The epidemiology of estrogen replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease

Neurology

Volumn 48, Issue 5 SUPPL. 7, 1997, Pages

  Henderson, Victor W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; ESTROGEN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE RESPONSE; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0030942682     PISSN: 00283878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.48.5_suppl_7.27s     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Ernst RL, Hay JW. The US economic and social costs of Alzheimer's disease revisited. Am J Public Health 1994;84: 1261-1264.
2. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-944.
3. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS. The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987;76:465-479.
4. Mirra SS, Heyman A, McKeel D, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1991;41:479-486.
5. Selkoe DJ. Physiological production of the β-amyloid protein and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 1993;16:403-409.
6. Bowen JD, Malter AD, Sheppard L, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996;47:433-439.
7. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al. Apolipoprotein E, survival in Alzheimer's disease patients, and the competing risks of death and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995;45:1323-1328.
8. Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK. Epidemiology of dementia in a Finnish population. Acta Neurol Scand 1982;65:541-552.
9. Rorsman B, Hagnell O, Lanke J. Prevalence and incidence of senile and multi-infarct dementia in the Lundby Study: a comparison between the time periods 1947-1957 and 1957-1972. Neuropsychobiology 1986;15:122-129.
10. Katzman R, Aronson M, Fuld P, et al. Development of dementing illnesses in an 80-year-old volunteer cohort. Ann Neurol 1989;25:317-324.
11. Payami H, Zareparsi S, Montee KR, et al. Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: a possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women. Am J Hum Genet 1996;58:803-811.
12. Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn RT, et al. Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: the Framingham study. Neurology 1993;43:515-519.
13. Buckwalter JG, Sobel E, Dunn ME, Diz MM, Henderson VW. Gender differences on a brief measure of cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1993;50:757-760.
14. Henderson VW, Buckwalter JG. Cognitive deficits of men and women with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1994;44:90-96.
15. Ripich DN, Petrill SA, Whitehouse PJ, Ziol EW. Gender differences in language of AD patients: a longitudinal study. Neurology 1995;45:299-302.
16. van Duijn CM, Hofman A. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: the EURODEM collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. Neuroepidemiology 1992;11(suppl 1):106-113.
17. Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. Genetic susceptibility to Alzheimer disease. Trends Genet 1995;11:504-508.
18. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, et al. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to β-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:1977-1981.
19. Seshadri S, Drachman DA, Lippa CF. Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and the lifetime risk of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1995;52:1074-1079.
20. Farrer LA, Cupples LA, van Duijn CM, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype in patients with Alzheimer's disease: implications for the risk of dementia among relatives. Ann Neurol 1995;38:797-808.
21. Poirier J, Davignon J, Bouthillier D, Kogan S, Bertrand P, Gauthier S. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1993;342:697-699.
22. Näslund J, Thyberg J, Tjernberg LO, et al. Characterization of stable complexes involving apolipoprotein E and the amyloid β peptide in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neuron 1995;15: 219-228.
23. Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M, et al. Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of β-amyloid protein. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1242-1247.
24. Ohm TG, Kirca M, Bohl J, Scharnagl H, Gross W, März W. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism influences not only cerebral senile plaque load but also Alzheimer-type neurofibrillary tangle formation. Neuroscience 1995;66:583-587.
25. Schmechel DE, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al. Increased amyloid β-peptide deposition in cerebral cortex as a consequence of apolipoprotein E genotype in late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:9649-9653.
26. Kukull WA, Schellenberg GD, Bowen JD, et al. Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease risk and case detection: a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol (in press).
27. Nee LE, Eldridge R, Sunderland T, et al. Dementia of the Alzheimer type: clinical and family study of 22 twin pairs. Neurology 1987;37:359-363.
28. Small GW, Leuchter AF, Mandelkern MA, et al. Clinical, neuroimaging, and environmental risk differences in monozygotic female twins appearing discordant for dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 1993;50:209-219.
29. Breteler MMB, Claus JJ, van Duijn CM, Launer LJ, Hofman A. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiol Rev 1992; 14:59-82.
30. Katzman R. Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:13-20.
31. Henderson VW, Kukull WA, Buckwalter JG, Larson EB. Left-handedness and the risk of Alzheimer's disease [abstract]. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996;22:15.
