Pharmacotherapy in Alzheimer's dementia: Treatment of cognitive symptoms - Results of new studies;Pharmakotherapie bei Alzheimer-Demenz: Therapie kognitiver Symptome - Neue Studienresultate

Fortschritte der Neurologie Psychiatrie

Volumn 65, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 108-121

  Heidrich, A ^a   Rosler M ^a   Riederer, P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCARNITINE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CHELATING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DEFEROXAMINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ERGOT ALKALOID; ESTROGEN; GLUCOSE; GROWTH FACTOR; IDEBENONE; INDOMETACIN; MEMANTINE; MILAMELINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NIMODIPINE; OXIRACETAM; RIVASTIGMINE; SABELUZOLE; SELEGILINE; TACRINE; TENILSETAM; THIAMINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCA ALKALOID; VINPOCETINE; VITAMIN; XANTHINE DERIVATIVE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DRUG THERAPY; HUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW;

EID: 0030945041     PISSN: 07204299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-996315     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Agnoli, A., N. Martucci, G. Fabbrini, A. E. Buckley, M. Fioravanti: Monamine Oxidase and dementia: treatment with an inhibitor of MAO-B activity. Dementia 1 (1990) 109-114
2. Alhainen, K., J. Partanen, K. Reinikainen, V. Laulumaa, H. Soininen, M. Airaksinen, P. Riekkinen: Discrimination of tetrahydroaminocridine responders by a single doese pharmaco-EEG in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 128 (1991) 113
3. Arendt, T.: Das Syndrom der partiellen Deafferentierung des kortikalen Mantels - ein Konzept zur Beschreibung der brain-behaviour relationships bei dementiellen Erkrankungen. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. 59 (1991) 81-91
4. Bartfai, T., G. Fisone, Ü. Langel: Galanin and galanin antagonists: molecular and biochemical perspectives. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13 (1992) 312-317
5. Bauer, J. (Hrsg.): Die Alzheimer-Krankheit, Schattauer, Stuttgart (1994) 11-16 u. 24-30
6. Bauer, J., M. Berger: Neuropathologische, immunologische und psychobiologische Aspekte der Alzheimer-Demenz. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiat. 61 (1993) 225-240
7. Becker, R. E., J. Colliver, R. Elble, E. Feldman, E. Giacobini, V. Kumar, S. Markwell, P. Moriearty, R. Parks, S. D. Shillcut, L. Unni, S. Vicari, C. Womack, R. F. Zec: Effects of metrifonate, a long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor, in Alzheimer disease: report of an open trial. Drug Dev. Res. 19 (1990) 425-434
8. Beller, S. A., J. E. Overall, H. M. Rhoades, A. C. Swann: Long-term outpatient treatment of senile dementia with oral physostigmine. J. Clin. Psychiatry 49 (1988) 400-404
9. Berg, J. J. M. van den, B. Roelofsen, J. A. F. op den Kamp, L. L. M. van Deenen: Cooperative protection by vitamins E and C of human erythrocyte membranes against peroxidation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 570 (1989) 527-529
10. Beyreuther, K., C. L. Masters: Nomenclature of Amyloid A4 proteins and their precursors in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Neurobiol. Aging. 11 (1990) 66-68
11. Birkmayer, J. G. D.: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) - a new therapeutic approach: preliminary results with cancer patients and patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. J. Tumor Marker Oncology 10 (1995) 71-78
12. Blass, J. P., P. Gleason, D. Brush, P. DiPonte, H. Thaler: Thiamine and Alzheimer's disease. A pilot study. Arch. Neurol. 45 (1988) 833-835
13. Blum-Degen, D., L. Frölich, S. Hoyer, P. Riederer: Altered regulation of brain metabolism as a cause of neurodegenerative disorders? J. Neural. Transm. (Suppl.) 46 (1995a) 139-147
14. Blum-Degen, D., T. Müller, W. Kuhn, M. Gerlach, H. Przuntek, P. Riederer: Interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's and de novo Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci. Lett. 202 (1995b) 17-20
15. Bodick, N. C., W. Offen: Xanomeline: the first study of the safety and efficacy of an M1 agonist in mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease. Europ. Neuropsychopharmacology 5 (1995) S16
