 203: 253-310.
200. KIRRMANN, J-M and WOLFF, E. (1964). Teratogenic effects of ionizing radiations on the embryonic development of the higher vertebrates, Int Rev Exp. Pathol 3: 365-408.
201. KLAR, A.J.S. (1994). A model for specification of the left-right axis in vertebrates. Trends Genet. 10. 392-396.
202. KLAR,A J S (1995).Opinions on left-nght axis formation. Trends Genet. 11: 214-215.
203. KLEIN, K.L., SCOTT, WJ and WILSON, J G (1981) Aspirin-induced teratogenesis a unique pattern of cell death and subsequent polydactyly in the rat. J. Exp. Zool 216: 107-112.
204. KLUG, S., COLLINS, M., NAGAO, T, MERKER, H-J and NEUBERT, D. (1992). Effect of lithium on rat embryos in culture: growth, development, compartmental distribution and lack of a protective effect of mositol. Arch. Toxicol. 66: 719-728.
205. KOCHER, W and KOCHER-BECKER, U. (1980). Bilaterally symmetric and asymmetric realization of limb malformation, In Teratology of the Limbs (Eds. H J. Merker, H. Nau and D. Neubert). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 259-271.
206. KOCHER-BECKER, U, VOLLMER, E. and KOCHER, W. (1991). Correlation of asymmetries of mutant polydactyly and mutant situs. Teratology 43: 26A (Abstr ).
207. KOIFFMANN, C.P., WAJNTAL, A., DESOUZA, D.H., GONZALEZ, C.H. and COATES, M.V. (1993). Human situs determination and chromosome constitution
208. KOTO, M , ADACHI, J. and SHIMIZU, A. (1987a). A new mutation of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) with visceral inversion (Kartagener's syndrome) and hydrocephalus Rat News Lett. 18: 14-15.
209. KOTO, M., MIWA, M., SHIMIZU, A., TSUJI, K., OKAMOTO, M. and ADACHI, J. (1987b). Inherited hydrocephalus in Csk Wister-Imamichi rats; Hyd strain: a new disease model for hydrocephalus Exp. Anim. 36. 157-162.
210. KRAFT, A. (1968a). Beeinflussung des Eingeweidesitus beim Alpenmolch (Triturus alpestris) durch elektrischen Strom W. Roux Arch. 160: 255-258.
211. KRAFT, A. (1968b). Larvengestalt und Eingeweide-Situs beim Alpenmolch (Tnturus alpestris) nach halbseitiger UV-Bestrahlung von Neurula- und Nachneurula-Keimen. W. Roux Arch. 160. 259-297
212. KRASSIKOFF, N. and SEKHON, G.S. (1989). Familial agnathia-holoprosencephaly caused by an inherited unbalanced translocation and not autosomal recessive inheritance. Am. J. Med. Genet. 34: 255-257.
213. KURNIT, D.V , LAYTON, W.M. and MATTHYSSE, S. (1987). Genetics, chance, and morphogenesis. Am J. Hum. Genet. 41: 979-995.
214. LANDER, A. and BROWN, N.A. (1994a) Culture-induced inversion of heart looping in pre-somite rat embryos is reduced by either Superoxide dismutase or α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Teratology 49: 387 (Abstr.).
215. LANDER, A. and BROWN, N.A. (1994b). Letters. Teratology 49: 178, 181.
216. LAYDE, P M , ERICKSON, D., FALEK, A and McCARTHY, B.J. (1980) Congenital malformations in twins Am J Hum. Genet. 32: 69-78.
217. LAYTON, W. M (1976). Random determination of a developmental process. Reversal of normal visceral asymmetry in the mouse. J. Hered 67: 336-338.
218. LAYTON, W.M. (1978). Heart malformations in mice homozygous for a gene causing situs inversus. Birth Defects: Original Art. Ser. Vol. 14 No. 7: 277-293.
219. LAYTON, W M. (1985). The biology of asymmetry and the development of the cardiac loop. In Cardiac Morphogenesis (Eds. V.J. Ferrans, G. Rosenquist and C. Weinstein) Elsevier Science Publishing Co , New York, pp. 134-140.
220. LAYTON, W.M. and HALLESY, D.W. (1965). Deformity of forelimb in rats: association with high doses of acetazolamide Science 149. 306-308
221. LAYTON, W M and LAYTON, M W. (1979). Cadmium induced limb defects in mice: strain associated differences in sensitivity. Teratology 19. 229-236.
222. LAYTON, W.M. and MANASEK, F.J (1980) Cardiac looping in early iv/iv mouse embryos. In Etiology and Morphogenesis of Congenital Heart Syndrome (Eds R. van Praagh and A Takao). Futura Pub. Co , New York, pp. 109-126.
223. LAYTON, W.M., LAYTON, M.W., BINDER, M., KURNIT, D.M., HANZLIK, A J., VAN KEUREN, M. and BIDDLE, F.G. (1993) Expression of the IV (reversed and/or heterotaxic) phenotype in SWV mice. Teratology 47. 595-602
224. LEECH, RW, BOWLBY, L.S., BRUMBACK, R.A. and SCHAEFER, G.B. (1988). Agnathia, holoprosencephaly, and situs inversus: report of a case. Am. J. Med. Genet 29 483-490.
225. LEPORI, N G. (1966a) Analisi del processo di accorciamento della linea primitiva nel blastodisco di Pollo e di Anatra. Acta Embryol. Morphol. Exp. 9: 61-68
226. LEPORI, N G (1966b). Asimmetria dei movimenti di convergenza nel blastodisco di Pollo e di Anatra. Boll. Zool. 33: 319-326.
