Epidemiology and prevention of pneumococcal infections

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 9-13

  McIntyre, Peter ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL AT WESTMEAD   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTEREMIA; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; IMMUNIZATION; INCIDENCE; OTITIS MEDIA; PNEUMONIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROLOGY; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION;

EID: 0030936656     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008480-199702000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. O'Dempsey TJD, McArdle TF, Lloyd-Evans N, Baldeh I, Lawrence BE, Secka O, Greenwood B: Pneumococcal disease among children in a rural area of West Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996,15:431-437. Very few data are available on the important area of the epidemiology of childhood pneumococcal disease in developing countries. The unique resources developed by the UK Medical Research Council in Gambia allow much better estimates of disease burden in this setting.
2. Torzillo P, Hanna J, Morey F, Gratten M, Dixon J, Erlich J: Invasive pneumococcal disease in central Australia. Med J Aust 1995, 162:182-186.
3. Davis CWC, McIntyre PB: Invasive pneumococcal disease in children 1981-92: a hospital-based study. J Pediatr Child Health 1995, 31:317-323.
4. Nohynek H, Eskola J, Kleemola M, Jelonen E, Saikku P, Leinonen M: Bacterial antibody assays in the diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995, 14:478-484. This paper summarizes previous work by these investigators on the use of serologic methods for diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia, with data from control subjects.
5. Nohynek H, Eskola J, Laine E, Halonen P, Ruutu P, Saikku P, Kleemola M, Leionen M: The causes of hospital-treated acute lower respiratory infection in children. Am J Dis Child 1991, 145:618-622.
6. Forgie IM, O'Neill KP, Lloyd-Evans N, Leinonen M, Campbell H, Whittle HC, Greenwood BM: Etiology of acute lower respiratory infections in Gambian children: II. Acute lower respiratory tract infection in children ages one to nine years presenting to hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991, 10:42-47.
7. Isaacman DJ, Zhang Y, Rydquist-White J, Wadowsky RM, Post JC, Ehrlich GD: Identification of a patient with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia and meningitis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mol Cell Probes 1995, 9:157-160.
8. Butler JC, Breiman RF, Lipman HB, Hofmann J, Facklam RR: Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumonias among preschool children in the United States, 1978-1994. J Infect Dis 1995, 171:885-889. This is the most comprehensive recent description of the prevalent serotypes from a large number of isolates from young children with bacteremia and otitis media.
9. Sniadack DH, Schwartz B, Lipman H, Bogaerts J, Butu JC, Dagan R, Echaniz-Aviles G, Lloyd-Evans N, Fenoll A, Zgirgis NI, et al.: Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia: geographic and temporal differences in serotype and serogroup distribution of sterile site pneumococcal isolates from children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995, 14:5-10. This is the most comprehensive summary available of the variation in serotypes throughout the world, with discussion of possible vaccine formulations.
10. Parkinson AJ, Davidson M, Fitzgerald MA, Bulkow LR, Parks DJ: Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumonias: Alaska 1986-1990. J Infect Dis 1994, 170:461-464.
11. Gratten M, Torzillo P, Morey F, Dixon J, Erlich J, Hagger J, Henrichsen J: Distribution of capsular types and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumonias Isolated from aborigines in Central Australia. J Clin Microbiol 1996, 34:338-341.
12. Schreiber JR, Jacobs MR: Antibiotic-resistant pneumococci. Ped Clin N Am 1995, 42:519-537. An excellent summary of current knowledge and issues in this area, not limited to an North American perspective.
13. Collignon PJ, Bell J: Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: the beginning of the end for many antibiotics? Med J Aust 1996, 164:64-67.
14. Breiman RF, Butler JC, Tenover FC, Elliot JA, Facklam RR: Emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal infections in the United States. JAMA 1994, 271:1831-1835.
15. Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Farley MM, Baughman WS, Facklam RR, Elliot JA, Deaver KA, Breiman RF: The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:481-486.
16. Dagan R , Yagupsky P, Goldbart A, Wasas A, Klugman K: Increasing prevalence of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal infections in children in southern Israel. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994, 13:782-786.
17. Aarson VA, Kristinsson KG, Sigurdsson JA, Stefansdottir G, Molstad S, Gudmundsson S: Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. BMJ 1996, 313:387-391. These authors used interesting methodology in a well-defined population in which there have been recent dramatic increases in penicillin resistance in pneumococci to show convincingly the link between excessive antibiotic use and resistance.