16. Bodovitz, S., M. T. Falduto, D. E. Frail, W. L. Klein: Iron levels modulate α-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. J. Neurochem. 64 (1995) 307-315
17. Breitner, J. C. S., B. A. Gau, K. A. Welsh, B. L. Plassman, W. M. McDonald, M. J. Helms, J. C. Anthony: Inverse association of antiinflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial results of a co-twin control study. Neurology 44 (1994) 227-232
18. Burke, W. J., W. H. Roccaforte, S. P. Wengel, B. L. Bayer, A. E. Ranno, N. K. Willcockson: L-deprenyl in the treatment of mild dementia of the Alzheimer type: results of a 15-month trial. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41 (1993) 1219-1225
19. Burton, G. W., K. U. Ingold: Vitamin E as an in vitro and in vivo antioxidant. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 570 (1989) 7-21
20. Carta, A., M. Calvani, D. Bravi, S. N. Bhuachalla: Acetyl-L-carnitine and Alzheimer's disease: pharmacological considerations beyond the cholinergic sphere. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 695 (1993) 324-326
21. Cassidy, F., B. S. Orlek, M. S. Hadley: Chemical approaches to the enhancement of cholinergic function for the treatment of senile dementia. In: Nicholson, C D. (Hrsg.): Anti-dementia agents. Research and prospects for therapy. Academic Press, London (1994) 34-83
22. Checler, F.: Processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein and its regulation in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 65 (1995) 1431
23. Claus, J. J., C. Ludwig, E. Mohr, M. Giuffra, J. Blin, T. N. Chase: Nootropic drugs in Alzheimer's disease: symptomatic treatment with pramiracetam. Neurology 41 (1991) 570-574
24. Cooper, J. M., C. Wischik, A. H. V. Schapira: Mitochondrial function in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 341 (1993) 969-970
25. Crapper McLachlan, D. R., A. J. Dalton, T. P. A. Kruck, M. Y. Bell, W. L. Smith, W. Kalow, D. F. Andrews: Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 337 (1991) 1304-1308
26. Croisile, B., M. Trillet, J. Fondarai, B. Laurent, F. Mauguiere, M. Billardon: Long-term and high-dose piracetam treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43 (1993) 301-305
27. Cutler, N. R., D. Fakouhi, W. T. Smith, H. C. Hendrie, F. Matsuo, J. J. Sramek, R. L. Herring: Evaluation of multiple doses of milacemide in the treatment of senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 6 (1993) 115-119
28. Dal-Bianco, P., J. Maly, C. Woeber, C. Lind, G. Koch, J. Hufgard, I. Marschall, M. Mraz, L. Deecke: Galanthamine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neural. Transm. (Suppl.) 33 (1991) 59-63
29. Davidson, M., R. G. Stern, L. M. Bierer, T. B. Horvath, Z. Zemishlani, R. Markofsky, R. C. Mohs: Cholinergic strategies in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 366 (1991) 47-51
30. Deckert, J., C. H. Gleiter: Adenosine - an endogenous neuroprotective metabolite and neuromodulator. J. Neural. Transm. (Suppl.) 43 (1994) 23-31
31. Ditzler, K.: Efficacy and tolerability of memantine in patients with dementia syndrome. Drug Res. 41 (1991) 773-780
32. Domeney, A. M.: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors as potential cognitive enhancing agents. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 19 (1994) 46-50
33. Doods, N., R. Quirion, G. Mihm, W. Engel, K. Rudolf, M. Entzroth, G. B. Schiavi, H. Ladinsky, W. D. Bechtel, H. A. Ensinger, K. D. Mendla, W. Eberlein: Therapeutic potential of CNS-active M2 antagonists: novel structures and pharmacology. Life Sciences 52 (1993) 497-503
34. Duka, T., R. Dorow: Human experimental psychopharmacology of benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists and antagonists. In: Sarter, M., D. J. Nutt, R. G. Lister (Hrsg.): Benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists. Wiley-Liss, New York (1995) 243-270
35. Dysken, M. W., J. Mendels, P. Lewitt B. Reisberg, N. Pomara, J. Wood, S. skare, J. D. Fakouhi, R. L. Herting: Milacemide: a placebo controlled study in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 40 (1992) 503-506
36. Eagger, S. A., M. Richards, R. Levy: Long-term effects of tacrine in Alzheimer's disease: an open study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 9 (1994) 643-647
