A new model of acute compressive spinal cord injury in vitro

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

Volumn 71, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 215-224

  Fehlings, Michael G ^a,b   Nashmi, Raad ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Axons; In vitro; Spinal cord injury model; Sucrose gap recording

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMYELINATION; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; HISTOLOGY; MICROELECTRODE; NERVE FIBER; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SPINAL CORD INJURY;

4-AMINOPYRIDINE; ACTION POTENTIALS; ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMALS; AXONS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; NERVE REGENERATION; RATS; RATS, WISTAR; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; SUCROSE;

EID: 0030939056     PISSN: 01650270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0270(96)00147-1     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. ++ exchanger, J. Neurosci., 16: 545-552.
2. Allen, A.R. (1911) Surgery of experimental lesions of spinal cord equivalent to crush injury of fracture dislocation. Preliminary report. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 57: 878-880.
3. Balentine, J.D. (1988) Spinal cord trauma: in search of the meaning of granular axoplasm and vesicular myelin, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 47: 77-92.
4. Balentine, J.D. and Paris, D.U. (1978) Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. II Ultrastructure of axons and myelin, Lab. Invest., 39: 254-266.
5. Balentine, J.D., Greene, W.B. and Bornstein, M. (1988) In vitro spinal cord trauma, Lab. Invest., 58: 93-99.
6. Banik, N.L., Powers, J.M. and Hogan, E.L. (1980) The effects of spinal cord trauma on myelin, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Pathol., 39: 232-244.
7. Bartholdi, D. and Schwab, M.E. (1995) Methylprednisolone inhibits early inflammatory processes but not ischemic cell death after experimental spinal cord lesion in the rat, Brain Res., 672: 177-186.
8. Black, J.A., Felts, P., Smith, K.J., Kocsis, J.D. and Waxman, S.G. (1991) Distribution of sodium channels in chronically demyelinated spinal cord axons: immuno-ultrastructural localization and electrophysiological observations, Brain Res., 544: 59-70.
9. Blight, A.R. (1983) Axonal physiology of chronic spinal cord injury in the cat: intracellular recording in vitro, Neuroscience, 10: 1471-1486.
10. Blight, A.R. (1989) Effect of 4-aminopyridine on axonal conduction-block in chronic spinal cord injury, Brain Res. Bull., 22: 47-52.
11. Blight, A.R. (1992) Macrophages and inflammatory damage in spinal cord injury, J. Neurotrauma, 9: S83-S91.
12. Blight, A.R. (1994) Effects of silica on the outcome from experimental spinal cord injury: implication of macrophages in secondary tissue damage, Neuroscience, 60: 263-273.
13. Bresnahan, J.C. (1978) An electron-microscopic analysis of axonal alterations following blunt contusion of the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto), J. Neurol. Sci., 37: 59-82.
14. Bresnahan, J.C., Beattie, M.S., Todd, F.D., III and Noyes, D.H. (1987) A behavioral and anatomical analysis of spinal cord injury produced by a feedback-controlled impaction device, Exp. Neurol., 95: 548-570.
15. Dolan, E.J. and Tator, C.H. (1979) A new method for testing the force of clips for aneurysms or experimental spinal cord compression, J. Neurosurg., 51: 229-233.
16. + channel mRNAs from different subfamilies, J. Neurosci., 12: 538-548.
17. Duhaime, A.-C. and Ross, D.T. (1990) Degeneration of hippocampal CA1 neurons following transient ischemia due to raised intracranial pressure: evidence for a temperature-dependent excitotoxic process, Brain Res., 512: 169-174.
18. Eng, D.L., Gordon, T.R., Kocsis, J.D. and Waxman, S.G. (1988) Development of 4-AP and TEA sensitivities in mammalian myelinated nerve fibers, J. Neurophysiol., 60: 2168-2179.
19. Eng, D.L., Gordon, T.R., Kocsis, J.D. and Waxman, S.G. (1990) Current-clamp analysis of a time-dependent rectification in rat optic nerve, J. Physiol., 421: 185-202.