227. LEPORI, N.G. (1967). Research on heart development in chick embryo under normal and experimental conditions. Monitore Zool. Ital. 1: 59-183.
228. LEPORI, N G. (1969). Sur la genèse des structures asymétriques chez l'embryon des oiseaux. Monitore Zool Ital. 3: 33-53.
229. LEVIN, M., JOHNSON, R L , STERN, C D., KUEHN, M. and TABIN, C. (1995) A molecular pathway determining left-right asymmetry in chick embryogenesis Cell 82 803-814.
230. LINEBACK, P.E. (1920) An extraordinary case of situs inversus viscerum totalis. J A M A 75: 1775-1778.
231. LONG, J A. and BURLINGAME, P.L (1938) The development of the external form of the rat, with some observations on the origin of the extraembryonic coelom and foetal membranes Univ Calif Publ. Zool 43: 143-184.
232. LOWE, L., SUPP, D., SAMPATH, K , YOKOYAMA, T , WRIGHT, C.V.E., POTTER, S.S , OVERBEEK, P. and KUEHN, M.R (1996) Conserved left-right asymmetry of nodal expression and alterations in murine situs inversus. Nature 381: 158-161
233. LUDWIG, W (1932) Das Rechts-Links-Problem im Tierreich und beim Menschen. Mit einem Anhang' Rechts-Links-Merkmale der Pflanzen. Julius Springer, Berlin. (Cited from Oppenheimer, 1974)
234. MAKINO, S , KUNIMOTO, K., MURAOKA, Y., MIZUSHIMA, Y., KATAGIRI, K. and TOCHINO, Y (1980). Breeding of a non-obese, diabetic strain of mice. Exp. Anim. 29: 1-13.
235. MANASEK, F J (1976) Heart development' interactions involved in cardiac morphogenesis. In The Cell Surface in Animal Embryogenesis and Development (Eds. G. Poste and G L Nicolson). Elsevier/North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 545-598.
236. MANASEK F.J., KULIKOWSKI, R.R. and FITZPATRICK, L. (1978) Cytodifferentiation: a causal antecedent of looping? Birth Defects: Original Art. Ser. Vol 14 No. 7: 161-178.
237. MANASEK F.J., KULIKOWSKI, R.R., NAKAMURA, A., NGUYENPHUC, Q. and LACKTIS, J W. (1984). Early heart development: A new model of cardiac morphogenesis. In Growth of the Heart in Health and Disease (Ed R. Zak) Raven Press, New York, pp. 105-130
238. MANGOLD, O. (1921). Situs inversus bei Triton. Arch Entw.Mech Org. 48: 505-516.
239. MANNING, A. and McLACHLAN, J.C. (1990). Looping of chick embryo hearts in vitro J. Anat. 168: 257-253
240. MATHIAS, R S., LACRO, R.V and JONES, K L. (1987). X-linked laterality sequence: Situs inversus, complex cardiac defects, splenic defects. Am. J. Med. Genet. 28: 111-116.
241. McCARTHY, A. and BROWN, N.A. (1992). An apparent role of labile maternal serum factor(s) in the development of the left/right axis in primitive streak stage rat embryos in culture. Teratology 46: 25A-26A (Abstr)
242. McCARTHY, A., WOLPERT, L and BROWN, N.A (1990). The development of the left/ right axis in neural plate rat embryos is disrupted by a-adrenergic agonists in an apparent stage-specific and receptor-mediated manner. Teratology42:33A. (Abstr.).
243. McCHANE, R.H., HERSH, J H., RUSSELL, L J. and WEISSKOPF, B. (1989). Ivemark's "asplenia" syndrome: a single gene disorder. South Med. J 82: 1312-1313.
244. McGRATH, J., HORWICH, A.L. and BRUECKNER, M. (1992). Duplication/deficiency mapping of situs inversus viscerum (iv). a gene that determines left-right asymmetry in the mouse Genomics 14: 643-648.
245. McNEISH, J.D., SCOTT, W.J. and POTTER, S.S. (1988). Legless, a novel mutation found in PHT1-1 transgenic mice. Science 241: 837-839.
246. McNEISH, J D., THAYER, J., WALLING, K., SULIK, K.K., POTTER. S.S. and SCOTT, W.J (1990). Phenotypic characterization of the transgenic mouse insertional mutation, legless. J. Exp. Zool. 253: 151-162.
247. MEINECKE, P , PADBERG, B. and LAAS, R (1990). Agnathia, holoprosencephaly, and situs inversus. a third report Am. J. Med. Genet. 37: 286-287.
248. MELLOY, P.G., EWART, J.L., DESMOND, M.E. and LO, C.W. (1996). No turning, a novel mutation causing laterality defects in mouse embryos Dev. Biol. 175: 391 (Abstr.).
249. MENO, C., SAIJOH, Y , FUJII, H , IKEDA, M., YOKOYAMA, T , YOKOYAMA, M , TOYODA, Y and HAMADA, H. (1996). Left-right asymmetric expression of the TGFβ-family member lefty in mouse embryos Nature 381: 151-155
250. METZLER, M., GERTZ, A., SARKAR, M., SCHACHTER, H., SCHRADER, J W and MARTH, J D. (1994). Complex asparagine-linked oligosaccharides are required for morphogenic events during post-implantation development. EMBO J. 13: 2056-2065
251. MEYER, R. (1913). Die ursächlichen Beziehungen zwischen dem Situs viscerum und Situs cordis. Arch Entw Mech Org. 37: 85-107
252. MIEZIEWSKA, K , SZEL, A., VAN VEEN, T., AGUIRRE, G.D. and PHILP, N. (1994). Redistribution of insoluble interphotoreceptor matrix components during photore-ceptor differentiation in the mouse retina. J Comp. Neurol 345: 115-124.
