Evaluation of social status as a contributing factor to the stroke belt region of the United States

Stroke

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 936-940

  Howard, George ^a   Anderson, Roger ^a   Johnson, Norman J ^b   Sorlie, Paul ^c   Russell, Gregory ^a   Howard, Virginia J ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b U S CENSUS BUREAU   (United States)

^c NATIONAL HEART LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

cause of death; cerebrovascular disorders; models, statistical; southeastern United States

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL STATUS; STROKE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0030939746     PISSN: 00392499     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.28.5.936     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Borhani NO. Changes and geographic distribution of mortality from cerebrovascular disease. Am J Public Health. 1965;55:673-681.
2. Lanska DJ. Geographic distribution of stroke mortality in the United States: 1939-1941 to 1979-1981. Neurology. 1993;43: 1839-1851.
3. Feinleib M, Ingster L, Rosenberg H, Maurer J, Sing G, Kochanek K. Time trends, cohort effects, and geographic patterns in stroke mortality: United States. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3:458-465.
4. Lanska DJ, Kryscio R. Geographic distribution of hospitalization rates case fatality, and mortality from stroke in the United States. Neurology. 1994;44:1541-1550.
5. Miller JP, Perry HM Jr, Rossiter JE, Baty JD, Carmody SE, Sambhi MP. Regional differences in mortality during 15-year follow-up of 11,936 hypertensive veterans. Hypertension. 1994;23:431-438.
6. Casper ML, Wing S, Anda RF, Knowles M, Pollard RA. The shifting stroke belt: changes in the geographic pattern of stroke mortality in the United States, 1962 to 1988. Stroke. 1995;26: 755-760.
7. Wing S, Casper M, Davis WB, Pellom A, Riggan W, Tyroler HA. Stroke mortality maps: United States whites aged 35-74 years, 1962-1982. Stroke. 1988;19:1506-1513.
8. Howard G, Evans GW, Pearce K, Howard VJ, Bell RA, Mayer EJ, Burke GL. Is the stroke belt disappearing? An analysis of racial, temporal, and age effects. Stroke. 1995;26:1153-1158.
9. Whisnant JP. The decline of stroke. Stroke. 1984;15:160-168.
10. Cooper R, Sempos C, Hsieh SC, Kovar MG. Slowdown in the decline of stroke mortality in the United States, 1978-1986. Stroke. 1990;21:1274-1279.
11. Lanska DJ, Peterson PM. Comparison of additive and multiplicative models of regional variation in the decline of stroke mortality in the United States. Stroke. 1996;27:1055-1059.
12. Lanska DJ, Peterson PM. Geographic variation in the decline of stroke mortality in the United States. Stroke. 1995;26:1159-1165.
13. Gliksman MD, Kawachi I, Hunter D, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hennekens CH. Childhood socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular disease in middle aged US women: a prospective study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995;49:10-15.
14. Kaplan GA, Keil JE. Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Circulation. 1993;88:1973-1993.
15. Unwin N, Binns D, Elliott K, Kelly WF. The relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and socio-economic status in people with diabetes. Diabet Med. 1996;13:72-79.
16. Lynch J, Kaplan GA, Salonen R, Cohen RD, Salonen JT. Socioeconomic status and carotid atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1995;92: 1786-1792.
17. Gornick ME, Eggers PW, Reilly TW, Mentnech RM, Fitterman LK, Kucken LE, Vladeck BC. Effects of race and income on mortality and use of services among Medicare beneficiaries. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:791-799.
18. Adler NE, Boyce WT, Chesney MA, Folkman S, Syme SL. Socioeconomic inequalities in health: no easy solution. JAMA. 1993;269: 3140-3145.
19. Casper M, Wing S, Strogatz D. Variation in the magnitude of black-white differences in stroke mortality by community occupation structure. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1991;45:302-306.
20. Howard G, Russell GB, Anderson R, Evans GW, Morgan T, Howard VJ, Burke GL. Role of social class in excess stroke mortality. Stroke. 1995;26:1759-1763.
21. Modan B, Wagener DK. Some epidemiological aspects of stroke: mortality/morbidity trends, age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. Stroke. 1992;23:1230-1236.
22. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1993. 113th ed. Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census; 1993.
23. Howard G, Anderson R, Sorlie P, Andrews V, Backlund E, Burke GL. Ethnic differences in stroke mortality between non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, and blacks: the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Stroke. 1994;25:2120-2125.
24. Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology. Washington DC: US Bureau of the Census; 1978. Technical paper 40.
25. National Center for Health Statistics. User's Manual: the National Death Index. Washington, DC: Public Health Service, US Government Printing Office: 1990. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication PHS 90-1148.
26. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic Research: Principals and Quantitative Methods. London, UK: Lifetime Learning Publications; 1982.
27. Anderson RT, Sorlie P, Backlund E, Johnson N, Kaplan GA. Mortality effects of community socioeconomic status. Epidemiology. 1997;8:42-47.
28. Howard G, Howard VJ, Evans GW, Burke GL. A new approach to assess geographical patterns in stroke mortality. Stroke. 1996; 27:165. Abstract.
29. Kelsey JL, Thompson WD, Evans AS. Methods in Observational Epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford Press; 1986.