Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: Quantitative kinematics of a walking trot

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 200, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 753-765

  Reilly, Stephen M ^a   Delancey, Michael J ^a  

^a OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

caudifemoralis; functional morphology; kinematics; lizard; Sauria; Sceloporus clarkii; sprawling locomotion

Indexed keywords

AMPHIUMA MEANS; CAUDATA; LACERTILIA; MAMMALIA; SAURIA; SCELOPORUS CLARKII; SQUAMATA; TETRAPODA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0030933710     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200.4.753     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. ASHLEY-ROSS, M. A. ( 1994a). Hindlimb kinematics during terrestrial locomotion in a salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). J. exp. Biol. 193, 255-283.
2. ASHLEY-ROSS, M. A. (1994/9). Metamorphic and speed effects on hindlimb kinematics during terrestrial locomotion in the salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus. J. exp. Biol. 193, 285-305.
3. ASHLEY-ROSS, M. A. (1995). Patterns of hindlimb motor output during walking in the salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus, with comparisons to other tetrapods. J. Comp. Physiol. A 177, 273-285.
4. AVERY, R. A., MUELLER, C. F., SMITH, J. A. AND BOND, J. (1987). The movement patterns of lacertid lizards: speed, gait and pauses in Lacerta vivipara. J. Zool., Lond. 211, 47-63.
5. BAKKER, R. T. (1971). Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals. Evolution 25, 636-658.
6. BARCLAY, O. R. (1946). The mechanics of amphibian locomotion. J. exp. Biol. 23, 177-203.
7. BELS, V. L., THEYS, J., BENNET, M. R. AND LEGRAND, L. (1992). Biomechanical analysis of jumping in Anolis carolinensis (Reptilia: Iguanidae). Copeia 1992, 492-504.
8. BIEWENER, A. (1989). Mammalian terrestrial locomotion and size. Bioscience 39, 776-783.
9. BRINKMAN, D. (1980). Structural correlates of tarsal and metatarsal functioning in Iguana (Lacertilia: Iguanidae) and other lizards. Can. J. Zool. 58, 277-289.
10. BRINKMAN, D. (1981). The hindlimb step cycle of Iguana and primitive reptiles. J. Zool., Lond. 181, 91-103.
11. CHARIG, A. J. (1972). The evolution of the archosaur pelvis and hindlimb: an explanation in functional terms. In Studies in Vertebrate Evolution (ed. K. A. Joysey and T. S. Kemp), pp. 121-155. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
12. CRAIK, R. L. AND OATIS, C. A. (1995). (eds) Gait Analysis: Theory and Practice. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
13. DAAN, S. AND BELTERMAN, T. (1968). Lateral bending in locomotion of some lower tetrapods, I and II. Proc. Ned. Akad. Wetten. C 71, 245-266.
14. DODSON, P. (1974). Dinosaurs as dinosaurs. Evolution 28, 494-497.
15. EDWARDS, J. L. (1977). The evolution of terrestrial locomotion. In Major Patterns in Vertebrate Evolution (ed. M. K. Hecht, P. C. Goody and B. M. Hecht), pp. 553-576. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp.
16. EDWARDS, J. L. (1989). Two perspectives on the evolution of the tetrapod limb. Am. Zool. 29, 235-254.
17. GATESY, S. M. (1990). Caudifemoralis musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion. Paleobiology 16, 170-186.
18. GATESY, S. M. (1991). Hind limb movements of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and postural grades. J. Zool., Lond. 224, 577-588.
19. GRAY, J. (1968). Animal Locomotion. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
20. GREGORY, W. K. (1912). Notes on the principles of quadrupedal locomotion and on the mechanism of the limbs in hoofed animals. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 22, 267-294.
21. HILDEBRAND, M. (1976). Analysis of tetrapod gaits: general considerations and symmetrical gaits. In Neural Control of Locomotion (ed. R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P. S. G. Stein and D. G. Stuart), pp. 181-201. New York: Plenum Press.
22. HILDEBRAND, M. (1985). Walking and running. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (ed. M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake), pp. 38-57. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23. HILDEBRAND, M. (1989). The quadrupedal gaits of vertebrates. Bioscience 39, 766-775.
24. LANDSMEER, J. M. F. (1984). Morphology of the anterior limb in relation to sprawling gait in Varanus. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. 52, 27-45.
25. MILES, D. B. (1994). The covariance between morphology and locomotion in Sceloporine lizards. In Lizard Ecology: The Third Generation (ed. L. J. Vitt and E. R. Pianka), pp. 135-145. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
26. PARRISH, J. M. (1987). The origin of crocodilian locomotion. Paleobiology 13, 396-414.
27. PETERS, S. E. AND GOSLOW, G. E., JR (1983). From salamanders to mammals: continuity in musculoskeletal function during locomotion. Brain. Behav. Evol. 22, 191-197.
28. PETERSON, J. A. (1984). The locomotion of Chamaeleo with particular reference to the forelimb. J. Zool., Lond. 202, 1-42.
29. REILLY, S. M. (1995). Quantitative electromyography and muscle function of the hindlimb during quadrupedal running in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii. Zoology 98, 263-277.
30. REILLY, S. M. AND DELANCEY, M. L. (1997). Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: the effects of speed on gait, hindlimb kinematics, and axial bending during walking. J. Zool. Lond. (in press).
31. REWCASTLE, S. C. (1980). Form and function in lacertilian knee and mesotarsal joints: a contribution to the analysis of sprawling locomotion. J. Zool., Lond. 191, 147-170.
32. REWCASTLE, S. C. (1981). Stance and gait in tetrapods: an evolutionary scenario. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. 48, 239-267.
33. REWCASTLE, S. C. (1983). Fundamental adaptations in the lacertilian hindlimb: A partial analysis of the sprawling limb posture and gait. Copeia 1983, 476-487.
34. RITTER, D. (1992). Lateral bending during lizard locomotion. J. exp. Biol. 173, 1-10.
35. SCHAEFFER, B. (1941). The morphological and functional evolution of the tarsus in amphibians and reptiles. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 78, 395-472.
36. SNYDER, R. C. (1952). Quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion of lizards. Copeia 1952, 64-70.
37. SNYDER, R. C. (1954). Anatomy and function of the pelvic girdle and hindlimb in lizard locomotion. Am. J. Anat. 95, 1-41.
38. SUKHANOV, V. B. (1974). General System of Symmetrical Locomotion of Terrestrial Vertebrates and Some Features of Movement of Lower Tetrapods (translated by M. M. Hague). New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
39. UPDEGRAFF, G. (1990). Measurement TV: Video Analysis Software. San Clemente, CA: Data Crunch.
40. URBAN, E. K. (1965). Quantitative study of locomotion in Teiid lizards. Anim. Behav. 13, 513-529.
41. WHITE, T. D. AND ANDERSON, R. A. (1994). Locomotory patterns and costs as related to body size and form in teiid lizards. J. Zool., Lond. 233, 107-128.