253. MIKKILA, S.P., JANAS, M., KARIKOSKI, R , TARKKILA, T. and SIMOLA, K O J. (1994). X-linked laterality sequence in a family with carner manifestations Am. J. Med. Genet. 49: 435-438
254. MILAIRE, J. (1985) Histological changes induced in developing limb buds of C57BL mouse embryos submitted in utero to the combined influence of acetazolamide and cadmium sulphate Teratology 32: 433-451.
255. MILLER, R D and DIVERTIE, M B. (1972). Kartagener's syndrome Chest 62: 130-135.
256. 3H] thymidine by the 10- to 12-somite mouse embryo: alteration by acute exposure to hydroxyurea. J Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 44 181-18.
257. MIRKES, P.E. (1985). Effects of acute exposures to elevated temperatures on rat embryo growth and development in vitro. Teratology 32. 259-266
258. MIURA, S., MIYAGAWA, S., MORISHIMA, M., ANDO, A. and TAKAO, A (1990). Retinoic acid-induced visceroatrial heterotaxy syndrome in rat embryos. In Developmental Cardiology: Morphogenesis and Function (Eds E B Clark and A. Takao). Futura Publishing Co., Mount Kisco, pp 467-484.
259. MOLLER, J.H , NAKIB, A., ANDERSON, R.C. and EDWARDS, J.E. (1967) Congenital cardiac disease associated with polysplenia. A developmental complex of bilateral "left-sidedness". Circulation 36: 789-799
260. MONIE, IW., TAKACS, E. and WARKANY, J. (1966). Transposition of the great vessels and other cardiovascular abnormalities in rat fetuses induced by trypan blue. Anal. Rec. 156: 175-190.
261. MOORE, K.L. (1988) The Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology, 4th ed. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
262. MORENO, A. and MURPHY, E.A. (1981) Inheritance of Kartagener syndrome. Am J. Med. Genet. 8: 305-313
263. MORGAN, M. (1977) Embryology and inheritance of asymmetry. In Lateralization in the Nervous System (Eds. S. Harnad, R.W. Doty, J. Jaynes, L. Goldstein and G. Krauthamer). Academic Press, New York, pp 173-194.
264. MORGAN, M.J. (1992). On the evolutionary origin of right handedness. Curr. Biol. 2: 15-17. (Review)
265. MORGAN, M.J. and CORBALLIS, M C. (1978) On the biological basis of human laterahty. II. The mechanisms of inheritance. Behav. Brain Sci. 2: 270-336.
266. MORISHIMA, M., ANDO, M. and TAKAO, A. (1991). Visoeroatrial heterotaxy syndrome in the NOD mouse with special reference to atrial situs. Teratology 44. 91-100.
267. MORISHIMA, M., MIYAGAWA-TOMITA, S., TAKAO, A., ISHIBASHI, M, YOKOYAMA, T. and OVERBEEK, P.A. (1995). Morphological study of the inv situs inversus mutant mouse. In Developmental Mechanisms of Heart Disease (Eds E B. Clark, R.R. Markwald and A. Takao). Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, pp. 621-624.
268. MORRILL, C.V (1919). Symmetry reversal and mirror imaging in monstrous trout and a comparison with similar conditions in human double monsters Anat. Rec 16: 265-291.
269. MORRISON, W.B., WILSMAN, N.J., FOX, L.E and FARNUM, C.E. (1987). Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the dog. J. Vet Intern. Med. 1: 67-74.
270. MORRISS-KAY, G.M., TUCKETT, F and SOLURSH, M. (1986) The effects of Streptomyces hyaluronidase on tissue organization and cell cycle time in rat embryos. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 98: 59-70.
271. NADAL-GINARD, B. and GARCIA, M.P (1972). The morphologic expression of each cardiac primordium in the chick embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 28: 141-152.
272. NAKASHIMA, K., KAWAMATA, A., FUJIKI, I. and FUJIKI, Y. (1991). The individual and combined effects of X-irradiation and hyperthermia on early somite mouse embryos in culture. Teratology 44: 635-639.
273. NARBURGH, L.J. and BROWN, N.A. (1994). The sidedness of furazolidone-induced limb asymmetries: Studies of potential mechanisms. Teratology 50: 24A (Abstr ).
274. NEW, D.A.T (1955). A new technique for the cultivation of the chick embryo in vitro J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 3. 326-331
275. NEW, D.A.T. (1978). Whole embryo culture and the study of mammalian embryos during organogenesis. Biol. Rev. 53: 81-122.
276. NICHOLAS, J.S. and RUDNICK, D. (1938) Development of rat embryos of egg-cylinder to head-fold stages in plasma cultures. J Exp. Zool. 78: 205-232.
277. NIEUWKOOP, P.D. and FABER, J. (1994). The Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). A Systematical and Chronological Survey of The Development from The Fertilized Egg till The End of Metamorphosis, 2nd ed Garland Publishing, Inc., New York. (Original publication of 2nd ed North-Holland Publishing Co , Amsterdam, 1967).
278. NIIKAWA, N., KOHSAKA, S., MIZUMOTO, M , HAMADA, I. and KAJII, T. (1983). Familial clustering of situs inversus totalis, and asplenia and polysplenia syndromes. Am J. Med Genet 16: 43-47.
279. NORBERG, R.Å. (1995). Feather asymmetry in Archaeopteryx. Nature 374. 221
280. OPITZ, J.M. and GILBERT, E F (1982). Editorial comment: CNS anomalies and the midline as a "developmental field". Am. J. Med. Genet 12: 443-455
281. OPPENHEIMER, J M. (1974). Asymmetry revisited. Am Zool. 14. 867-879
282. O'RAHILLY, R. and MÜLLER, F. (1987) Developmental Stages in Human Embryos. Including a Revision of Streeter's "Horizons" and a Survey of the Carnegie Collection. Publication 637. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington.
