Translational control during early development

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Volumn 7, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 73-94

  Stebbins Boaz, Barbara ^a   Richter, Joel D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

cytoplasmic polyadenylation; embryogenesis; masking protein; oocyte maturation; RNP

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; DROSOPHILA; EMBRYO; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE MATURATION; POLYADENYLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; RNA ANALYSIS; RNA TRANSLATION; TRANSLATION REGULATION; XENOPUS;

EID: 0030939203     PISSN: 10454403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v7.i1-2.50     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Ahringer J, and Kimble J (1991): Control of the spermoocyte switch in Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites by the fem-3 3′ untranslated region. Nature 349:346-348.
2. Amaya E, Musci TJ, and Kirschner MW (1991): Expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor disrupts mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 66:257-270.
3. Ambros V (1989): A hierarchy of regulatory genes controls a larva-to-adult developmental switch in C. elegans. Cell 57:49-57.
4. Ambros V, Horvitz HR (1984): Heterochronic mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 226:409-416.
5. Austin J, Kimble J (1987): glp-1 is required in the germ line for regulation of the decision between mitosis and meiosis in C. elegans. Cell 51:589-599.
6. Austin J, Kimble J (1989): Transcript analysis of glp-1 and lin-12, homologous genes required for cell interactions during development of C. elegans. Cell 58:565-571.
7. Avni D, Shama S, Loreni F, Meyuhas O (1994): Vertebrate mRNAs with a 5′-terminal pyrimidine tract are candidates for translational repression in quiescent cells: characterization of the translational cis-regulatory element. Mol Cell Biol 14:3822-3833.
8. Bachvarova R, De Leon V, Johnson, A, Kaplan G, Paynton BV (1985): Changes in total RNA, polyadenylated RNA, and actin mRNA during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. Dev Biol 108:325-331.
9. Ballantyne S, Bilger A, Astrom J, Virtanen A, Wickens, M (1995): Poly(A) polymerase in the nucleus and cytoplasm of frog oocytes: dynamic changes during oocyte maturation and early development. RNA 1:64-78.
10. Baum EZ, Wormington WM (1985): Coordinate expression of ribosomal protein genes during Xenopus development. Dev Biol 111:488-498.
11. Bilger A, Fox CA. Wahle E, Wickens M (1994): Nuclear polyadenylation factors recognize cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements. Genes Dev 8:1106-1116.
12. Bouvet P, Wolffe AP (1994): A role for transcription and FRGY2 in masking maternal mRNA within Xenopus oocytes. Cell 77:931-941.
13. Bouvet P, Omilli F, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Legagneux V, Roghi C, Bassez T, Osborne HB (1994): The deadenylation conferred by the 3′ untranslated region of a developmentally controlled mRNA in Xenopus embryos is switched to polyadenylation by deletion of a short sequence element. Mol Cell Biol 14:1893-1900.
14. Braun RE (1990): Temporal translational regulation of the protamine 1 gene during mouse spermatogenesis. Enzyme 44:120-128.
15. Braun RE, Peschon JJ, Behringer RR, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD (1989): Protamine 3′-untranslated sequences regulate temporal translational control and subcellular localization of growth hormone in spermatids of transgenic mice. Genes Dev 3:783-802.
16. Brown PH, Daniels-McQueen S, Walden WE, Patino MM, Gaffield L, Bielser D, Thach RE (1989): Requirements for the translational regulation of ferritin transcripts in wheat germ extracts by a 90-kDa protein from rabbit liver. J Biol Chem 264:13383-13386.
17. Cardinali B, Campioni N, Pierandrei-Amaldi P (1987): Ribosomal protein, histone and calmodulin mRNAs are differently regulated at the translational level during oogenesis of Xenopus laevis. Exp Cell Res 169:432-441.
18. Cardinali B, Di Cristina M, Pierandrei-Amaldi P (1993): Interaction of proteins with the mRNA for ribosomal protein L1 in Xenopus: structural characterization of in vivo complexes and identification of proteins that bind in vitro to its 5′ UTR. Nucleic Acids Res 21:2301-2308.
19. Caughman SW, Hentze MW, Rouault TA, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1988): The iron-responsive element is the single element responsible for iron-dependent translational regulation of ferritin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 263:19048-19052.