32. Kukull WA, Larson EB, Bowen JD, et al. Solvent exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:1059-1071.
33. Sobel E, Davanipour Z, Sulkava R, et al. Occupations with exposure to electromagnetic fields: a possible risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:515-524.
34. Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer's disease in women. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140:256-261.
35. Tang M-X, Jacobs D, Stern Y, et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996;348:429-432.
36. Morrison A, Resnick S, Corrada M, Zonderman A, Kawas C. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging [abstract]. Neurology 1996;46(suppl 2):A435-A436.
37. Breitner JCS, Gau BA, Welsh KA, et al. Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial results of a co-twin control study. Neurology 1994;44: 227-232.
38. Rich JB, Rasmusson DX, Folstein MF, Carson K, Kawas C, Brandt J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995;45:51-55.
39. Jeandel C, Nicolas MB, Dubois F, Nabet-Belleville F, Penin F, Cuny G. Lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology 1989;35:275-282.
40. Jaffe RB. The menopause and perimenopausal period. In: Yen SSC, Jaffe RB, eds. Reproductive endocrinology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1991;389-408.
41. Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in medicine. Boston: Little, Brown, 1987.
42. Kawata M. Roles of steroid hormones and their receptors in structural organization in the nervous system. Neurosci Res 1995;24:1-46.
43. Shughrue PJ, Dorsa DM. Estrogen modulates the growth-associated protein GAP-43 (neuromodulin) mRNA in the rat preoptic area and basal hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 1993;57:439-447.
44. Toran-Allerand CD. Organotypic culture of the developing cerebral cortex and hypothalamus: relevance to sexual differentiation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1991;16:7-24.
45. Ferreira A, Caceres A. Estrogen-enhanced neurite growth: evidence for a selective induction of tau and stable microtubules. J Neurosci 1991;11:392-400.
46. Diáz H, Lorenzo A, Carrer HF, Cáceres A. Time lapse study of neurite growth in hypothalamic dissociated neurons in culture: sex differences and estrogen effects. J Neurosci Res 1992;33:266-281.
47. Brinton RD. 17β-estradiol induction of filopodial growth in cultured hippocampal neurons within minutes of exposure. Mol Cell Neurosci 1993;4:36-46.
48. Lustig RH. Sex hormone modulation of neural development in vitro. Horm Behav 1994;28:383-395.
49. Chung SK, Pfaff DW, Cohen RS. Estrogen-induced alterations in synaptic morphology in the midbrain central gray. Exp Brain Res 1988;69:522-530.
50. Woolley CS, McEwen BS. Roles of estradiol and progesterone in regulation of hippocampal dendritic spine density during the estrous cycle in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1993;336:293-306.
51. Naftolin F, Leranth C, Perez J, Garcia-Segura LM. Estrogen induces synaptic plasticity in adult primate neurons. Neuroendocrinology 1993;57:935-939.
52. Warren SG, Humphreys AG, Juraska JM, Greenough WT. LTP varies across the estrous cycle: enhanced synaptic plasticity in proestrus rats. Brain Res 1995;703:26-30.
53. Singh M, Meyer EM, Millard WJ, Simpkins JW. Ovarian steroid deprivation results in a reversible learning impairment and compromised cholinergic function in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Brain Res 1994;644:305-312.
54. Toran-Allerand CD, Miranda RC, Bentham WD, et al. Estrogen receptors colocalize with low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:4668-4672.
55. Luine V. Estradiol increases choline acetyltransferase activity in specific basal forebrain nuclei and projection areas of female rats. Exp Neurol 1985;89:484-490.
56. 3H-oestradiol. Nature 1981;289:500-502.
57. Guillamón A, de Blas MR, Segovia S. Effects of sex steroids on the development of the locus coeruleus in the rat. Dev Brain Res 1988;40:306-310.
58. Kendall DA, Stancel GM, Enna SJ. Imipramine: effect of ovarian steroids on modifications in serotonin receptor binding. Science 1981;211:1183-1185.
59. Cohen IR, Wise PM. Effects of estradiol on the diurnal rhythm of serotonin activity in microdissected brain areas of ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 1988;122:2619-2625.
60. Roy EJ, Buyer DR, Licari VA. Estradiol in the striatum: effects on behavior and dopamine receptors but no evidence for membrane steroid receptors. Brain Res Bull 1990;25:221-227.