283. O'RAHILLY, R. and MÜLLER, F (1992) Human Embryology and Teratology. Wiley-Liss, New York,
284. ORTS-LLORCA (1964) Les facteurs déterminants de la morphogénèse et la differentiation cardiaque. Bull. Assoc. Anat. Paris 123: 1-125. (Cited from Lepori, 1967)
285. OSMOND, M.K., BUTLER, A.J., VOON, F C T and BELLAIRS, R (1991). The effects of retinoic acid on heart formation in the early chick embryo Development 113: 1405-1417.
286. OTIS, E.M and BRENT, R. (1954). Equivalent age in mouse and human embryos. Anat. Rec. 120: 33-63.
287. OVERBEEK, P.A. and YOKOYAMA, T. (1996). Transgenic mice with situs inversus. Abstract for the Keystone Symposia Molecular Biology of the Cardiovascular System. Keystone Symposia, Silverthorne, Abstr. No 009.
288. PANDER, C.H. (1817). Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Hühnchens im Ei. Stahel, Wurzburg. (Cited from Romanoff, 1960)
289. PATTEN, B.M. (1922). The formation of the cardiac loop in the chick. Am. J Anat. 30: 373-397.
290. PATTEN, B M. (1949) Initiation and early changes in the character of the heart beat in vertebrate embryos. Physiol. Rev. 29: 31-47.
291. PATTEN, B.M (1953). Human Embryology, 2nd ed. Blakiston Co., New York.
292. PATTEN, B.M. (1960). The development of the heart. In Pathology of the Heart, 2nd ed (Ed. S.E. Gould). Charles C Thoman, Springfield, pp. 24-92.
293. PAULI, R.M., GRAHAM, J.M. and BARR, M. (1981). Agnathia, situs inversus, and associated malformations. Teratology 23: 85-93.
294. PERSUTTE, W H., YEASTING, R.A , KURCZYNSKI, T.W., LENKE, R.R. and ROBINSON, H. (1990). Agnathia malformation complex associated with a cystic distention of the oral cavity and hydranencepahly. J. Craniofac Genet. Dev Biol. 10: 391-397
295. PEXIEDER, T., BLANC, O , PELOUCH, V. OSTÁDALOVÁ, I., MILEROVÁ, M. and OSTÁDAL, B. (1995). Late fetal development of retinoic acid-induced transposition of great arteries: morphology, physiology, and biochemistry In Developmental Mechanisms of Heart Disease (Eds E.B. Clark, R.R. Markwald and A Takao). Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, pp. 297-307.
296. PHELAN, M.C. (1993). Twins. In Human Malformations and Related Anomalies, Vol. II (Eds. R.E Stevenson, J G. Hall and R.M. Goodman) Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1047-1079
297. PINAR, H. and ROGERS, B.B. (1992). Renal dysplasia, situs inversus totalis, and multisystem fibrosis. a new syndrome. Pediatr. Pathol. 12: 215-221.
298. POELMANN, R E., MENTINK, M.M T. and VAN LEEUWEN, J.L. (1987). Axial rotation of murine embryos, a study of asymmetric mitotic activity in the neural tube of somite stages. Anat Embryol. 176: 99-103.
299. POLHEMUS, D. and SCHAFER, W. (1952). Congenital absence of the spleen with atrioventricularis and situs inversus. Pediatrics 9: 696-708
300. PRESSLER, K. (1911). Beobachtungen und Versuche über den normalen und inversen Situs viscerum et cordis bei Anurenlarven. Arch Entw.Mech Org. 32: 1-35.
301. PRICE, R L., CARVER, W., SIMPSON, D., BORG, T K and TERRACIO, L. (1996a) Potential role of angiotensin II in early heart development. Abstract for the Keystone Symposia The Molecular Biology of the Cardiovascular System. Keystone Symposia, Silverthorne, Abstr. 148.
302. PRICE, R.L., CHINTANOWONGES, C., SHIRAISHI, I., BORG, T.K. and TERRACIO, L. (1996b) Local and regional variations in myofibrillar patterns in looping rat heart Anat. Rec. 245: 83-93.
303. RAO, P.S. (1981). Dextrocardia: systematic approach to differential diagnosis Am. Heart J. 102: 389-403.
304. RAVEN, E (1894) Zur Entwickelung des Nabelstranges der weissen Maus. Arch. Anat. Entw 293-312. (Cited from Long and Burlingame, 1938)
305. REAUME, A G., DE SOUSA, P.A , KULKARNI, S , LANGILLE, B L , ZHU, D., DAVIES, T C., JUNEJA, S.C., KIDDER, G.M. and ROSSANT, J. (1995). Cardiac malformation in neonatal mice lacking connexin43. Science 267: 1831-1834.
306. RICHARDSON, M M., BEAUDET, A.L., WAGNER, M.L , MALINI, S , ROSENBERG, H.S. and LUCCI, J A. (1977) Prenatal diagnosis of recurrence of Saldino-Noonan dwarfism. J. Pediatr 91: 467-471.
307. ROBINSON, H.B. and LENKE, R. (1989). Agnathia, holoprosencephaly, and situs inversus. Am. J Med. Genet. 34 266-267
308. ROMANOFF, A.L (1960) The Avian Embryo Structural and Functional Development Macmillan Co , New York.
309. ROPERTO, F., GALATI, P. and ROSSACCO, P. (1993) Immotile cilia syndrome in pigs. A model for human disease Am J Pathol. 143 643-647
310. ROPERTO, F., GALATI, P., TRONCONE, A , ROSSACCO, P. and CAMPOFREDA, M. (1991). Primary ciliary dyskinesia in pigs. J. Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 23: 233-236
311. ROPERTO, F., SAVIANO, R and GUARINO, G (1994). Atypical basal bodies in a cat with immotile-cilia syndrome J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 26: 565-567.