20. Christersen LB, McKearin DM (1994): orb is required for anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning during Drosophila oogenesis. Genes Dev 8:614-628.
21. Cummings A, Sommerville J (1988): Protein kinase activity associated with stored messenger ribonucleoprotein particles of Xenopus laevis. J Cell Biol 107:45-56.
22. Dalby B, Glover DM (1993): Discrete sequence elements control posterior pole accumulation and translational repression of maternal cyclin B in Drosophila. EMBO J 12:1219-1227.
23. Dambrough H, Ford PJ (1981): Identification in Xenopus laevis of a class of oocyte-specific proteins bound to messenger RNA. Eur J Biochem 113:415-424.
24. Davidson EH (1986): "Gene Activity in Early Development." Boston: Academic Press.
25. Dohrmann CE, Hemmati BA, Thomsen GH, Fields A, Woolf TM, Melton DA (1993): Expression of activin mRNA during early development in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 157:474-483.
26. Dolecki GJ, Duncan RF, Humphreys T (1977): Complete turnover of poly(A) on maternal mRNA of sea urchin embryos. Cell 11:339-344.
27. Dworkin MB, Dworkin-Rastl E (1985): Changes in RNA titers and polyadenylation during oogenesis and oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 112:451-457.
28. Dworkin MB, Shrutkowski A, Dworkin-Rastl E (1985): Mobilization of specific maternal mRNA species into polysomes after fertilization in Xenopus laevis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 82:7636-7640.
29. Ephrussi A, Lehmann R (1992): Induction of germ cell formation by oskar. Nature 358:387-392.
30. Evans TC, Crittenden SL, Kodoyianni V, Kimble J (1994): Translational control of maternal glp-1 mRNA establishes an asymmetry in the C. elegans embryo. Cell 77:183-194.
31. Fajardo MA, Butner KA, Keesok L, Braun RE (1994): Germ cell-specific proteins interact with the 3′ untranslated regions of Prm-1 and Prm-2 mRNA. Dev Biol 166:643-653.
32. Fox CA, Wickens M (1990): Poly(A) removal during oocyte maturation: a default reaction selectively prevented by specific sequences in the 3′ UTR of certain maternal mRNAs. Genes Dev 4:2287-2298.
33. Fox CA, Sheets MD, Wickens MP (1989): Poly(A) addition during maturation of frog oocytes: distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic activities and regulation by the sequence UUUUUAU. Genes Dev 3:2151-2162.
34. Fox CA, Sheets MD, Wahle E and Wickens M (1992): Polyadenylation of maternal mRNA during oocyte maturation: poly(A) addition in vitro requires a regulated RNA binding activity and a poly(A) polymerase. EMBO J 11:5021-5032.
35. Gallie DR (1991): The cap and poly(A) tail function synergistically to regulate mRNA translational efficiency. Genes Dev 5:2108-2116.
36. Gebauer F, Xu W, Cooper GM, Richter JD (1994): Translational control by cytoplasmic polyadenylation of c-mos mRNA is necessary for oocyte maturation in the mouse. EMBO J 13:5712-5720.
37. Gebauer F, Richter JD (1995): Cloning and characterization of a Xenopus poly(A) polymerase. Mol Cell Biol 15:1422-1430.
38. Gebauer F, Richter JD (1996): Mouse CPEB: An evolutionarily conserved protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements of c-mos mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. In press.
39. Goldman DS, Kiessling AA, Cooper GM (1988): Post-transcriptional processing suggests that c-mos functions as a maternal message in mouse eggs. Oncogene 3:159-162.
40. Goodwin E, Okkema PG, Evans TC, Kimble J (1993): Translational regulation of tra-2 by its untranslated region controls sexual identity in C. elegans. Cell 75:329-339.
41. Goossen B, Caughman SW, Harford JB, Klausner RD, Hentze MW (1990): Translational repression by a complex between the iron-responsive element of ferritin mRNA and its specific cytoplasmic binding protein is position-dependent in vivo. EMBO J 9:4127-4133.
42. Goossen B, Hentze MW (1992): Position is the critical determinant for function of iron-responsive elements as translational regulators. Mol Cell Biol 12:1959-1966.
