Molecular forms of serum prostate-specific antigen: The clinical value of percent free prostate-specific antigen

Urologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 353-365

  Abrahamsson, P A ^a   Lilja, H ^a   Oesterling, J E ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 1 ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN; ALPHA 2 MACROGLOBULIN; EPITOPE; KALLIKREIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 3; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; SERINE PROTEINASE;

AGE; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPITOPE MAPPING; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; PROTEIN STABILITY; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SEMINAL PLASMA; SERUM;

EID: 0030933306     PISSN: 00940143     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70382-7     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. A.H. Agha E. Schechter J.B. Roy Prostate specific–antigen is metabolized in the liver J Urol 155 1996 1332
2. K. Akiyama T. Nakamura S. Iwanaga The chymotrypsin-like activity of human prostate–specific antigen, g-seminoprotein FEBS Lett 225 1987 168
3. C.G. Arcangeli D.L. Shephard D.S. Smith Correlation of percent free–PSA with pathologic features of prostatic carcinomas J Urol 155 1996 415A
4. C.H. Bangma R. Kranse B. Blijenberg The value of screening tests in the detection of prostate cancer. Part I: Results of a retrospective evaluation of 1726 men Urology 46 1995 773
5. C.H. Bangma R. Kranse B. Blijenberg The value of screening tests in the detection of prostate cancer. Part II: Retrospective analysis of free/total prostate-specific analysis ratio, age-specific reference ranges, and PSA density Urology 46 1995 779
6. C.H. Bangma R. Kranse B. Blijenberg The value of screening tests in the detection of prostate cancer: A simulation of the role of the F/T ratio, age specific reference ranges, and PSA density Urology 1996 in press
7. M.C. Benson I.S. Whang C.A. Olsson Prostate specific antigen density to enhance the predictive value of intermediate levels of serum prostate specific antigen J Urol 147 1992 817
8. G.D. Bianchi M. Maynard R.D. Williams Differentiation of prostatitis from prostate cancer using ratio of free to total PSA J Urol 155 1996 425A
9. A. Bjartell T. Björk M.T. Matikainen Production of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin by PSA-containing cells of the human prostate epithelium Urology 42 1993 502
10. T. Björk A. Bjartell P.A. Abrahamsson Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin production in PSA-producing cells is common in prostate cancer but rare in benign prostatic hyperplasia Urology 43 1994 427
11. M.K. Brawer M.H. Werner H.G. Rittenhouse Proportion of free form of PSA explains the majority of bias between the IMX (Abbott) and Tandem (Hybritech) PSA assays J Urol 155 1996 416A
12. H.B. Carter J.D. Pearson J. Metter Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease JAMA 267 1992 2215
13. W.J. Catalona J.W. Colberg D.S. Smith Measurement of percent free–PSA improves specificity for lower PSA cutoffs in prostate cancer screening J Urol 155 1996 422A
14. W.J. Catalona M.A. Hudson P.T. Scardino Selection of optimal prostate specific antigen cutoffs of early detection of prostate cancer: Receiver operating characteristic curves J Urol 152 1994 2037
15. W.J. Catalona J.P. Richie F.R. Ahmann Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: Results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men J Urol 151 1994 1283
16. W.J. Catalona J.P. Richie J.B. DeKernion Comparison of prostate specific antigen concentration versus prostate specific antigen density in the early detection of prostate cancer: Receiver operating characteristic curves J Urol 152 1994 2031
17. W.J. Catalona D.S. Smith T.L. Ratliff Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen-based screening JAMA 270 1993 948
18. W.J. Catalona D.S. Smith T.L. Ratliff Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer N Engl J Med 324 1991 1156
19. W.J. Catalona D.S. Smith R.L. Wolfert Evaluation of percentage of free serum prostate-specific antigen to improve specificity of prostate cancer screening JAMA 274 1995 1214