37. Eikelenboom, P., S.-S. Zhan, W. A. van Gool, D. Allsop: Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15 (1994) 447-450
38. Farlow, M., S. I. Gracon, L. A. Hershey, K. W. Lewis, C. H. Sadowsky, J. Dolan-Ureno; for the Tacrine Study Group: A controlled trial of Tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 268 (1992) 2523-2529
39. Fillit, H., H. Weinreb, I. Cholst, V. Luine, B. McEwen, R. Amador, J. Zabriskie: Observations in a preliminary open trial of estradiol therapy for senile dementia-Alzheimer's type. Psychoneuroendocrinology 11 (1986) 337-345
40. Fischhof, P. K., A. Bernhaut, A. Friedmann: Senile dementia and calcium channel blockers: a review. Drugs of Today 29 (1993a) 57-95
41. +2 homeostasis in dementia. Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 15 (1993b) 549-555
42. Fischhof, P. K., B. Saletu, E. Rüther, G. Litschauer, R. Möslinger-Gehmayr, W. M. Herrmann: Therapeutic efficacy of pyritinol in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and multiinfarct dementia (MID). Neuropsychobiology 26 (1992) 65
43. Flynn, D. D., G. Ferrari-DiLeo, D. C. Mash, A. I. Levey: Differential regulation of molecular subtypes of muscarinic receptors in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 64 (1995) 1888-1891
44. Folstein, M., S. Folstein, P. R. McHugh: Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiat. Res. 12 (1975) 189-195
45. Fontana, D. J., G. T. Inouye, R. M. Johnson: Linopirdine (DuP 996) improves performance in several tests of learning and memory by modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 49 (1994) 1075-1082
46. Fritze, J., J. Walden: Clinical findings with nimodipine in dementia: test of the calcium hypothesis. J. Neural. Transm. (Suppl.) 46 (1995) 439-453
47. Frölich, L., P. Riederer: Free radical mechanisms in dementia of Alzheimer type and the potential for antioxidative treatment. Drug Res. 45 (1995) 443-446
48. Geerts, H., R. Nuydens, R. Nuyens, F. Cornelissen: Sabeluzole accelerates neurite outgrowth in different neuronal cell lines. Rest. Neurology and Neuroscience 4 (1992) 21-32
49. Gerlach, M., M. B. H. Youdim, P. Riederer: Is selegiline neuroprotective in Parkinson's disease? J. Neural. Transm. (Suppl.) 41 (1994a) 177-188
50. Gerlach, M., D. Ben-Shachar, P. Riederer, M. B. H. Youdim: Altered brain metabolism of iron as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases? J. Neurochem. 63 (1994b) 793-807
51. Gerlach, M., P. Riederer, M. B. H. Youdim: The molecular pharmacology of L-deprenyl. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 226 (1992) 97-108
52. Giacobini, E.: Therapy of Alzheimer disease: symptomatic or neuroprotective? J. Neural. Transm. (Suppl.) 43 (1994) 211-217
53. Giacobini, E.: Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer disease: new drugs and novel strategies. Prog. Brain Res. 98 (1993) 447-454
54. Giacobini, E., R. Becker: New Cholinesterase inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In: Iqbal, K., D. R. C. McLachlan, B. Winblad, H. M. Wisniewski (Hrsg.): Alzheimer's disease: basic mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Wiley, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore (1991) 627
55. Giacobini, E.: The cholinergic system in Alzheimer disease. In: Aquilonius, S. M., P. G. Gillberg (Hrsg.): Progress in brain research 84. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1990) 321-332
56. Gibson, G. E., K.-F. R. Sheu, J. P. Blass, A. Baker, K. C. Carlson, B. Harding, P. Perrino: Reduced activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in the brains and peripheral tissues of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 45 (1988) 836-840
57. Goa, K. L., A. Fitton: Velnacrine in Alzheimer's disease. An initial appraisal of its clinical potential. CNS Drugs 1 (1994) 232-240
58. Goertelmeyer, R., H. Erbler: Memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate dementia syndrome. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Drug Res. 42 (1992) 904-913
59. Goodman, Y., M. P. Mattson: Secreted forms of β-amyloid precursor protein protect hippocampal neurons against amyloid β-peptide-induced oxidative injury. Exp. Neurol. 128 (1994) 1-12