20. Fehlings, M.G. and Tator, C.H. (1988) A review of models of acute experimental spinal cord injury. In L.S. Illis (Ed.), Spinal Cord Dysfunction: Assessment, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3-33.
21. Fehlings, M.G. and Agrawal, S. (1995) Role of sodium in the pathophysiology of secondary spinal cord injury, Spine, 20: 2187-2191.
22. Fehlings, M.G. and Nashmi, R. (1995) Assessment of axonal dysfunction in an in vitro model of acute compressive injury to adult rat spinal cord axons, Brain Res., 677: 291-299.
23. Fehlings, M.G. and Tator, C.H. (1995) The relationships among the severity of spinal cord injury, residual neurological function, axon counts, and counts of retrogradely labeled neurons after experimental spinal cord injury, Exp. Neurol., 132: 220-228.
24. Fehlings, M.G., Tator, C.H. and Linden, R.D. (1989) The relationships among the severity of spinal cord injury, motor and somatosensory evoked potentials and spinal cord blood flow, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 74: 241-259.
25. Foster, R.E., Connors, B.W. and Waxman, S.G. (1982) Rat optic nerve: electrophysiological, pharmacological and anatomical studies during development, Dev. Brain Res., 3: 371-386.
26. Freeman, L.W. and Wright, T.W. (1953) Experimental observations of concussion and contusion of the spinal cord, Ann. Surg., 137: 433-440.
27. Griffiths, I.R. and McCulloch, M.C. (1983) Nerve fibres in spinal cord impact injuries. Part 1. Changes in the myelin sheath during the initial 5 weeks, J. Neurol. Sci., 58: 335-349.
28. Huang, P.P. and Young, W. (1994) The effects of arterial blood gas values on lesion volumes in a graded rat spinal cord contusion model, J. Neurotrauma, 11: 547-562.
29. Kocsis, J.D. (1985) Aminopyridine-sensitivity of spinal cord white matter studied in vitro, Exp. Brain Res., 57: 620-624.
30. Kocsis, J.D., Waxman, S.G., Hildebrand, C. and Ruiz, J.A. (1982) Regenerating mammalian nerve fibres: changes in action potential waveform and firing characteristics following blockage of potassium conductance, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 217: 77-87.
31. Laurie, D.J. and Seeburg, P.H. (1994) Regional and developmental heterogeneity in splicing of the rat brain NMDAR1 mRNA, J. Neurosci., 14: 3180-3194.
32. Lee, M.R., Sakatani, K. and Young, W. (1993) Interaction of hypoxia and hypothermia on dorsal column conduction in adult rat spinal cord in vitro, Exp. Neural., 119: 140-145.
33. Otsuka, M. and Konishi, S. (1974) Electrophysiology of mammalian spinal cord in vitro, Nature, 252: 733-734.
34. Rivlin, A.S. and Tator, C.H. (1978) Effect of duration of acute spinal cord compression in a new acute cord injury model in the rat, Surg. Neural., 10: 39-43.
35. Rudin, D.O. and Eisenman, G. (1951) A method for dissection and electrical study in vitro of mammalian central nervous tissue, Science, 114: 300-302.
36. Rudin, D.O. and Eisenman, G. (1954) The action potential of spinal axons in vitro, J. Gen. Physiol., 37: 505-538.
37. Sakatani, K., Hassan, A.Z. and Chesler, M. (1991) GABA-sensitivity of dorsal column axons: an in vitro comparison between adult and neonatal rat spinal cords, Dev. Brain Res., 61: 139-142.
38. Stokes, B.T., Noyes, D.H. and Behrmann, D.L. (1992) An electromechanical spinal injury technique with dynamic sensitivity, J. Neurotrauma, 9: 187-195.
39. Stys, P.K., Waxman, S.G. and Ransom, B.R. (1992a) Effects of temperature on evoked electrical activity and anoxic injury in CNS white matter, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 12: 977-986.
40. ++ exchanger, J. Neurosci., 12: 430-439.
41. Tarlov, I.M. (1957) Spinal cord compression: mechanism of paralysis and treatment, Thomas, Springfield, IL.
42. Tator, C.H. (1972) Acute spinal cord injury in primates produced by an inflatable extradural cuff, Can. J. Surg., 16: 222-231.
43. Tator, C.H. and Fehlings, M.G. (1991) Review of the secondary theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms, J. Neurosurg., 75: 15-26.