43. Green JBA, New HV and Smith JC (1992): Responses of embryonic Xenopus cells to activin and FGF are separated by multiple dose thresholds and correspond to distinct axes of the mesoderm. Cell 71:731-739.
44. Green JBA, Smith JC, Gerhart JC (1994): Slow emergence of a multithreshold response to activin requires cell-contact-dependent sharpening but not prepattern. Development 120:2271-2278.
45. Haile DJ, Hentze MW, Rouault TA, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1989): Regulation of interaction of the iron-responsive element binding protein with iron-responsive RNA elements. Mol Cell Biol 9:5055-5061.
46. Hake LE, Richter JD (1994): CPEB is a specificity factor that mediates cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Cell 79:617-627.
47. Hammond ML, Merrick W, Bowman LH (1991): Sequences mediating the translation of mouse S16 ribosomal protein mRNA during myoblast differentiation and in vitro and possible control points for the in vitro translation. Genes Dev 5:1723-1736.
48. Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Melton DA (1994): Inhibition of activin signaling promotes neuralization in Xenopus laevis. Cell 77:273-281.
49. Hentze MW, Rouault TA, Harford JB, Klausner RD (1989): Oxidation-reduction and the molecular mechanism of a regulatory RNA-protein interaction. Science 244: 357-359.
50. Hershey JWB (1991): Translational control in mammalian cells. Annu Rev Biochem 60:717-755.
51. Hongo S, Jacobs-Lorena M (1991): Translational discrimination of ribosomal protein mRNAs in the early Drosophila embryo. Dev Biol 145:338-343.
52. Huarte J, Stutz A, O' Connell ML, Gubler P, Belin D, Darrow AL, Strickland S, Vassalli J-D (1992): Transient translational silencing by reversible mRNA deadenylation. Cell 69:1021-1030.
53. Hulskamp M, Schroder C, Pfeifle C, Jackle H, Tautz D (1989): Posterior segmentation of the Drosophila embryo in the absence of a maternal posterior organizer gene. Nature 338:629-632.
54. Hyman LE, Colot HV, Rosbash M (1984): Accumulation and behaviour of mRNA during oogenesis and early embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis. In Malacinski G, Klein WH (eds): "Molecular Aspects of Early Development." New York: Plenum Press.
55. Hyman LE, Wormington WM (1988): Translational inactivation of ribosomal protein mRNAs during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Genes Dev 2:598-605.
56. Irish V, Lehmann R, Akam M (1989): The Drosophila posterior-group gene nanos functions by repressing hunchback activity. Nature 338:646-648.
57. Kay MA, Jacobs-Lorena M (1985): Selective translation: regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression during early development of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 5:3583-3592.
58. Keller R (1991): Early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis. Methods Cell Biol 36:61-113.
59. Kempe E, Beate M, Schäfer M (1993): Gene regulation in Drosophila spermatogenesis: analysis of protein binding at the translational control element TCE. Dev Genet 14:449-459.
60. Kick D, Barrett P, Cummings A, Sommerville J (1987): Phosphorylation of a 60-kDa polypeptide from Xenopus oocytes blocks messenger RNA translation. Nucleic Acids Res 15:4099-4109.
61. Kim-Ha J, Kerr K, MacDonald PM (1995): Translational regulation of oskar mRNA by bruno, an ovarian RNA-binding protein, is essential. Cell 81:403-412.
62. Klausner RD, Rouault TA, Harford JB (1993): Regulating the fate of mRNA: the control of cellular iron metabolism. Cell 72:19-28.
63. Klein S, Melton DA (1995): Translational control of activin in Xenopus embryos. Dev Gen 17:55-64.
64. Kozak M (1989): The scanning model for translation: an update. J Cell Biol 108:229-241.
65. Kuge H, Richter JD (1995): Cytoplasmic 3′ poly(A) addition induces 5′ cap ribose methylation: implications for translational control of maternal mRNA. EMBO J 14:6301-6310.
66. Kuhn R, Schäfer U, Schäfer M (1988): Cis-acting regions sufficient for spermatocyte-specific transcriptional and spermatid-specific translational control of the Drosophila melanogaster gene mst(3)gl-9. EMBO J 7:447-454.