60. Gouliaev, A. H., A. Senning: Piracetam and structurally related nootropics. Brain Res. Rev. 19 (1994) 180-222
61. Green, R. C., F. C. Goldstein, A. P. Auchus, R. Presley, S. Clark, L. van Tuyl, J. Green, S. M. Hersch, H. R. Karp: Treatment trial of oxiracetam in Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 49 (1992) 1135
62. Haase, J., P. Halama, R. Hörr: Wirksamkeit kurzdauernder Infusionsbehandlungen mit Gingko-biloba Spezialextrakt EGb 761 bei Demenz vom vaskulären und Alzheimer-Typ. Z. Gerontol. Geriat. 29 (1996) 302-309
63. Halliwell, B.: Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 59 (1992) 1609-1623
64. Henderson, V. W., A. Paganini-Hill, C. K. Emanuel, M. E. Dunn, J. G. Buckwalter: Estrogen replacement therapy in older women. Comparisons between Alzheimer's disease cases and nondemented control subjects. Arch. Neurol. 51 (1994) 896-900
65. Herrschaft, H.: II. Nootropika - spezieller Teil. In: Riederer, P., G. Laux, W. Pöldinger (Hrsg.): Neuro-Psychopharmaka, Bd. 5. Springer, Wien (1992a) 189-324
66. Herrschaft, H.: Zur klinischen Anwendung von Gingko biloba bei dementiellen Syndromen. Pharm. Unserer Zeit 21 (1992b) 266
67. Hodes, R. J.: Alzheimer's disease: treatment research finds new targets. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 42 (1994) 679-681
68. Hofferberth, B.: The efficacy of EGb 761 in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study on different levels of investigation. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 9 (1994) 215-222
69. Honjo, H., K. Tanaka, T. Kashiwagi, M. Urabe, H. Okada, M. Hayashi, K. Hayashi: Senile dementia-Alzheimer's type and estrogen. Horm. metab. Res. 27 (1995) 204-207
70. Honjo, H., T. Tamura, Y. Matsumoto, M. Kawata, Y. Ogino, K. Tanaka, T. Yamamoto, S. Ueda, H. Okada: Estrogen as a growth factor to central nervous cells. Estrogen treatment promotes development of acetylcholinesterase-positive basal forebrain neurons transplanted in the anterior eye chamber. J. Steroid. Biochem. Molec. Biol. 41 (1992) 633-635
71. Honjo, H., Y. Ogino, K. Naitoh, M. Urabe, J. Kitawaki, J. Yasuda, T. Yamamoto, S. Ishihara, H. Okada, T. Yonezawa, K. Hayashi, T. Nambara: In vivo effects by estrogene sulfate on the central nervous system-senile dementia (Alzheimer's type). J. Steroid. Biochem. 34 (1989) 521-525
72. Hoyer, S.: Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's disease, and beta-amyloid toxicity. Life Sciences 55 (1994) 1977-1983
73. Ihl, R., G. Weyer: Die Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale. Beltz, Weinheim 1993
74. Ihl, R., I. Perisic, K. Maurer, T. Dierks: Effects of 3 months treatment with tenilsetam in patients suffering from dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT). J. Neural. Transm. (P-DSect) 1 (1989) 84
75. 6 and iron for Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. In: Iqbal, K., D. R. C. McLachlan, B. Winblad, H. M. Wisniewski (Hrsg.): Alzheimer's disease: basic mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Wiley, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore (1991) 649-651
76. Jaffe, A. B., C. D. Toran-Allerand, P. Greengard, S. E. Gandy: Estrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer Amyloid β Precursor Protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 13065-13068
77. Jotkowitz, S.: Lack of clinical efficacy of chronic oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 14 (1983) 690-691
78. Kamboh, M. I., K. S. Dhaarambir, E. R. Ferrell, S. T. DeKosky: APOE*4-associated Alzheimer's disease risk is modified by α1-antichymotrypsin polymorphism. Nature Genet. 10 (1995) 486
79. Kang, J., H. G. Lemaire, A. Unterbeck, J. M. Salbaum, C. L. Masters, K. H. Grzeschik, G. Multhaup, K. Beyreuther, B. Müller-Hili: The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell surface receptor. Nature 325 (1987) 733-736
80. Kanowski, S., W. M. Herrmann, K. Stefan, W. Wierich, R. Hörr: Proof of Efficacy of the Gingko Biloba Special Extract EGb 761 in Outpatients Suffering from Mild to Moderate Primary Degenerative Dementia of the Alzheimer Type or Multi-infarct Dementia. Pharmacopsychiat. 29 (1996) 47-56
81. Katsuhito, M., A. Hirobumi, H. Kyozo, R. Huydens, R. Nuyens, F. Cornelissen, H. Geerts: Sabeluzole potentiates the effect of Nerve Growth Factor on survival and differentiation in PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons. Neurodegeneration 2 (1993) 173-181