312. ROSE, V , IZUKAWA, T. and MOËS, C A.F. (1975). Syndromes of asplenia and polysplenia. A review of cardiac and non-cardiac malformations in 60 cases with special reference to diagnosis and prognosis. Br. Heart J. 37: 840-852.
313. ROTT, H D (1979) Kartagener's syndrome and the syndrome of immotile cilia. Hum. Genet. 46: 249-261
314. ROUSH, W. (1995). Embryos travel forking path as they tell left from right. Science 269: 1514-1515.
315. RUANGVORAVAT, C. and LO, C.W. (1992). Connexin 43 expression in the mouse embryo: localization of transcripts within developmentally significant domains Dev Dynamics 194: 261-281.
316. RUIZ i ALTABA, A. and JESSELL, T. (1991). Retinoic acid modifies mesodermal patterning in early Xenopus embryos. Genes Dev 5: 175-187
317. SADLER, T.W. (1990) Langman's Medical Embryology, 6th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
318. SALAZAR DEL RÍO, J. (1974). Influence of extrinsic factors on the development of the bulboventricular loop of the chick embryo. J Embryol. Exp. Morphol 31: 199-206
319. SANTANA, S.M., ALVAREZ, F.P , ALABERN, C. and ADRADOS, M. (1987). Agnathia and associated malformations. Dysmorphol. Clin. Genet. 1: 58-63.
320. SANTER, R.M (1985) Morphology and innervation of the fish heart. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 89: 1-102.
321. SATER, A.K. and JACOBSON, A.G (1989) The specification of heart mesoderm occurs during gastrulation in Xenopus laevis. Development 105: 821-830.
322. SCHIDLOW, D V., KATZ, S.M., TURTZ, M G , DONNER, R.M. and CAPASSO, S. (1982). Polysplenia and Kartagener syndromes in a sibship: association with abnormal respiratory cilia. J. Pediatr. 100: 401-403.
323. SCHINZEL, A.A.G.L., SMITH, D W. and MILLER, J R (1979) Monozygotic twinning and structural defects. J. Pediatr 95: 921-930.
324. SCHNALL, B.S. and SMITH, D.W (1974). Nonrandom laterality of malformations in paired structures J. Pediatr. 85: 509-511
325. SCHOENWOLF, G.C. and FISHER, M. (1983) Analysis of the effects of Streptomyces hyaluronidase on formation of the neural tube J Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 73: 1-15
326. SCHREINER, C M , SCOTT, W J , SUPP, D.M. and POTTER, S.S. (1993). Correlation of forelimb malformation asymmetries with visceral organ situs in the transgenic mouse insertional mutation, legless Dev. Biol. 158: 560-562
327. SCOTT, W.J. (1985). Asymmetric limb malformations induced by drugs or mutant genes. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 163C: 111-113
328. SCOTT, W.J., COLLINS, M D., ERNST, A N., SUPP, D M. and POTTER, S.S. (1994). Enhanced expression of limb malformations and axial skeleton alterations in legless mutants by transplacental exposure to retinoic acid. Dev. Biol. 164: 277-289.
329. SEARLE, A.G. (1959). Hereditary absence of spleen in the mouse Nature 184: 1419-1420
330. SEARLE, A.G. (1964). The genetics and morphology of two 'luxoid' mutants in the house mouse Genet. Res Camb. 5: 171-197.
331. SEO, J-W and KIM, Y.H. (1995). Morphology of the embryonic atrial chambers in the mouse with iv/iv mutation. In Developmental Mechanisms of Heart Disease (Eds. E.B. Clark, R R. Markwald and A. Takao). Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, pp. 545-553.
332. SEO, J-W., BROWN, N A, HO, S.Y. and ANDERSON, R.H. (1992). Abnormal laterality and congenital cardiac anomalies. Relation of visceral and cardiac morphologies in the iv/iv mouse Circulation 86: 642-650.
333. SEO, J W , SHIN, S.S. and CHI, J.G. (1985). Cardiovascular system in conjoined twins: An analysis of 14 Korean cases. Teratology 32: 151-161.
334. SHENFELT, R.E. (1972). Morphogenesis of malformations in hamsters caused by retinoic acid relation to dose and stage at treatment Teratology 5: 103-118.
335. SHEPARD, T.H. (1995). Catalog of Teratogenic Agents, 8th ed The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
336. SHEPARD, T.H. and FINK, B.R. (1968). Teratogenic activity of nitrous oxide in rats In Toxicity of Anesthetics (Ed B.R Fink) Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 308-323.
337. SHERK, H.H (1922). Total transposition of viscera. Surg. Gynecol. Obst 35: 53-57.
338. SHIMIZU, A. and KOTO, M. (1992). Ultrastructure and movement of the ependymal and tracheal cilia in congenitally hydrocephalic WIC-Hyd rats. Child Nerv Syst. 8: 25-32.
339. SIEBER, S.M , WHANG-PENG, J , BOTKIN, C. and KNUTSEN, T (1978). Teratogenic and cytogenetic effects of some plant-derived antitumor agents (vincristine, colchicine, maytansine, VP-16-213 and VM-26) in mice. Teratology 18: 31-48.
340. SIEWER, A K. (1904) Ueber einen Fall von Bronchiectasis bei einem Patienten mit situs inversus viscerum. Berlin Munchen Tieraerztl. Wschr. 2: 139-141 (or Berl Klin. Wochenschr 41: 139-141.)