67. Kwon Y. Hecht NB (1991): Cytoplasmic protein binding to highly conserved sequences in the 3′ untranslated region of mouse protamine 2 mRNA, a translationally regulated transcript of male germ cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3584-3588.
68. Kwon Y, Hecht NB (1993): Binding of a phosphoprotein to the 3′ untranslated region of the mouse protamine 2 mRNA temporally represses its translation. Mol Cell Biol 13:6547-6557.
69. Lantz V, Chang JS, Horabin JI, Bopp D, Schedl P (1994): The Drosophila orb RNA-binding protein is required for the formation of the egg chamber and establishment of polarity. Genes Dev 8:598-613.
70. Legagneux V, Bouvet P, Omilli F, Chevalier S, Osborne HB (1992): Identification of RNA-binding proteins specific to Xenopus Eg maternal mRNAs: association with the portion of Eg2 mRNA that promotes deadenylation in embryos. Development 116:1193-1202.
71. Leibold EA, Munro HN (1988): Cytoplasmic protein binds in vitro to a highly conserved sequence in the 5′ untranslated region of ferritin heavy- and light- subunit mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:2171-2175.
72. Levy S, Avni D, Hariharan N, Perry RP, Meyuhas O (1991): Oligopyrimidine tract at the 5′ end of mammalian ribosomal protein mRNAs is required for their translational control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3319-3323.
73. Loreni F, Francesconi A, Amaldi F (1993): Coordinate translational regulation in the syntheses of elongation factor 1α and ribosomal proteins in Xenopus laevis. Nucleic Acids Res 21:4721-4725.
74. Manley JL (1995): A complex protein assembly catalyzes polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Curr Opin Gen Dev 5:222-228.
75. Marello K, LaRovere J, Sommerville J (1992): Binding of Xenopus oocyte masking proteins to mRNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 20:5593-5600.
76. McGrew LL, Dworkin-Rastl E, Dworkin MB, Richter JD (1989): Poly(A) elongation during Xenopus oocyte maturation is required for translational recruitment and is mediated by a short sequence element. Genes Dev 3:803-815.
77. McGrew LL, Richter JD (1990): Translational control by cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation: characterization of cis and trans elements and regulation by cyclin/MPF. EMBO J 9:3743-3751.
78. Melefors O, Hentze MW (1993): Translational regulation by mRNA/protein interactions in eukaryotic cells: ferritin and beyond. Bioessays 15:85-90.
79. Morgan TH (1927): "Experimental Embryology." New York: Columbia University Press.
80. Murray MT, Schiller DL, Franke WW (1992): Sequence analysis of cytoplasmic mRNA-binding proteins of Xenopus oocytes identifies a family of RNA-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11-15.
81. Mutter GL, Grills GS, Wolgemuth DJ (1988): Evidence for the involvement of the proto-oncogene c-mos in mammalian meiotic maturation and possibly very early embryogenesis. EMBO J 7:683-689.
82. O'Keefe S, Wolfes H, Kiessling A, Cooper G (1989): Microinjection of antisense c-mos oligonucleotides prevents meiosis II in the maturing mouse egg. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7038-7042.
83. Paris J, Philippe M (1990): Poly(A) metabolism and poly somal recruitment of maternal mRNAs during early Xenopus development. Dev Biol 140:221-224.
84. Paris J, Richter JD (1990): Maturation-specific polyadenylation and translational control: diversity of cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements, influence of poly(A) tail size, and formation of stable polyadenylation complexes. Mol Cell Biol 10:5634-5645.
85. Paris J, Le Guellec R, Couturier A, Le Guellec K, Omilli F, Camonis J, MacNeil S, Philippe M (1991b): Cloning by differential screening of a Xenopus cDNA coding for a protein highly homologous to cdc2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1039-1043.
86. Paris J, Osborne HB, Couturier A, Le Guellec R, Philippe M (1988): Changes in the polyadenylation of specific stable RNA during the early development of Xenopus laevis. Gene 72:169-176.
87. cdc2 and phosphorylation of a 58-kDa CPE-binding protein. Genes Dev 5:1697-1708.
88. Patel, Jacobs-Lorena (1992): Cis-acting sequences in the 5′ untranslated region of the ribosomal protein A1 mRNA mediate its translational regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 267: 1159-1164.