82. Knapp, M. J., D. S. Knopman, P. R. Solomon, W. W. Pendlebury, C S. Davis, S. I. Gracon; for the Tacrine Study Group: A 30-week randomized controlled trial of high-dose Tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 271 (1994) 985-991
83. Kornhuber, J., G. Quack: Cerebrospinal fluid and serum concentrations of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine in man. Neurosci. Lett. 195 (1995) 137-139
84. Koutsilieri, E., J. F. X. O'Callaghan, T.-S. Chen, P. Riederer, W.-D. Rausch: Selegiline enhances survival and neurite outgrowth of MPP+-treated dopaminergic neurons. Eur. J. Pharm. 269 (1994) R3-R4
85. Kumar, V., M. Calache: Therapeutic Review. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with cholinergic drugs. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. Tox. 27 (1991) 478-485
86. Lamy, P. P.: The role of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drugs 1 (1994) 146-165
87. Levy, A., R. Brandeis, T. A. Treves, Y. Meshulam, F. Mawassi, D. Feiler, A. Wengier, P. Glikfeld, J. Grunwald, S. Dachir, J. M. Rabey, D. Levy, A. D. Korczyn: Transdermal physostigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Alz. Dis. Assoc. Disorder 8 (1994) 15-21
88. Liebler, D. C.: Antioxidant reactions of carotenoids. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 691 (1993) 20-31
89. Mangoni, A., M. P. Grassi, L. Frattola, R. Piolti, S. Bassi, A. Motta, A. Marcone, S. Smirne: Effects of a MAO-B Inhibitor in the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Eur. Neurol. 31 (1991) 100-107
90. Mantyh, P. W., J. R. Ghilardi, S. Rogers, E. DeMasters, C. J. Allen, E. R. Stimson, J. E. Maggio: Aluminium, iron, and zinc ions promote aggregation of physiological concentrations of β-amyloid peptide. J. Neurochem. 61 (1993) 1171-1174
91. Martignoni, E., G. Bono, F. Blandini, E. Sinforiani, P. Merlo, G. Nappi: Monoamines and related metabolite levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. Influence of treatment with L-deprenyl. J. Neural. Transm. (P-DSect) 3 (1991) 15-25
92. Martyn, C. N., C. Osmond, J. A. Edwardson: Geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium in drinking water. Lancet 1 (1989) 59-62
93. Masliah, E., R. D. Terry, M. Alford, R. DeTeresa, L. A. Hansen: Cortical and subcortical patterns of synaptophysinlike immunoreactivity in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 138 (1991) 235-246
94. Masters, C. L., G. Simms, N. A. Weinman, G. Multhaup, B. L. McDonald, K. Beyreuther: Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 (1985) 4245-4249
95. Maurer, I., S. Zierz, H.-J. Möller, F. Jerusalem: Cytochrome c oxidase in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 45 (1995) 1423
96. Meador, K., D. Loring, M. Nichols, E. Zamrini, M. Rivner, H. Posas, E. Thomson, E. Moore: Preliminary findings of high-dose thiamine in dementia of Alzheimer's type. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 6 (1993) 222-229
97. Menges, K.: Proof of efficacy of nootropics for the indication "dementia" (Phase III) - recommendations. Pharrnacopsychiatry 25 (1992) 126-135
98. Miller, T. P., K. Fong, J. R. Tinklenberg: An ACTH 4-9 analog (Org 2766) and cognitive performance: high-dose efficacy and safety in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Biol. Psychiatry 33 (1993) 307-309
99. Möller, H. J., I. Maurer, B. Saletu: Placebo-controlled trial of the xanthine derivative propentofylline in dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry 27 (1994) 159-165
100. Mohr, E., V. Knott, M. Sampson, K. Wesnes, R. Herting, T. Mendis: Cognitive and quantified electroencephalographic correlates of cycloserine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Neuropharm. 18 (1995) 28-38
101. Moriearty, P. L., S. L. Thornton, R. E. Becker: Transdermal patch delivery of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 15 (1993) 407-412
102. Müller, W. E., E. Mutschler, P. Riederer: Noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists with fast open-channel blocking kinetics and strong voltage-dependency as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry 28 (1995) 113