341. SIEWER, A K. (1904) Ueber einen Fall von Bronchiectasis bei einem Patienten mit situs inversus viscerum. Berlin Munchen Tieraerztl. Wschr. 2: 139-141 (or Berl Klin. Wochenschr 41: 139-141.)
342. SILLENCE, D.O (1980). Invited editorial comment: non-Majewski short rib-polydactyly syndrome. Am. J Med. Genet. 7 223-229
343. SIMPSON, J. and ZELLWEGER, H. (1973) Familial occurrence of Ivemark syndrome with splenic hypoplasia and asplenia in sibs. J. Med. Genet. 10: 303-304.
344. SINGH, G , SUPP, D.M., SCHREINER, C, McNEISH, J , MERKER, H-J., COPELAND, N.G., JENKINS, N A., POTTER, S.S. and SCOTT, W. (1991). legless insertional mutation: morphological, molecular, and genetic characterization. Genes Dev. 5: 2245-2255.
345. SIVE, H.L and CHENG, P.P. (1991). Retinoic acid perturbs the expression of Xhox.lab genes and alters mesodermal determination in Xenopus laevis. Genes Dev. 5: 1321-1332
346. SIVE, H L , DRAPER, B.W., HARLAND, R.M. and WEINTRAUB, H. (1990). Identification of a retinoic acid-sensitive period during primary axis formation in Xenopus laevis. Genes Dev. 4: 932-942.
347. SNELL, G.D. (Ed.) (1941). The early embryology of the mouse. In Biology of the Laboratory Mouse Blakiston, Philadelphia, pp. 1-54
348. SPEAKMAN, J R and THOMSON, S.C. (1995). Feather asymmetry in Archaeopteryx. Nature 374: 221-222.
349. SPEMANN, H. (1901). Entwickelungsphysiologische Studien am Triton-Ei. Arch Entw.Mech. Org. 12: 224-264.
350. SPEMANN, H. (1903). Entwickelungsphysiologische Studien am Triton-Ei. III. Arch. Entw.Mech Org. 16: 551-631.
351. SPEMANN, H. (1906). Über eine neue Methode der embryonalen Transplantation. Verh. Dtsch Zool. Ges. 1906: 195-202.
352. SPEMANN, H (1907). Uber embryonale Transplantation. Verh. Ges. Dtsch. Naturforsch Ärzte 78 Versamml. Stuttgart: 189-201.
353. SPEMANN, H. and FALKENBERG, H (1919). Über asymmetrische Entwicklung und Situs inversus viscerum bei Zwillingen und Doppelbildungen. Arch. Entw.Mech Org. 45 371-422.
354. SPLITT, M.P , BURN, J. and GOODSHIP, J. (1995). Connexin43 mutations in sporadic and familial defects of laterality. N. Engl J Med 333: 941.
355. SPRATT, N.T (1947). A simple method for explanting and cultivating early chick embryos in vitro Science 106: 452.
356. SRIVASTAVA, D, CSERJESI, P. and OLSON, E.N. (1995). A subclass of bHLH proteins required for cardiac morphogenesis. Science 270: 1995-1999.
357. STAINIER, D Y R and FISHMAN, M.C. (1992). Patterning the zebrafish heart tube: Acquisition of anteroposterior polarity. Dev. Biol. 153: 91-101.
358. STAINIER, D.Y.R , LEE, R.K. and FISHMAN, M.C (1993). Cardiovascular development in the zebrafish. I Myocardial fate map and heart tube formation. Development 119: 31-40.
359. STALSBERG, H. (1969). The origin of heart asymmetry: Right and left contributions to the early chick embryo heart. Dev. Biol. 19: 109-127
360. STALSBERG, H. (1970). Mechanism of dextral looping of the embryonic heart. Am. J. Cardiol. 25: 265-271.
361. STANGER, P., RUDOLPH, A M. and EDWARDS, J.E. (1977). Cardiac malpositions. An overview based on study of sixty-five necropsy specimens Circulation 56: 159-172.
362. STURGESS, J.M., THOMPSON, M W., CZEGLEDY-NAGY, E. and TURNER, J.A.P. (1986) Genetic aspects of immotile cilia syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 25: 149-160
363. SULIK, K., DEHART, D.B , INAGAKI, T., CARSON, J.L., VRABLIC, T., GESTELAND, K. and SCHOENWOLF, G.C (1994). Morphogenesis of the murine node and notochordal plate. Dev. Dynamics 201: 260-278.
364. SULLIVAN, R., PARK, J , COHEN, M , PARK, S.M J., VILLEBON, S.H., LAZATIN, J. and LO, CW (1995). Developmental defects in transgenic mouse embryos expressing a dominant-negative Cx43 gap junction fusion protein. Dev. Biol. 170: 760 (Abstr.).
365. SUMNER, F B and HUESTIS, R R. (1921) Bilateral asymmetry and its relation to certain problems of genetics Genetics 6: 445-485
366. TABER, L. A., LIN, I-E and CLARK, E.B. (1995) Mechanics of cardiac looping. Dev Dynamics 203: 42-50.
367. TABIN, C.J. (1991). Retinoids, homeoboxes, and growth factors toward molecular models for limb development. Cell 66: 199-217.
368. TAKAYA, H. (1951a) Studies on situs inversus viscerum in Amphibia. II Production of S.I V. through extirpation or exchange of parts of the neural plate. Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Kyoto Ser. B. 20: 14-19.
369. TAKAYA, H. (1951b). Studies on situs inversus viscerum in Amphibia. III. Production of S.I.V. through LiCI and other agents. Annotat. Zool. Jpn. 24: 198-204.
