Current and emerging strategies in the management of Parkinson's disease: A critical reappraisal

Saudi Medical Journal

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 115-126

  Deleu, Dirk ^a   Hanssens, Yolande ^a  

^a SULTAN QABOOS UNIVERSITY   (Oman)

Author keywords

amantadine; antimuscarinic drugs; apomorphine; bromocriptine; catechol o methyltransferase inhibitors; levodopa; lisuride; Parkinson's disease; pergolide; selegiline

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; APOMORPHINE; BIPERIDEN; BROMOCRIPTINE; CABERGOLINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ENZYME INHIBITOR; LAZABEMIDE; LEVODOPA; LISURIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ORPHENADRINE; PERGOLIDE; PROCYCLIDINE; ROPINIROLE; SELEGILINE; TERGURIDE; THREO 3,4 DIHYDROXYPHENYLSERINE; TRIHEXYPHENIDYL;

HUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; REVIEW; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 0030937753     PISSN: 03795284     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Asid Y. Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology. Lancet 1991; 337: 1321-1324.
2. Fahn S. Adverse effects of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. In: Calne DB, ed. Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. 1989; 385-409.
3. Koller WC, Silver DE, Lieberman A. An algorithm for the management of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1994; 44: S1-S52.
4. Koller WC, Hubble JP. Levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1990; 40: S40-47.
5. Contin M, Riva R, Martinelli P, et al. Increased dosage of carbidopa in parkinsonian patients on low carbidopa-levodopa regimen. Effect on levodopa availability. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989; 12: 75-81.
6. Parkes JD. Domperidone and Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986; 9: 517-532.
7. Pfeiffer R. Optimization of levodopa therapy. Neurology 1992; 42: 39-43.
8. Olanow CW. Oxidation reactions in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1990; 40: S32-39.
9. Melarned E. Initiation of levodopa therapy in parkinsonian patients should be delayed until the advanced stages of the disease. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 402-404.
10. Markham CH, Diamond SG. Evidence to support early levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1981; 31: 125-131,
11. Deleu D. Levodopa. Lancet 1992; 339: 189.
12. Pepe A, Dambrosia JM, Chase TN. Risk factors for motor response complications in L-dopa-treated parkinsonian patients. Adv Neurol 1993; 60: 698-702.
13. Cedarbaum JM, Gandy SE, McDowell FH. "Early" initiation of levodopa treatment does not promote the development of motor response fluctuations, dyskinesia, or dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991; 41: 622-629.
14. Fabbrini G, Mouradian MM, Juncos JL, et al. Motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: central pathophysiological mechanisms, Part 1. Ann Neurol 1988; 24; 366-371.
15. Caraceni T, Scigliano G, Musicco M. The occurrence of motor fluctuations in parkinsonian patients treated long term with levodopa: role of early treatment and disease progression. Neurology 1991; 41: 380-384.
16. Rodriguez M, Lera G, Vaamonde J, Luguin MR, Obeso JA. Motor response to apomorphine and levodopa in asymetric Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 562-566.
17. Juncos JL, Engber TM, Raisman R, et al. Continuous and intermittent levodopa differentially affect rotation induced by D-1 and D-2 dopamine agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 168: 291-298.
18. Diamond SG, Markham CH, Hoehn MM, McDowell FH, Muenter MD. Multi-center study of Parkinson mortality with early versus later dopa treatment. Ann Neurol 1987; 22: 8-12.
19. Mouradian MM, Heuser JJE, Baronti F, et al. Modification of central dopaminergic mechanisms by continuous levodopa therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1990; 27: 18-23.
20. Baronti F, Mouradian MM, Davis TL, et al. Continuous lisuride effects on central dopaminergic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 776-781.
21. Gancher ST, Nutt JG, Woodward WR. Peripheral pharmacokinetics of levodopa in untreated, stable and fluctuating parkinsonian patients. Neurology 1987; 37: 940-944.
22. Mouradian MM, Juncos JL, Fabbrini G, et al. Motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: central pathophysiological mechanisms, Part II. Ann Neurol 1988; 24; 371-372.
23. Deleu D. Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Clinical and pharmacokinetic comparison of oral and duodenal delivery of levodopa/carbidopa in patients with Parkinson's disease with a fluctuating response to levodopa. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 41: 453-458.