61. McDermott JL, Kreutzberg JD, Liu B, Dluzen DE. Effects of estrogen treatment on sensorimotor task performance and brain dopamine concentrations in gonadectomized male and female CD-1 mice. Horm Behav 1994;28:16-28.
62. Thompson TL, Moss RL. Estrogen regulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: genomic- and nongenomic-mediated effects. J Neurochem 1994;62:1750-1756.
63. Weiland NG. Estradiol selectively regulates agonist binding sites on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Endocrinology 1992;131: 662-668.
64. Schumacher M, Coirini H, McEwen B. Regulation of high-affinity GABAa receptors in the dorsal hippocampus by estradiol and progesterone. Brain Res 1989;487:178-183.
65. Coyle JT, Price DL, DeLong MR. Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science 1983;219: 1184-1190.
66. Chan-Palay V, Asan E. Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia and depression. J Comp Neurol 1989;287:373-392.
67. Yamamoto T, Hirano A. Nucleus raphe dorsalis in Alzheimer's disease: neurofibrillary tangles and loss of large neurons. Ann Neurol 1985;17:573-577.
68. Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lippa AD. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 1981; 217:208-217.
69. Lawrence AD, Sahakian BJ. Alzheimer disease, attention, and the cholinergic system. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1995; 9(suppl 2):43-49.
70. Kaufman H, Vadasz C, Lajtha A. Effects of estradiol and dexamethasone on choline acetyltransferase activity in various rat brain regions. Brain Res 1988;453:389-392.
71. Hefti F, Knüsel B, Lapchak PA. Protective effects of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in adult rats with partial fimbrial transections. Prog Brain Res 1993;98:257-263.
72. Sohrabji F, Miranda RC, Toran-Allerand CD. Estrogen differentially regulates estrogen and nerve growth factor receptor mRNAs in adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci 1994;14: 459-471.
73. Miranda RC, Sohrabji F, Toran-Allerand CD. Presumptive estrogen target neurons express mRNAs for both the neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors: a basis for potential developmental interactions of estrogen with neurotrophins. Mol Cell Neurosci 1993;4:510-525.
74. Schneider LS, Farlow MR, Henderson VW, Pogoda JM. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on response to tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1996;46: 1580-1584.
75. Jaffe AB, Toran-Allerand CD, Greengard P, Gandy SE. Estrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer amyloid β precursor protein. J Biol Chem 1994;269:13065-13068.
76. Niki E, Nakano M. Estrogens as antioxidants. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:330-333.
77. Mooradian AD. Antioxidant properties of steroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993;45:509-511.
78. Mukai K, Daifuku K, Yokoyama S, Nakano M. Stopped-flow investigation of antioxidant activity of estrogens in solution. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990;1035:348-352.
79. Behl C, Davis JB, Lesley R, Schubert D. Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid β protein toxicity. Cell 1994;77:817-827.
80. Sagara Y, Dargusch R, Klier FG, Schubert D, Behl C. Increased antioxidant enzyme activity in amyloid β protein-resistant cells. J Neurosci 1996;16:497-505.
81. Applebaum-Bowden D, McLean P, Steinmetz A, et al. Lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, and lipolytic enzyme changes following estrogen administration in postmenopausal women. J Lipid Res 1989;30:1895-1906.
82. Kushwaha RS, Foster DM, Barrett PHR, Carey KD, Bernard MG. Metabolic regulation of plasma apolipoprotein E by estrogen and progesterone in the baboon (Papio sp). Metabolism 1991;40:93-100.
83. Muesing RA, Miller VT, LaRosa JC, Stoy DB, Phillips EA. Effects of unopposed conjugated equine estrogen on lipoprotein composition and apolipoprotein-E distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:1250-1254.
84. van Duijn C, Meijer H, Witteman JCM, et al. Estrogen, apolipoprotein E and the risk of Alzheimer's disease [abstract]. Neurobiol Aging 1996;16(suppl):S79-S80.
85. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev 1995;21: 195-218.
86. Strauss S, Bauer G, Ganter U, Jonas U, Berger M, Volk B. Detection of interleukin-6 and α 2-macroglobulin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients. Lab Invest 1992;66:223-230.