370. TAKAYA, H. (1952). Studies on situs inversus viscerum in Amphibia. IV. Production of S.I V following extirpation or transplantation of the presumptive mesoderm. Annotat. Zool. Jpn 25: 89-96
371. TAKAYA, H. (1953a) Studies on situs inversus viscerum in Amphibia. V. Production of S.I V following the replacement of the presumptive mesoderm. Mem. Coll Sci. Univ Kyoto Ser. B 20: 133-138
372. TAKAYA, H. (1953b). Studies on situs inversus viscerum in Amphibia VI Production of S.I.V. following extirpation or transplantation of the presumptive endoderm. Annotat. Zool. Jpn 26: 38-42
373. TAKAYA, H. (1955). Studies on situs inversus viscerum in Amphibia. VII. Production of S.I.V following extirpation of the ventral lip of blastopore Annotat. Zool. Jpn. 28: 8-11
374. TEICHBERG, S., MARKOWITZ, J., SILVERBERG, M , AIGES, H., SCHNEIDER, K., KAHN, E and DAUM, F. (1982). Abnormal cilia in a child with the polysplenia syndrome and extrahepatic biliary atresia. J. Pediatr 100: 399-401
375. THEILER, K. (1972). The House Mouse. Atlas of Embryonic Development. Springer-Verlag, New York.
376. TIHEN, J A , CHARLES, D.R. and SIPPEL, T.O. (1948). Inherited visceral inversion in mice. J. Hered 39: 29-31.
377. TORGERSEN, J. (1949). Genetic factors in visceral asymmetry and in the development and pathologic changes of lungs, heart and abdominal organs. Arch. Pathol. 47: 566-593
378. TORGERSEN, J. (1950). Situs inversus, asymmetry, and twinning. Am. J. Human Genet 2: 361-370.
379. TORIKATA, C. KIJIMOTO, C. and KOTO, M. (1991). Ultrastructure of respiratory cilia of WIC-Hyd male rats. An animal model for human immotile cilia syndrome. Am. J. Pathol. 133: 341-347
380. TSAI, Y-C., CHANG, J-M., CHANGCHIEN, C-C., ENG, H-L., CHEN, W-J., LUI, C-C and HUANG, C-B. (1992) Unusual short rib-polydactyly syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet 44: 31-36
381. TSUDA, T PHILP, N., ZILE, M.H. and LINASK, K.K. (1996). Left-right asymmetric localization of flectin in the extracellular matrix during heart looping. Dev. Biol. 173: 39-50.
382. TURBOW, .M. (1965). Teratogenic effect of trypan blue on rat embryos cultivated in vitro. Nature 206: 637.
383. TURBOW, .M. (1966). Trypan blue induced teratogenesis of rat embryos cultivated in vitro. J Embryol Exp. Morphol. 15: 387-395.
384. URIOSTE, M., MARTINEZ-FRÍAS, M.L., BERMEJO, E., JIMÉNEZ, N., ROMERO, D , NIETO, C. and VILLA, A. (1994). Short rib-polydactyly syndrome and pericentric inversion of chromosome 4. Am J. Med. Genet. 49: 94-97.
385. VAN DER HOEVEN, F., SCHIMMANG, T., VOLKMANN, A , MATTEI, M-G., KYEWSKI, B. and RÜTHER, U. (1994). Programmed cell death is affected in the novel mouse mutant Fused toes (Ft). Development 120: 2601-2607.
386. VAN KEUREN, M.L., LAYTON, W M., IACOB, R.A. and KURNIT, D M. (1991) Situs inversus in the developing mouse: proteins affected by the iv mutation (genotype) and the teratogen retinoic acid (phenocopy) Mol Reprod. Dev. 29: 136-144.
387. VAN MIEROP, L.H S and WIGLESWORTH, F W. (1962). Isomerism of the cardiac atria in the asplenia syndrome. Lab. Invest. 11: 1303-1315.
388. VAN PRAAGH, R and VAN PRAAGH, S. (1990). Atnal isomerism in the heterotaxy syndromes with asplenia, or polysplenia, or normally formed spleen: an erroneous concept. Am. J. Cardiol 66: 1504-1506.
389. VAN PRAAGH, R. and VAN PRAAGH, S., VLAD, P and KEITH, J D. (1964) Anatomic types of congenital dextrocardia. Diagnostic and embryologic implications. Am. J. Cardiol. 13: 510-531.
390. VARANO, N.R. and MERKLIN, R.J. (1960) Situs inversus. Review of the literature, report of four cases and analysis of the clinical implications. J. Int. Coll. Surg. 33: 131-148.
391. VEHSEMEYER (1897) III. Ein Fall von congenitaler Dexiokardie zugleich ein Beitrag zur Verwerthung der Röntgenstrahlen im Gebiete der inneren. Dtsch Med. Wochenschr. 23: 180-181.
392. VON WOELLWARTH, C. (1950) Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber Situs Inversus der Eingeweide und der Habenulla des Zwischenhirns bei Amphibien. W. Roux Arch. Entw.Mech Org 144: 178-256
393. VROLIK, W. (1849). De Vrucht van den Mensch en van de Zoogdieren. GMP London CK, Amsterdam (Cited from Hennekam, 1990)
394. WADDINGTON, C.H. (1937). Experiments on the development of the head of the chick embryo J. Exp Zool. 14; 219-236.
395. WARKANY, J. (1971). Congenital Malformations: Notes and Comments. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago.