24. Evans MA, Triggs EJ, Broe GA, et al. Systemic availability of orally administered L-dopa in the elderly parkinsonian patient. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1980; 17: 215-221.
25. Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Hammerstad JP, et al. The "on-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: relation to levodopa absorption and transporter. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 483-488.
26. Juncos JL, Mouradian MM, Fabbrini G, Chase TN. Levodopa infusion therapy. In: Koller WC, Paulson G, eds. Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. New York: Marcel-Dekker, 1990: 185-201.
27. Kurth MC, Tetrad JW, Tanner JW, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of duodenal infusion of levodopa/carbidopa in Parkinson's disease patients with 'on-off fluctuations. Neurology 1993; 43: 1698-1703.
28. Koller WC, Pahwa R. Treating motor fluctuations with controlled-release levodopa preparations. Neurology 1994; 44: S23-28.
29. Deleu D, Jacques M, Michotte Y, Ebinger G. Controlled-release levodopa/carbidopa (CR-4) in parkinsonian patients with response fluctuations on standard levodopa treatment: clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. Neurology 1989; 39: S88-92.
30. Cooper DR, Marrel C, Testa B, et al. L-Dopa methyl ester: a candidate for chronic systemic delivery of L-dopa in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1984; 7: 89-98.
31. Steiger MJ, Stocchi F, Carta A, et al. The clinical efficacy of oral levodopa methyl ester solution in reversing afternoon "off periods in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1991; 14: 241-244.
32. Goetz CG. Dopaminergic agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1990; 40: S50-54.
33. Carlson MD, Kish PE, Ueda T. Glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles: competitive inhibition by bromocriptine. J Neurochem 1989; 53: 1889-1894.
34. Olanow C. Dopamine agonists in early Parkinson's disease. In: Stern B, Hurtig I, eds. The comprehensive management of Parkinson's disease. New York: PMA Publications, 1988; 89-100.
35. Rubinstein M, Gershanik O, Stefano FJE. Different roles of D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors involved in locomotor activity of supersensitive mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 148: 419-426.
36. Langtry HD, Clissold SP. Pergolide. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease. Drugs 1990; 39: 491-506.
37. Kurlan R, Miller C, Levy R, et al. Long-term experience with pergolide therapy of advanced parkinsonism. Neurology 1985; 35: 738-742.
38. Lichter D, Kurlan R, Miller C, et al. Does pergolide slow the progression of Parkinson's disease? A 7-year follow-up study. Neurology 1988; 38: S122.
39. Felten DL, Felten SY, Fuller RW, et al. Chronic dietary pergolide preserves nigrostriatal neuronal integrity in aged Fischer 344 rats. Neurobiol Aging 1992; 13: 339-351 .
40. Horowski R, Obeso J. Lisuride: a direct agonist in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In: Koller WC, Paulson GW, eds. Therapy of Parkinson's disease. New York: Marcel-Dekker, 1990; 269-330.
41. Frankel JP, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, et al. Subcutaneous apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 96-101.
42. Poewe W, Wagner M, Kleedorfer B. Subcutaneous apomorphine in fluctuating Parkinson's disease: long-term follow-up results in 22 patients. Mov Disord 1990; 5: S50.
43. Obeso JA, Grandas, F, Vaamonde J, Luquin MR, Martinez-Lage JM. Apomorphine infusion for motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1987; 1: 1376-1377.
44. Kleedorfer B, Turjanski N, Ryan R, et al. Intranasal apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991; 41: 761-762.
45. Hughes AJ, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Apomorphine test to predict dopaminergic responsiveness in parkinsonian syndromes. Lancet 1990; 336: 32-34.
46. Comella LL, Tanner CM. Anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In: Koller WC, Paulson GW, eds. Therapy of Parkinson's disease. New York: Marcell-Dekker, 1990; 123-141.
47. Olney JW, Price MT, Labruyere J, et al. Antiparkinsonian agents are phencyclidine agonists and N-methyl-aspartate antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1987; 142: 319-320.
48. Klockgether T, Turski L. NMDA antagonists potentiate antiparkinsonian actions of L-dopa in monoamine-depleted rats. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 539-546.
49. Kulisevsky J, Tolosa E. Amantadine in Parkinson's disease. In: Koller WC, Paulson GW, eds. Therapy of Parkinson's disease. New York: Marcell-Dekker, 1990: 143-160.