89. Paules R, Buccione R, Moschel RC, Vande Woude GF (1989): Mouse Mos proto-oncogene product is present and functions during oogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5395-5399.
90. Paynton BV, Bachvarova R (1994): Polyadenylation and deadenylation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte growth and maturation in mouse. Mol Reprod Dev 37: 172-180.
91. Paynton BV, Rempel R, Bachvarova R (1988): Changes in state of adenylation and time course of degradation of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation and early development in the mouse. Dev Biol 129:304-314.
92. Pelham HR, Brown DD (1980): A specific transcription factor that can bind either the 5S RNA gene or 5S RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:4170-4174.
93. Pierandrei-Amaldi P, Campioni N, Beccari E, Bozzoni I, Amaldi F (1982): Expression of ribosomal protein genes in Xenopus laevis. Cell 30:163-171.
94. Ranjan M, Tafuri SR, Wolffe AP (1993): Masking mRNA from translation in somatic cells. Genes Dev 7:1725-1736.
95. Rebagliati MR, Dawid IB (1993): Expression of activin transcripts in follicle cells and oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 159:574-580.
96. Regier JC, Kafatos FC (1977): Absolute rates of protein synthesis in sea urchins with specific activity measurements of radioactive leucine and leucyl-tRNA. Dev Biol 57:270-283.
97. Richter JD (1988): Information relay from gene to protein: the mRNP connection. Trends Biochem Sci 13:483-486.
98. Richter JD (1995): Dynamics of poly(A) addition and removal during development. In "Translational Control." Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
99. Richter JD, Smith LD (1983): Developmentally regulated RNA binding proteins during oogenesis in Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem 258:4864-4869.
100. Richter JD, Smith LD (1984): Reversible inhibition of translation by Xenopus oocyte-specific proteins. Nature 309:378-380.
101. Richter JD, Wasserman WJ, Smith LD (1982): The mechanism for increased protein synthesis during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Dev Biol 89:159-167.
102. Robbie EP, Peterson M, Amaya E, Musci TJ (1995): Temporal regulation of the Xenopus FGF receptor in development: a translation inhibitory element in the 3′ untranslated region. Development 121:1775-1785.
103. Roehl H, Kimble J (1993): Control of cell fate in C. elegans by a GLP 1 peptide consisting primarily of ankyrin repeats. Nature 364:632-635.
104. Rosenthal ET, Ruderman JV (1987): Widespread changes in the translation and adenylation of natural messenger RNA following fertilization of Spisula oocytes. Dev Biol 121:237-246.
105. Rosenthal ET, Brandhorst BP, Ruderman JV (1982): Translationally mediated changes in patterns of protein synthesis during maturation of starfish oocytes. Dev Biol 91:215-220.
106. Rosenthal ET, Hunt T, Ruderman JV (1980): Selective translation of mRNA controls the pattern of protein synthesis during early development of the surf clam, Spisula solidissima. Cell 20:487-496.
107. Rosenthal ET, Tansey TR, Ruderman JV (1983): Sequence-specific adenylations and deadenylation accompany changes in the translation of maternal messenger RNA after fertilization of Spisula oocytes. J Mol Biol 166:309-327.
108. Ruiz i Altalba AH, Perry-O' Keefe H, Melton DA (1987): Xfin: an embryonic gene encoding a multifingered protein in Xenopus. EMBO J 6:3065-3070.
109. Ruvkun G, Giusto J (1989): The Caehorhabditis elegans heterochronic gene lin-14 encodes a nuclear protein that forms a temporal developmental switch. Nature 338:313-319.
110. Sagata N, Oskarsson M, Copeland T, Brumbaugh J, Vande Woude GF (1988): Function of c-mos proto-oncogene product in meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes. Nature 335:519-525.
111. Salles FJ, Darrow AL, O' Connell ML, Strickland S (1992): Isolation of novel murine maternal mRNAs regulated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation. Genes Dev 6:1202-1212.
112. Salles FJ, Lieberfarb ME, Wreden C, Gergen JP, Strickland S (1994): Coordinate initiation of Drosophila development by regulated polyadenylation of maternal messenger RNAs. Science 266:1996-1999.
113. Schäfer M, Kuhn R, Bosse F, Schäfer U (1990): A conserved element in the leader mediates post-meiotic translation as well as cytoplasmic polyadenylation of a Drosophila spermatocyte mRNA. EMBO J 9:4519-4525.