103. Münch, G., Y. Taneli, E. Schraven, U. Schindler, R. Schinzel, D. Palm, P. Riederer: The cognition-enhancing drug tenilsetam is an inhibitor of protein crosslinking by advanced glycosylation. J. Neural. Trans. (P-DSect.) 8 (1994) 193-208
104. Mufson, E. J., J. M. Conner, J. H. Kordower: Nerve growth factor in Alzheimer's disease: defective retrograde transport to nucleus basalis. NeuroReport 6 (1995) 1063-1066
105. Murphy, M. F., S. T. Hardiman, R. J. Nash, F. J. Huff, J. J. Demkovich, C. Dobson, U. E. Knappe: Evaluation of HP 029 (Velnacrine maleate) in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 640 (1991) 253-262
106. Mutisya, E. M., A. C Bowling, M. F. Beal: Cortical cytochrome oxidase activity is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 63 (1994) 2179-2184
107. Nicholson, C. D.: Pharmacology of nootropics and metabolically active compounds in relation to their use in dementia. Psychopharmacology 101 (1990) 147-159
108. Niki, E., Y. Yamamoto, M. Takahashi, E. Komuro, Y. Miyama: Inhibition of oxidation of biomembranes by tocopherol. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 570 (1989) 23-31
109. Nitsch, M. N., B. E. Slack, R. J. Wurtman, J. H. Growdon: Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by action of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Science 258 (1992) 304-307
110. Nolan, K. A., R. S. Black, K. F. R. Sheu, J. Langberg, J. P. Blass: A trial of thiamine in Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 48 (1991) 81-83
111. Olson, L., A. Nordberg, H. von Holst, L. Bäckman, T. Ebendal, I. Alafuzoff, K. Amberla, P. Hartvig, A. Herlitz, A. Lilja, H. Lundqvist, B. Langström, B. Meyerson, A. Persson, M. Viitanen, B. Wimblad, A. Seiger: Nerve growth factor affects 11C- nicotine binding, blood flow, EEG, and verbal episodic memory in an Alzheimer patient (Case report). J. Neural. Transm. (P-DSect.) 4 (1992) 79
112. Paganini-Hill, A., V. W. Hendersen: Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 140 (1994) 256-261
113. Pantev, M., R. Ritter, R. Görtelmeyer: Clinical and behavioural evaluation in long-term care patients with mild to moderate dementia under Memantine treatment. Zeitschrift f. Geronto-psychologie u. -psychiatrie 6 (1993) 103-117
114. Parker, W. D., J. Parks, C. M. Filley, B. K. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters: Electron transport chain defects in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurology 44 (1994) 1090-1096
115. Parnetti, L., L. Bartorelli, S. Bonaituto, D. Cucinotta, M. Cuzzupoli, F. Erminio, M. Maggioni, G. Marini, E. Paciaroni, F. Pedrazzi, M. Peruzza, U. Senin: Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) for the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type: results of a multicentre clinical study. Dementia 2 (1991) 262-267
116. Perry, E. K., R. H. Perry, B. E. Tomlinson, G. Blessed, P. H. Gibson: Coenzyme A acetylating enzymes in Alzheimer's disease. Possible cholinergic 'compartment' of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Neurosci. Lett. 18 (1980) 105-110
117. Poirier, J.: Apolipoprotein E in animal models of CNS injury and in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 17 (1994) 525-530
118. Rabin, S. J., I. Mocchetti: GM1 ganglioside activates the high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor trkA. J. Neurochem. 65 (1995) 347-354
119. Reichmann, H., S. Flörke, G. Hebenstreit, H. Schrubar, P. Riederer: Analyses of energy metabolism and mitochondrial genome in post-mortem brain from patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. 240 (1993) 377-380
120. Riederer, P., E. Sofic, G. Moll, A. Freyberger, I. Wichart, W. Gsell, K. Jellinger, G. Hebenstreit, M. B. H. Youdim: Senile dementia of Alzheimer's type and Parkinson's disease: neurochemical overlaps and specific differences. In: Dostert, P., P. Riederer, M. S. Benedetti, R. Roncucci (Hrsg.): Early markers in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Springer, Wien, New York (1990) 220-232
121. Riekkinen, P. Jr., H. Soininen, E.-L. Helkala, K. Partanen, M. Laakso, M. Vanhanen, P. Riekkinen: Hippocampal atrophy, acute THA treatment and memory in Alzheimer's disease. NeuroReport 6 (1995) 1297-1300