396. WEHRMAKER, A. (1964) Darmanomalien von Anurenlarven und Rechts-Links-Problem (Versuche mit Lithium-Ionen) Zool Jb. Abt. Allg. Zool. Physiol. 70: 489-512. (Cited from Wehrmaker, 1969)
397. WEHRMAKER, A. (1969). Right-left asymmetry and situs inversus in Triturus alpestris. W. Roux Arch 163: 1-32
398. WETZEL, R. (1929) Untersuchungen am Hühnchen. Die Entwicklung des Keims Während der ersten beiden Bruttage. Arch Entw.Mech. Org. 119: 188-321
399. WEYL, H. (1952). Symmetry. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
400. WIDAKOWICH, V. (1909). Uber die erste Bildung der Körperform bei Entypie des Keimes. Zeit. Wiss Zool 94: 240-298.
401. WILBY, O.K. (1995). "Asymmetric thyroids": a new effect of treatment with glycerol formal. Teratology 51: 32A (Abstr.)
402. WILENS, S. (1957) A study of asymmetry in the developing gut. Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA 43: 440-442.
403. WILHELMI, H (1921). Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber Situs inversus viscerum Arch. Entw.Mech. Org 48: 517-532.
404. WILKINS, A.S (1991). Telling right from left - More to it than meets the eye (or how to teach pigeons to read). BioEssays 13: 313-314.
405. WILKINSON, J L and ACERETE, F (1973). Terminological pitfalls in congenital heart disease. Reappraisal of some confusing terms, with an account of a simplified system of basic nomenclature. Br. Heart J. 35: 1166-1177.
406. WILSON, G.N. (1992). Reply to Dr. Carmi et al. Am. J. Med. Genet 44: 248-249.
407. WILSON, G.N , STOUT, J.P., SCHNEIDER, N.R., ZNEIMER, S.M. and GILSTRAP, L.C. (1991) Balanced translocation 12/13 and situs abnormalities: homology of early pattern formation in man and lower organisms? Am J. Med. Genet. 38: 601-607.
408. WILSON, J.G. (1954) Differentiation and the reaction of rat embryos to radiation. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol 43 (Suppl.): 11-37
409. WILSON, J.G., JORDAN, H C. and BRENT, R.L. (1953). Effects of irradiation on embryonic development. II. X-rays on the ninth day of gestation in the rat Am J. Anat. 92: 153-187.
410. WINTER, R M and BARAITSER, M (1992). Multiple Congenital Anomalies. A Diagnostic Compendium. Chapman and Hall Medical, London.
411. WITSCHI, E (1962). Development: Rat. In Growth Including Reproduction and Morphological Development (Eds P.L Altman and D S. Dittmer). Fed. Am. Soc. Exp Biol , Washington DC, pp 304-314
412. WOELLWARTH, C. (1950). Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber den Situs inversus der Eingeweide und der Habenula des Zwischenhirns bei Amphibien. Roux Arch.Entw.Mech. Bd. 144. S. 178-256
413. WOLPERT, L. and BROWN, N.A. (1995). Hedgehog keeps to the left. Nature 377: 103-104
414. WOOD, G O and BLALOCK, A. (1940) Situs inversus totalis and disease of the biliary tract. Survey of the literature and report of a case Arch Surg 40: 885-896.
415. YANCEY, S.B , BISWAL, S and REVEL, J-P. (1992) Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of the gap junction protein connexin43 during mouse gastrulation and organogenesis. Development 114: 203-212.
416. YOKOYAMA, T. (1993). Sayuhitaishousei wa ikanishite tsukurareruka. [Genetic control of left-right asymmetry generation]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 38. 2692-2699.
417. YOKOYAMA, T., COPELAND, N G., JENKINS, N.A., MONTGOMERY, C.A., ELDER, F F B. and OVERBEEK, P.A. (1993). Reversal of left-right asymmetry: a situs inversus mutation. Science 260: 679-682.
418. YOKOYAMA, T., HARRISON, W R , ELDER, F.F.B. and OVERBEEK, P.A. (1995) Molecular analysis of the invinsertional mutation. In Developmental Mechanisms of Heart Disease (Eds. E.B. Clark, R.R. Markwald and A. Takao). Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, pp. 513-520.
419. YOSHIDA, Y (1958). Visceral inversion induced with Janus green in Hynobius embryos, with especial remarks on the mechanism of the inversion Mie Med. J. 8: 183-209.
420. YOSHIKAWA, Y., WATANABE, T and KATO, N. (1981). Bilateral renal dysplasia accompanied by pancreatic fibrosis, meconium ileus, and situs inversus totalis. Acta Pathol. Jpn 31 845-852.
421. YOST, H J. (1990). Inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis eliminates left-right asymmetry in Xenopus laevis cardiac looping Development 110 865-874.
422. YOST, H J. (1991) Development of the left-right axis in amphibians. In Biological Asymmetry and Handedness (Eds G R Bock and J. Marsh). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 165-181.
423. YOST, H J (1992). Regulation of vertebrate left-right asymmetries by extracellular matrix. Nature 357 158-161
424. YOST, H J. (1995a). Vertebrate left-right development. Cell 82: 689-692.
425. YOST, H J. (1995b) Breaking symmetry: left-right cardiac development in Xenopus Laevis In Developmental Mechanisms of Heart Disease (Eds. E.B. Clark, R.R. Markwald and A. Takao). Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, pp. 505-511.
426. ZLOTOGORA, J. and ELIAN, E. (1981). Asplenia and polysplenia syndromes with abnormalities of lateralisation in a sibship. J. Med. Genet. 18: 301-302
427. ZWANZIG, H. (1938). Uber die Verursachung regulärer und inverser Asymmetrie im Molchkeim Z. Wiss. Zool 150: 468-493.
428. ZWIRNER, R. and KUHLO, B. (1964) Die prospektive Potenz der rechten und der linken Herzanlage (Ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Asymmetrie des Herzens) W. Roux Arch. Entw.Mech. Org. 155: 511-524.