Life-sciences R and D, national prosperity, and industrial competitiveness

Science

Volumn 276, Issue 5313, 1997, Pages 759-760

  Fears, R ^d   Ferguson, M W J ^b   Stewart, W ^c   Poste, G ^a  

^a GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c BioIndustry Association   (United Kingdom)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SCIENCE; TECHNOLOGY;

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; EUROPEAN UNION; GREAT BRITAIN; INDUSTRY; RESEARCH; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER;

EID: 0030941372     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5313.759     Document Type: Review

References (18)

1. According to J. D. Bernal [Science in History (Pelican Books London, 1969) vol. 1], the idea that the application of science can be linked to improved human welfare is a relatively recent introduction in European scientific thought. Francis Bacon was the first to assert confidently that "the true and lawful end of the sciences is that human life be enriched by new discoveries and powers."
2. V. Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1945; reprinted July 1960).
3. R. Byerly Jr. and R. A. Pielke Jr., Science 269, 1531 (1995).
4. H. Varmus, N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 811 (1995).
5. R. Fears and G. Poste, Sci. Technol. Innovation 8, 26 (1995).
6. Department of Trade and Industry, The 1995 UK R&D Scoreboard (Company Reporting, Edinburgh, UK, 1995). This R&D expenditure is 12.5% of sales (compared with 1.7% for the all-industry composite index).
7. P. Myners, Developing a Winning Partnership (Department of Trade and Industry, London, 1995).
8. B. Jenkins, The Missing Link: City, Science & Technology Dialogue (The Royal Society/The Worshipful Company of Information Technologists, London, 1995).
9. G. Evans and J. Durant, Public Understand. Sci. 4, 57 (1995).
10. S. Macintyre, ibid., p. 223. The report from the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, Human Genetics: The Science and Its Consequences (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1995) provides an impressive review of the social issues.
11. S. Macintyre, ibid., p. 223. The report from the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, Human Genetics: The Science and Its Consequences (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1995) provides an impressive review of the social issues.
12. J. Anderson and R. Fears, Valuing and Evaluating: Assessing the Success of R&D (Cross & Associates, Oxted, Surrey, UK, 1996).
13. R. Smith, Br. Med. J. 311, 961 (1995).
14. M. Buxton and S. Hanney, Assessing Payback from Department of Health Research and Development: Preliminary Report (Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, 1994).
15. Office of Science and Technology, Progress Through Partnership (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1995).
16. G. Drilhon, OECD Obs. 196, 28 (1995). This evolution in the production of knowledge away from the academic context toward the context of application is characterized by transdisciplinarity, heterogeneity, and reflexivity, with research quality judged by a wide range of criteria [M. Gibbons et al., The New Production of Knowledge (Sage, London, 1994)].
17. G. Drilhon, OECD Obs. 196, 28 (1995). This evolution in the production of knowledge away from the academic context toward the context of application is characterized by transdisciplinarity, heterogeneity, and reflexivity, with research quality judged by a wide range of criteria [M. Gibbons et al., The New Production of Knowledge (Sage, London, 1994)].
18. Technology Foresight Panel on Health and Life Sciences, Progress Througn Partnership (Office of Science and Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1995).