20. Y.-T. Chen A.A. Luderer R.P. Thiel Using proportions of free to total prostate-specific antigen, age and total prostate-specific antigen to predict the probability of prostate cancer Urology 47 1996 518
21. A. Christensson H. Lilja Complex formation between protein C inhibitor and prostate-specific antigen in vitro and in human semen Eur J Biochem 220 1994 45
22. A. Christensson T. Björk O. Nilsson Serum prostate-specific antigen complexed to alpha-1-antichymotrypsin as an indicator of prostate cancer J Urol 150 1993 100
23. A. Christensson C.-B. Laurell H. Lilja Enzymatic activity of prostate-specific antigen and its reactions with extracellular serine proteinase inhibitors Eur J Biochem 194 1990 755
24. G.N. Collins R. Napier-Hemy P.J. Martin Characteristics of free PSA activity in clinical urological practice J Urol 155 1996 412A
25. T. Demura N. Shinohara M. Tanaka Ratio of free and total prostate-specific antigen: A method of detecting prostate cancer in the cases with PSA levels of 10 ng/mL or lower J Urol 155 1996 368A
26. A.A. Elgamel F. Cornillie H. Van Poppel Free/total PSA ratio (F/T) as a single test for detection of significant T1c prostate cancer J Urol 155 1996 369A
27. P.H. Gann C.H. Hennekens M.J. Stampfer A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer JAMA 273 1995 289
28. S. Gershagen S. Schoen A.T.K. Cockett Characterization of the prostatic production of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and its implications on the regulation of prostate-specific antigen J Urol 151 1994 366A
29. M. Graefen P. Hammerer P. Henke Percentage of free PSA does not correlate with pathological outcome J Urol 155 1996 370A
30. W.H. Hendricks B.G. England D.A. Giacherio Free to total PSA ratio does not predict extraprostatic spread of prostatic adenocarcinoma J Urol 155 1996 369A
31. J.D. Herschman D.S. Smith W.J. Catalona Effect of ejaculation on free and total PSA levels J Urol 155 1996 423A
32. M.A. Hudson R.R. Bahnson W.J. Catalona Clinical use of prostate-specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer J Urol 142 1989 1011
33. J. Hugosson G. Aus S. Bergdahl Screening study for prostate cancer: Initial results Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 29 174 1995 23
34. S.J. Jacobsen H. Lilja G.G. Klee Comparability of the tandem-R and IMx assays for the measurement of serum prostate-specific antigen Urology 44 1994 512
35. S. Kamoshida Y. Tsutsumi Extraprostatic localization of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen: Distribution in cloacogenic glandular epithelium and sex-dependent expression in human anal gland Hum Pathol 21 1990 1108
36. G.G. Klee S.E. Lerner S.J. Jacobsen Predictive power of free:total PSA ratio is not superior to total PSA in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in the community setting J Urol 155 1996 371A
37. P.H. Lange C.J. Ercole D.J. Lightner The value of serum prostate specific antigen determinations before and after radical prostatectomy J Urol 141 1989 873
38. J. Leinonen T. Lövgren T. Vornanen Double-label time resolved immunofluorometric assay of prostate-specific antigen and its complex with alpha-1-antichymotrypsin Clin Chem 39 1993 2098
39. S.E. Lerner S.J. Jacobsen E.J. Bergstralh Free, complexed, and total serum PSA concentrations and their proportions in predicting stage, grade, and DNA ploidy in patients with prostate cancer (PC) J Urol 155 1996 416A
40. H. Lilja A kallikrein-like serine protease in prostatic fluid cleaves the predominant seminal vesicle protein J Clin Invest 76 1985 1899
41. H. Lilja Significance of different molecular forms of serum PSA: The free, noncomplexed form of PSA versus that complexed to alpha-1-antichymotrypsin Urol Clin North Am 20 1993 681
42. H. Lilja P.-A. Abrahamsson Three predominant proteins secreted by the human prostate gland Prostate 12 1988 29
43. H. Lilja P.-A. Abrahamsson Å. Lundwall Semenogelin, the predominant protein in human semen J Biol Chem 264 1989 1894
44. H. Lilja A. Christensson U. Dahlén Prostate-specific antigen in human serum occurs predominantly in complex with alpha-1-antichymotrypsin Clin Chem 37 1991 1618