87. Vandenabeele P, Fiers W. Is amyloidogenesis during Alzheimer's disease due to an IL-1/IL-6-mediated 'acute phase response' in the brain? Immunol Today 1991;12:217-219.
88. Bauer J, Ganter U, Strauss S, et al. The participation of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Res Immunol 1992;143:650-657.
89. Ershler WB. Interleukin-6: a cytokine for gerontologists. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993:41:176-181.
90. Manning C, Ragozzino ME, Gold PE. Glucose enhancement of memory in patients with probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Neurobiol Aging 1993;14:523-528.
91. Bishop J, Simpkins JW. Role of estrogens in peripheral and cerebral glucose utilization. Rev Neurosci 1992;3:121-137.
92. Belfort MA, Saade GR, Snabes M, et al. Hormonal status affects the reactivity of the cerebral vasculature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1273-1278.
93. Ohkura T, Teshima Y, Isse K, et al. Estrogen increases cerebral and cerebellar blood flows in postmenopausal women. Menopause 1995;2:13-18.
94. Luine V, Villegas M, Martinez C, McEwen B. Repeated stress causes reversible impairments of spatial memory performance. Brain Res 1994;639:167-170.
95. Lupien S, Lecours AR, Lussier I, Schwartz G, Nair NPV, Meaney MJ. Basal cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging. J Neurosci 1994;14:2893-2903.
96. Newcomer JW, Craft S, Hershey T, Askins K, Bardgett ME. Glucocorticoid-induced impairment in declarative memory performance in adult humans. J Neurosci 1994;14:2047-2053.
97. Watanabe Y, Gould E, McEwen BS. Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 1992;588:341-345.
98. Woolley CS, Gould E, McEwen B. Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 1990;531:225-231.
99. Sapolsky RM, Krey LC, McEwen BS. Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implications for aging. J Neurosci 1985;5:1222-1227.
100. Seeman TE, Singer B, Charpentier P. Gender differences in patterns of HPA axis response to challenge: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1995;20: 711-725.
101. Lindheim SR, Legro RS, Bernstein L, et al. Behavioral stress responses in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and the effects of estrogen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167: 1831-1836.
102. Greenwald BS, Mathe AA, Mohs RC, Levy MI, Johns CA, Davis KL. Cortisol and Alzheimer's disease, II: dexamethasone suppression, dementia severity, and affective symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:442-446.
103. Martignoni E, Costa A, Sinforiani E, et al. The brain as a target for adrenocortical steroids: cognitive implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992;17:343-354.
104. Heuser IJ, Litvan I, Juncos JL, et al. Cortisol baseline secretion and memory performance in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. In: Agnoli A, Cahn J, Lassen N, Mayeux R, eds. Senile dementias: Second international symposium. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext, 1988:351-353.
105. De Leon MJ, McRae T, Tsai JR, et al. Abnormal cortisol response in Alzheimer's disease linked to hippocampal atrophy. Lancet 1988;2:391-392.
106. O'Neal MF, Means LW, Poole MC, Hamm RJ. Estrogen affects performance of ovariectomized rats in a two-choice water-escape working memory task. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1996;21:51-65.
107. Krug R, Stamm U, Pietrowsky R, Fehm HL, Born J. Effects of menstrual cycle on creativity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994;19:21-31.
108. Hampson E. Variations in sex-related cognitive abilities across the menstrual cycle. Brain Cogn 1990;14:26-43.
109. Phillips SM, Sherwin BB. Variations in memory function and sex steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992;17:497-506.
110. Kampen DL, Sherwin BB. Estrogen use and verbal memory in healthy postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83: 979-983.
111. Robinson D, Friedman L, Marcus R, Tinklenberg J, Yesavage J. Estrogen replacement therapy and memory in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:919-922.
112. Phillips SM, Sherwin BB. Effects of estrogen on memory function in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992;17:485-495.
113. Kimura D. Estrogen replacement therapy may protect against intellectual decline in postmenopausal women. Horm Behav 1995;29:312-321.
114. Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:2213-2217.
115. Schneider MA, Brotherton PL, Hailes J. The effect of exogenous oestrogens on depression in menopausal women. Med J Aust 1977;2:162-163.