114. Schafer M, Borsch D, Hustler A, Schafer U (1993): Expression of a gene duplication encoding conserved sperm tail proteins is translationally regulated in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 13:1708-1718.
115. 2′-) methyltransferase and poly(A) polymerase stimulatory activities of vaccinia virus are mediated by a single protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2897-2901.
116. Sheets MD, Fox CA, Hunt T, Vande Woude G, Wickens M (1994): The 3′ untranslated regions of c-mos and cyclin mRNAs stimulate translation by regulating cytoplasmic polyadenylation. Genes Dev 8:926-938.
117. Sheets MD, Wu M, Wickens M (1995): Polyadenylation of c-mos mRNA as a control point in Xenopus meiotic maturation. Nature 374:511-516.
118. Shih RJ, O'Connor CM, Keem K, Smith LD (1978): Kinetic analysis of amino acid pools and protein synthesis in amphibian oocytes and embryos. Dev Biol 66:172-182.
119. Simon R., Tassan J-P, Richter JD (1992): Translational control by poly(A) elongation during Xenopus development: differential repression and enhancement by a novel cytoplasmic polyadenylation element. Genes Dev 6: 2580-2591.
120. Simon R, Richter JD (1994): Further analysis of cytoplasmic polyadenylation in Xenopus embryos and identification of embryonic cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol 14:7867-7875.
121. Simon R, Wu L, Richter JD (1996): Cytoplasmic polyadenylation of activin receptor mRNA and the control of pattern formation during Xenopus development. Dev Biol. In press.
122. Sive HL (1993): The frog prince-ss: a molecular formula for dorsal-ventral patterning in Xenopus. Genes Dev 7:1-12.
123. Slater DW, Slater I, Gillespie D (1972): Post-fertilization synthesis of polyadenylic acid in sea urchin embryos. Nature 240:333-337.
124. Smith RC, Dworkin MB, Dworkin-Rastl E (1988a): Destruction of a translationally controlled mRNA in Xenopus oocytes delays progesterone-induced maturation. Genes Dev 2:1296-1306.
125. Smith RC, Dworkin-Rastl E, Dworkin MB (1988b): Expression of a histone H1-like protein is restricted to early Xenopus development. Genes Dev 1:1284-1295.
126. Spirin AS, Belitsina NV, Ajtkhozhin MA (1964): Messenger RNA in early embryogenesis. J Gen Biol (Russian) 25:321-338. English translation (1965) Fed Proc 24:T907-T922.
127. Spirin AS, Belitsina NV, Ajtkhozhin MA (1964): Messenger RNA in early embryogenesis. J Gen Biol (Russian) 25:321-338. English translation (1965) Fed Proc 24:T907-T922.
128. Spirin A (1994): Storage of messenger RNA in eukaryotes: envelopment with protein: translational barrier at the 5′ side, or conformational masking at the 3′ side. Mol Reprod Dev 38:107-117.
129. Standart N, Dale M (1993): Regulated polyadenylation of clam maternal mRNAs. Dev Genet 14:492-499.
130. Standart N, Jackson R (1994): Y the message is masked? Curr Biol 4:939-941.
131. Standart N, Dale M, Stewart E, Hunt T (1990): Maternal mRNA from clam oocytes can be specifically unmasked in vitro by antisense RNA complementary to the 3′-untranslated region. Genes Dev 4:2157-2168.
132. Standart NM, Bray SJ, George EL, Hunt T, Ruderman JV (1985): The small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase is encoded by one of the most abundant translationally regulated maternal mRNAs in clam and sea urchin eggs. J Cell Biol 100:1968-1976.
133. Stebbins-Boaz B, Richter JD (1994): Multiple sequence elements and a maternal mRNA product control cdk2 RNA polyadenylation and translation during early Xenopus development. Mol Cell Biol 14:5870-5880.
134. Stebbins-Boaz B, Hake L, Richter JD (1996): CPEB controls the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of cyclin, cdk2, and c-mos mRNAs and is necessary for oocyte maturation in Xenopus. EMBO J 15:2582-2592.
135. Steel LF, Jacobson A (1987): Translational control of ribosomal protein synthesis during early Dictyostelium discoideum development. Mol Cell Biol 7:965-972.