18. Jernigan DB, Cetron MS, Breiman RF: Minimising the impact of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonias (DRSP). JAMA 1996, 275:206-209. A concise summary of the scope of the problem of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci and appropriate measures for laboratory recognition and modifications of clinical practice.
19. Watson DA, Musher DM, Verhoef J: Pneumococcal virulence factors and host immune responses to them. Bur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995, 14:479-490. An excellent review of all aspects of the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection with special reference to pneumococcal vaccines and containing some new data from these authors that have not been published elsewhere.
20. Salazar JC, Londono U, Leibeler C, Trujillo J, Meier J, Giebink GS: Pneumococcal seroepidemiologic study of Colombian and Minnesota children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995, 14:1001-1003.
21. Furth SL, Neu AM, Case B, Lederman HM, Steinhoff M, Fives B: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children with chronic renal disease: a prospective study of antibody response and duration. J Pediatr 1996, 128:99-101.
22. King JC, Ink PE, Farleigh DI, Parks M, Smilie M, Madore D, Lichenstein R, Malinoski F: Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus and non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Inf Dis J 1996, 15:192-196.
23. Shahid NS, Steinhoff MC, Hoque SS, Begum T, Thompson C, Siber G: Serum, breast milk, and infant antibody after maternal immunisation with pneumococcal vaccine. Lancet 1995, 346:1252-1257. A pioneering study in the difficult area of maternal immunization, similar to the study of maternal Hib immunization in Gambia that was also published this year. The immunologic methods are elegant and there is a good deal of useful background data provided.
24. Siber GR: Pneumococcal disease: prospects for a new generation of vaccines. Science 1994, 265:1385-1387.
25. Kayhty H, Ahman H, Ronnberg P-R, Tillikianen R, Eskola J: Pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infants and children. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:1273-1278.
26. Leach A, Ceesay SJ, Banya WAS, Greenwood BM: Pilot trial of a pentavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide/protein conjugate vaccine in Gambian infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996, 15:333-339.
27. O'Brien KL, Steinhoff MC, Edwards K, Keyserling M, Thoms ML, Madore D: Immunologic priming of young children by pneumococccal glycoprotein conjugate, but not polysaccharide, vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996, 15:425-430.
28. Giebink GS, Meier JD, Quartey MK, Leibelar CL, Le CT: Immunogenicity and efficacy of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines against homologous and heterologous serotypes in the chinchilla otitis media model. J Infect Dis 1996, 173:119-127. This complicated study provides some much-needed data on the question of cross-protection provided against serotypes within serogroups. This is difficult to study in any other way than with an animal model, with which these authors have long experience.
29. Oagan R, Muallem R, Yagupsky P: Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci by Pneumococcal-OMPC conjugate vaccina [abstract]. ICAAC 1995, G2:158.
30. Takala A, Eskola J, Leininen M, Kaythy H, Nissinen A, Pekkanen E, Makela PH: Reduction in oropharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b in children immunised with a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 1991; 164:982-986.
31. Gaston MH, Verter JI, Woods G, Pagelow C, Kelleher J, Presbury G, Zarkowsky H, Vichinsky E, Iyer R, Lobel JS, et al.: Prophylaxis with oral penicillin in children with sickle cell anemia: a randomized controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:1593-1599.
32. Steele RW, Warrier R, Unkel PJ, Foch BJ, Howes RF, Shah S, Williams K, Moore S, Jue SJ: Colonisation with antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr 1996, 128:531-535.
33. Faletta JM, Woods GM, Verter JI, Buchanan GR, Pegelow CH, Iyer RV, Miller ST, Holbrook T, Kinney TR, Vichinsky E, et al.: Discontinuing penicillin prophylaxis in children with sickle cell anaemia Prophylactic Penicillin Study II. J Pediatr 1995, 127:685-690. An important multicenter, randomized, controlled trial addressing the issue of the duration of penicillin prophylaxis after the age of 5 years. Conclusions are limited by a low event rate, but this in itself argues against prophylaxis.
34. Boken DJ, Chartrand SA, Goering RV, Kruger R, Harrison CJ: Colonisation with penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a child-care center. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995, 14:879-884.
35. Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Harrison LE, et al.: A cluster of invasive pneumococcal disease in young children in child care. JAMA 1994, 271:695-697.