50. Deleu D, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. The effect of carbidopa and entacapone pretreatment on the L-dopa pharmacokinetics and metabolism of blood plasma and skeletal muscle in beagle dog: an in vivo microdialysis study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 273: 1323-1331.
51. Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Gancher ST, Merrick D. 3-O-methyldopa and the response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1987; 21: 584-588.
52. Cedarbaum JM, Kutt H, McDowell FH. Clinical significance of the relationship between O-methyldopa levels and levodopa intake. Neurology 1988; 21: 533-536.
53. Laihinen A, Rinne JO, Rinne UK, et al. [18F]-6-Fluorodopa PET scanning in Parkinson's disease after selective COMT inhibition with nitecapone (OR-462). Neurology 1992; 42: 199-203.
54. Roberts JW, Cora-Locatelli G, Bravi D, et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor tolcapone prolongs levodopa/carbidopa action in parkinsonian patients. Neurology 1994; 44: 2685-2688.
55. Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Beckner RM, et al. Effect of peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa in parkinsonian patients. Neurology 1994; 44: 913-919.
56. Olanow CW, Calne D. Does selegiline monotherapy in Parkinson's disease act by symptomatic or protective mechanisms? Neurology 1992; 42: S13-26.
57. Peterson IA, Jurio AV, Boulton AA. 2-Phenylethylamine: a modulator of catecholamine transmission in the melanin central nervous system. J Neurochem 1990; 55: 1827-1837.
58. Tatton WG, Greenwood CE. Rescue of dying neurons: a new action for deprenyl in MPTP parkinsonism. J Neurosci Res 1991; 30: 666-672.
59. The Parkinson Study Group. Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 32: 1364-1371.
60. The Parkinson Study Group. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 176-183.
61. Myllyta VV, Sotaniemi KA, Vuorinen JA. Selegiline as initial treatment in de novo parkinsonian patients. Neurology 1992; 42: 339-343.
62. Allain H, Cougnard J, Neukirch HC. Selegiline in de novo parkinsonian patients: the FSMT selegiline multicenter trial. Acta Neurol Scand 1991; 136: 73-78.
63. Schulzer M, Mak E, Calne DB. The antiparkinsonian efficacy of deprenyl derives from transient improvement that is likely to be symptomatic. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 795-798.
64. Ward CD. Does selegiline delay the progression of Parkinson's disease. A critical re-evaluation of the DATATOP study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 217-220.
65. Rinne JO. Nigral degeneration in Parkinson's disease in relation to clinical features. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1991; 316: 87-90.
66. Olanow CW, Hauser RA, Gauger L, et al. The effect of deprenyl and levodopa on the progression of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 771-777.
67. Lees AJ on behalf of the Parkinson's disease Research Group of the United Kingdom. Comparison of therapeutic effects and mortality data of levodopa and levodopa combined with selegiline in patients with early, mild Parkinson's disease. BMJ 1995; 311: 1602-1607.
68. Parkinson Study Group. A controlled trial of lazabemide (RO-19-6327) in untreated Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 350-356.
69. Bravi D, Mouradian MM, Roberts JW, et al. Wearing-off fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: contribution of postsynaptic mechanisms. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 27-31 .
70. Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Carter JH, Gancher ST. Effect of long-term therapy on the pharmacodynamics of levodopa. Relation to on-off phenomenon. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 1123-1130.
71. Nutt JG. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: review, observations, and speculations. Neurology 1990; 40: 340-345.
72. Boldry RC, Chase TN, Engber TM. Influence of previous exposure to L-dopa on the interaction between dizocilpine and dopamine D1 and D2 agonists in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 267: 1454-1459.
73. Price P, Parkes JD, Marsden CD. Tiapride in Parkinsons disease. Lancet 1978; 2: 1106.
74. Narabayashi H, Kondo T, Yokochi F, et al. Clinical effects of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine in cases of parkinsonism and pure akinesia. In: Yahr MD, Bergmann KJ, eds. Advances in Neurology, vol 45. New York: Raven Press, 1986; 593-602.
75. Friedman JH, Lannon MC. Clozapine in the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 1219-1221.
76. Meco G, Alessandria A, Bonifati V, Giustini P. Risperidone for hallucinations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients. Lancet 1994; 343: 1370-1371.