122. Rogers, J., L. C. Kirby, S. R. Hempelman, D. L. Berry, P. L. McGeer, A. W. Kaszniak, J. Zalinski, M. Cofield, L. Mansukhani, P. Willson, F. Kogan: Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43 (1993) 1609-1611
123. Rüther, E., R. Ritter, M. Apecechea, S. Freytag, M. Windisch: Efficacy of the peptidergic nootropic drug cerebrolysin in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). Pharmacopsychiatry 27 (1994) 32-40
124. Saletu, B., E. Paulus, L. Linzmayer, P. Anderer, H. V. Semlitsch, J. Grünberger, L. Wicke, A. Neuhold, I. Podekra: Nicergoline in senile dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical and EEG/ERP mapping study. Psychopharmacology 117 (1995) 385-395
125. Saletu, B., P. Anderer, P. K. Fischhof, H. Lorenz, R. Barousch, F. Böhmer: EEG mapping and psychopharmacological studies with denbufylline in SDAT and MID. Biol. Psychiatry 32 (1992) 668-681
126. Saletu, B., H. J. Möller, J. Grünberger, H. Deutsch, M. Rössner: Propentofylline in adult-onset cognitive disorders: double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical, psychometric and brain mapping studies. Neuropsychobiology 24 (1990-1991) 173
127. Salo, P. T., W. G. Tatton: Deprenyl reduces the death of motoneurons caused by axotomy. J. Neurosci. Res. 31 (1992) 394
128. Sano, M., K. Bell, L. Cote, G. Dooneief, A. Lawton, L. Legler, K. Marder, A. Naini, Y. Stern, R. Mayeux: Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 49 (1992) 1137-1141
129. Schapira, A. H. V., H. Reichmann: Electron transport chain defects in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 45 (1995) 599-600
130. Schneider, L. S., J. T. Olin: Overview of clinical trials of hydergine in dementia. Arch. Neurol. 51 (1994) 787-798
131. Senin, U., L. Parnetti, G. Barbagallo-Sangiorgi, L. Bartorelli, V. Bocola, A. Capurso, M. Cuzzupoli, M. Denaro, V. Marigliano, A. E. Tammaro, M. Fioravanti: Idebenone in senile dementia of Alzheimer type: a multicentre study. Arch. Geront. Geriatr. 15 (1992) 249-260
132. Senin, U., G. Abate, C. Fieschi, G. Gori, A. Guala, G. Marini, C. Villardita, L. Parnetti: Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) in the treatment of senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT): results of a placebo controlled multicentre clinical study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1 (1991) 511-517
133. Senitz, D.: Neuronenveränderungen im zerebralen Kortex bei Patienten mit Alzheimerscher Krankheit im Vergleich zur milden Demenz und zum normalen Altern. Wiss. Z. Univ. Leipzig Math.-naturwiss. Reihe 39 (1990) 538-548
134. Seniuk, N. A., J. T. Henderson, W. G. Tatton, J. C. Roder: Increased CNTF gene expression in process-bearing astrocytes following injury is augmented by R(-)-deprenyl. J. Neurosci. Res. 37 (1994) 278-286
135. Sheu, K. F. R., Y. T. Kim, J. P. Blass, M. E. Weksler: An immuno-cytochemical study of the pyruvate dehydrogenase deficit in Alzheimer's disease brain. Ann. Neurol. 17 (1985) 444-449
136. Siegfried, K. R.: Pharmacodynamic and early clinical studies with velnacrine. Acta Neurol. Scand. (Suppl.) 149 (1993) 26-28
137. Smith, M. A., L. M. Sayre, V. M. Monnier, G. Perry: Radical AGEing in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci. 18 (1995) 172-176
138. Smith-Swintosky, V. L., C. Pettigrew, S. D. Craddock, A. R. Culwell, R. E. Rydel, M. P. Mattson: Secreted forms of β-amyloid precursor protein protect against ischemic brain injury. J. Neurochem. 63 (1994) 781-784
139. Snyder, S. H., T. M. Dawson: Nitric oxide and related substances as neural messengers. In: Bloom, F. E., D. J. Kupfer (Hrsg.): Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress. Raven, New York (1995) 614
140. Sourander, L. B., R. Portin, P. Mölsä, A. Lahdes, U. K. Rinne: Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type treated with aniracetam: a new nootropic agent. Psychopharmacology 91 (1987) 90-95
141. Spagnoli, A., U. Lucca, G. Menasce et al.: Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41 (1991) 1726-1732
142. Storey, P. L., L. E. Harrell, L. W. Duke, R. Callaway, D. C. Marson: Does chronic oral physostigmine alter the course of Alzheimer's disease? In: Corain, B., K. Iqbal, M. Nicolini, B. Winblad, H. Wisniewski, P. Zatta (Hrsg.): Alzheimer's disease: advances in clinical and basic research. Wiley, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore (1993) 563-567