116. Ditkoff EC, Crary WG, Cristo M, Lobo RA. Estrogen improves psychological function in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:991-995.
117. Best NR, Rees MP, Barlow DH, Cowen PJ. Effect of estradiol implant on noradrenergic function and mood in menopausal subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992;17:87-93.
118. Heyman A, Wilkinson WE, Stafford JA, Helms M, Sigmon AH, Weinberg T. Alzheimer's disease: a study of epidemiological aspects. Ann Neurol 1984;15:335-341.
119. Amaducci LA, Fratiglioni L, Rocca WA, et al. Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study of an Italian population. Neurology 1986;36:922-931.
120. Broe GA, Henderson AS, Creasey H, et al. A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease in Australia. Neurology 1990; 40:1698-1707.
121. Graves AB, White E, Koepsell TD, et al. A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1990;28:766-774.
122. Birge SJ. The role of estrogen deficiency in the aging central nervous system. In: Lobo RA, ed. Treatment of the postmenopausal woman: basic and clinical aspects. New York: Raven Press, 1994:153-157.
123. Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Emanuel CK, Dunn ME, Buckwalter JG. Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: comparisons between Alzheimer's disease cases and non-demented control subjects. Arch Neurol 1994;51:896-900.
124. Mortel KF, Meyer JS. Lack of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7:334-337.
125. Lerner A, Cole R, Debanne S, et al. Immunological and endocrine conditions in an Alzheimer's disease case-control study [abstract]. Neuroepidemiology 1995;14:307.
126. Kokmen E, Özsarfati Y, Beard CM, O'Brien PC, Rocca WA. Impact of referral bias on clinical and epidemiological studies of Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:79-83.
127. Barnhart RL, van Belle G, Edland SD, et al. Geographically overlapping Alzheimer's disease registries: comparisons and implications. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995;8:203-208.
128. Brenner DE, Kukull WA, Stergachis A, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:262-267.
129. Vermeulen A, Verdonck L. Sex hormone concentrations in post-menopausal women: relation to obesity, fat mass, age and years post-menopause. Clin Endocrinol 1978;9:59-66.
130. Meldrum DR, Davidson BJ, Tataryn IV, Judd HL. Changes in circulating steroids with aging in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:624-628.
131. Berlinger WG, Potter JF. Low body mass index in demented outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:973-978.
132. Buckwalter JG, Schneider LS, Wilshire TW, Dunn ME, Henderson VW. Body weight, estrogen and cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of the tacrine study group. Arch Gerontol Geriatr (in press).
133. Fillit H, Weinreb H, Cholst I, et al. Observations in a preliminary open trial of estradiol therapy for senile dementia-Alzheimer's type. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1986;11:337-345.
134. Honjo H, Ogino Y, Naitoh K, et al. In vivo effects by estrone sulfate on the central nervous system - senile dementia (Alzheimer's type). J Steroid Biochem 1989;34:521-525.
135. Honjo H, Ogino Y, Tanaka K, et al. An effect of conjugated estrogen to cognitive impairment in women with senile dementia-Alzheimer's type: a placebo-controlled double blind study. J Jpn Menopause Soc 1993;1:167-171.
136. Ohkura T, Isse K, Akazawa K, Hamamoto M, Yaoi Y, Hagino N. Evaluation of estrogen treatment in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Endocrine J 1994;41:361-371.
137. Ohkura T, Isse K, Akazawa K, Hamamoto M, Yaoi Y, Hagino N. Low-dose estrogen replacement therapy for Alzheimer disease in women. Menopause 1994;1:125-130.
138. Asthana S, Craft S, Baker LD, et al. Transdermal estrogen improves memory in women with Alzheimer's disease [abstract]. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996;22:200.
139. Henderson VW. Hormone replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease. In: Whitehouse M, ed. The prescriber's guide to hormone replacement therapy. New York: Parthenon (in press).
140. Henderson VW, Watt L, Buckwalter JG. Cognitive skills associated with estrogen replacement in women with Alzheimer's disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1996;21:421-430.
141. Hemminki E, Malin M, Topo P. Selection to postmenopausal therapy by women's characteristics. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46:211-219.
142. Derby CA, Hume AL, McPhillips JB, Barbour MM, Carleton RA. Prior and current health characteristics of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy users compared with nonusers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:544-550.