136. Steel L, Jacobson A (1991): Sequence elements that affect mRNA translational activity in developing Dictyostelium cells. Dev Genet 12:98-103.
137. Struhl G (1989): Differing strategies for organizing anterior and posterior body pattern in Drosophila embryos. Nature 338:741-744.
138. Swenson KI, Farrell K, Ruderman JV (1986): The clam embryo protein cyclin A induces entry into M phase and the resumption of meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. Cell 47:861-870.
139. Tafuri SR, Wolffe AP (1990): Xenopus Y-box transcription factors: molecular cloning, functional analysis and developmental regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9028-9032.
140. Tafuri SR, Wolffe AP (1992): DNA binding, multimerization and transcription stimulation by the Xenopus Y box proteins in vitro. New Biol 4:349-359.
141. Tafuri SR, Wolffe A (1993): Selective recruitment of masked maternal mRNA from messenger ribonucleoprotein particles containing FRGY2 (mRNP4). J Biol Chem 268:24255-24261.
142. Tarun SZ, Sachs AB (1995): A common function for mRNA 5′ and 3′ ends in translation initiation in yeast. Genes Dev 9:2997-3007.
143. Taylor KD, Piko L (1992): Expression of ribosomal protein genes in mouse oocytes and early embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 31:182-188.
144. Varnum SM, Wormington WM (1990): Deadenylation of maternal mRNAs during Xenopus oocyte maturation does not require specific cis-sequences: a default mechanism for translational control. Genes Dev 4:2278-2286.
145. Varnum SM, Hurney CA, Wormington WM (1992): Maturation-specific deadenylation in Xenopus oocytes requires nuclear and cytoplasmic factors. Dev Biol 153:283-290.
146. Vassalli J-D, Huarte J, Belin D, Gubler P, Vassalli A, O'Connell ML, Parton LA, Rickles RJ, Strickland S (1989): Regulated polyadenylation controls mRNA translation during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. Genes Dev 3:2163-2171.
147. Wahle E (1995): 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1261:183-194.
148. Walden WE, Daniels-McQueen S, Brown PH, Gaffield L, Russell DA, Bielser D, Bailey LC, Thach RE (1988): Translational repression in eukaryotes: partial purification and characterization of a repressor of ferritin mRNA translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:9503-9507.
149. Webster PJ, Suen J, Macdonald PM (1994): Drosophila virilis oskar transgenes direct body patterning but not pole cell formation or maintenance of mRNA localization in D. melanogaster. Development 120:2027-2037.
150. Wharton RP, Struhl G (1991): RNA regulatory elements mediate control of Drosophila body pattern by the posterior morphogen nanos. Cell 67:955-967.
151. Wightman B, Burglin TR, Gatto J, Arasu P, Ruvkun G (1991): Negative regulatory sequences in the lin-14 3′-untranslated region are necessary to generate a temporal switch during Caenorhabditis elegans development. Genes Dev 5:1813-1824.
152. Wightman B, Ha I, Ruvkun G (1993): Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell 75:855-862.
153. Wilson PA, Melton DA (1994): Mesodermal patterning by an inducer gradient depends on secondary cell-cell communication. Curr Biol 4:676-686.
154. Winkler MM, Nelson EM, Lashbrook C, Hershey JWB (1985): Multiple levels of regulation of protein synthesis at fertilization in sea urchin eggs. Dev Biol 107:290-300.
155. Wilt FH (1973): Polyadenylation of maternal RNA of sea urchin eggs after fertilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:2345-2349.
156. Wormington WM (1988): Expression of ribosomal protein genes during Xenopus development. In Browder LW (ed): "Developmental Biology." New York: Plenum Publishing.
157. Wyatt JR, Tinoco I (1993): RNA structural elements. In Gesteland RF, Atkins JF (eds): "The RNA World." Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
158. Yochem J, Greenwald I (1989): glp-1 and lin-12, genes implicated in distinct cell-cell interactions in C. elegans, encode similar transmembrane proteins. Cell 58:553-563.
159. Zelus BD, Giebelhaus DH, Eib DW, Kenner KY, Moon RT (1989): Expression of the poly(A)-binding protein during development of Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol 9:2756-2760.