143. Sudilovsky, A., N. R. Cutler, J. J. Sramek, T. Wardle, A. E. Veroff, W. Mickelson, J. Markowitz, S. Repetti: A pilot clinical trial of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Ceranapril in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 7 (1993) 105-111
144. Summers, W. K., L. V. Majovski, G. M. Marsh, K. Tachiki, A. Kling: Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long-term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer type. N. Engl. J. Med. 315 (1986) 1241
145. Svennerholm, L.: Gangliosides - a new therapeutic agent against stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Life Sciences 55 (1994) 2125-2134
146. Tariot, P. N., R. M. Cohen, T. Sunderland, P. A. Newhouse, D. Yount, A. M. Mellow, H. Weingartner, E. A. Mueller, D. L. Murphy: L-deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease: preliminary evidence for behavioral change with Monoamine Oxidase B inhibition. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44 (1987) 427-433
147. Thai, L. J., D. P. Salmon, B. Lasker, D. Bower, M. R. Klauber: The safety and lack of efficacy of vinpocetine in Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 37 (1989) 515-520
148. Thome, J., A. Baumer, J. Kornhuber, M. Rösler, P. Riederer: Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin bi-allele polymorphism, apolipoprotein-E tri-allele polymorphism and genetic risk of Alzheimer's syndrome. J. Neural. Trans. (P-DSect.) 10 (1995) 207-212
149. Thome, J., M. Rösler, P. Riederer: Freie Radikale als Verlaufsmodulatoren? Therapiewoche 44 (1994) 1968-1970
150. Thompson, D. M., A. Guidotti, M. DiBella, E. Costa: 7-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-S,S-dioxide (IDRA 21), a congener of aniracetam, potently abates pharmacologically induced cognitive impairments in patas monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 7667-7671
151. Tollefson, G. D.: Short-term effects of the calcium channel blokker nimodipine (Bay-e-9736) in the management of primary degenerative dementia. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (1990) 1133-1142
152. Tomlinson, B. E., D. Irving, G. Blessed: Cell loss in the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. J. Neurol. Sci. 49 (1981) 419-428
153. Vatassery, G. T., M. J. Nelson, G. J. Maletta, M. A. Kuskowski: Vitamin E (tocopherols) in human cerebrospinal fluid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53 (1991) 95-99
154. Venn, R. D., H. Z. Hamot, R. I. Shaden SCAG Fremdbeurteilungsskala. In: Internationale Skalen für Psychiatrie CIPS (Hrsg.): Beltz Test, Weinheim 1986
155. Vernon, M. W., E. M. Sorkin: Piracetam. An overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic use in senile cognitive disorders. Drugs and Aging 1 (1991) 17-35
156. Vrecko, K., J. G. D. Birkmayer, J. Krainz: Stimulation of dopamine biosynthesis in cultured PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells by the coenzyme nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide (NADH). J. Neurol. Transm. (P-DSect.) 5 (1993) 147-156
157. Watkins, P. B., H. Zimmermann, M. J. Knapp, S. I. Gracon, K. N. Lewis: Hepatotoxic effects of Tacrine administration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 271 (1994) 992-998
158. Weinstock, M., M. Razin, M. Chorev, A. Enz: Pharmacological evaluation of phenyl-carbamates as CNS-selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J. Neurol. Transm. (Suppl.) 43 (1994) 219
159. Wessel, K.: MAO-B Inhibitors in neurological disorders with special reference to selegiline. In: Szelenyi, I. (Hrsg.): Inhibitors of Monoamin Oxidase B: Pharmacology and clinical use in neurodegenerative disorders. Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston, Berlin (1993) 265-275
160. Whitehouse, P. J., D. L. Price, R. G. Struble, A. W. Clark, J. T. Coyle, M. R. DeLong: Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science 215 (1982) 1237-1239
161. Wilcock, G. K., M. Scott, T. Pearsall, K. Neubauer, M. Boyle, G. Razay: Galanthamine and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriat. Psychiat. 8 (1993) 781-782
162. Yamamoto, T., A. Hirano: Nucleus raphe dorsalis in Alzheimer's disease: neurofibrillary tangles and loss of large neurons. Ann. Neurol. 17 (1985) 573-577