45. H. Lilja J. Oldbring G. Rannevik C.-B. Laurell Seminal-vesicle secreted proteins and their reactions during gelation and liquefaction of human semen J Clin Invest 80 1987 281
46. J. Lövgren T. Piironen C. Övermo Production of recombinant PSA and hK2 and analysis of their immunologic cross-reactivity Biochem Biophys Res Commun 213 1995 888
47. A.A. Luderer Y.-T. Chen T.F. Soriano Measurement of the proportion of free to total prostate-specific antigen improves diagnostic performance of prostate-specific antigen in the diagnostic gray zone of total prostate-specific antigen Urology 46 1995 187
48. Å. Lundwall H. Lilja Molecular cloning of human prostate specific antigen cDNA FEBS Lett 214 1987 317
49. G.M. Marley K.P. Patton M.C. Miller Free/total prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum ratio predicts probability of cancer diagnosis in patients with elevated total PSA J Urol 155 1996 422A
50. R.T. McCormick H.G. Rittenhouse J.A. Finlay Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen and the kallikrein gene family: A new era Urology 45 1995 729
51. M.I. Miller A.E. Katz E. Ikeguchi Patient outcome when free:total (F:T) PSA, PSA density and PSA velocity are utilized to improve serum PSA specificity: A 5 year study J Urol 155 1996 369A
52. K. Mitrunen K. Pettersson T. Piironen A novel dual-label one-step immunoassay for simultaneous measurement of free and total PSA concentrations and ratios in serum Clin Chem 41 1995 1115
53. J.M. Monda M.J. Barry J.E. Oesterling Prostate specific antigen cannot distinguish stage T1a prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia J Urol 15 1994 1291
54. T.O. Morgan D.G. McLeod J.W. Moul Clinical use of free PSA to avoid repeat prostate biopsies in men with elevated total PSA J Urol 155 1996 370A
55. J.E. Oesterling Prostate-specific antigen: A critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate J Urol 145 1991 907
56. J.E. Oesterling C.G. Chute S.J. Jacobsen Longitudinal changes in serum PSA (PSA velocity) in a community-based cohort of men J Urol 149 1993 412A
57. J.E. Oesterling S.J. Jacobsen C.G. Chute Serum prostate specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men: Establishment of age-specific reference ranges JAMA 270 1993 860
58. J.E. Oesterling S.J. Jacobsen G.G. Klee Free, complexed, and total serum PSA: The establishment of appropriate reference ranges for their concentrations and ratios J Urol 154 1995 1090
59. J.E. Oesterling K.J. Wojno B. England A comparison of free to total PSA (F/T) ratio to total PSA for distinguishing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from prostate cancer (CaP) using the Abbott AxSYM system J Urol 155 1996 370A
60. L.D. Papsidero M. Kuriyama M.C. Wang Prostate antigen: A marker for human prostate epithelial cells J Natl Cancer Inst 48 1981 1229
61. A.W. Partin E.N.P. Subong K.A. Jones Free/total PSA does not improve the prediction of final pathological stage for men with localized prostate cancer J Urol 155 1996 415A
62. A.W. Partin E.N.P. Subong C.A. Kelley Prospective analysis of free PSA to total PSA ratio (PSAf/PSAt) for prostate cancer detection and the clearance rate of PSAf after radical prostatectomy J Urol 155 1996 416A
63. J.D. Pearson A.W. Partin D.W. Chan Serial measurement of serum total PSA, free PSA, and free/total PSA ratio in men with and without prostate disease J Urol 155 1996 606A
64. J.C. Petteway M.K. Brawer G.E. Meyer Comparison of two investigative assays for the free form of PSA J Urol 155 1996 371A
65. K. Pettersson T. Piironen M. Seppälä Free and complexed prostate-specific antigen (PSA): In vitro stability, epitope map, and development of immunofluorometric assays for specific and sensitive detection of free PSA and PSA alpha-1-antichymotrypsin complex Clin Chem 41 1995 1480
66. T. Piironen J. Lövgren M. Karp Immunofluorometric assay for sensitive and specific measurement of human prostatic glandular kallikrein (hK2) in serum Clin Chem 1996 in press
67. A.F. Prestigiacomo H. Lilja K. Pettersson A comparison of the “free” fraction of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) in men with benign and cancerous prostates J Urol 156 1995 350 354
68. A. Reissigl H. Klocker J. Pointer Improvement of prostate cancer (PCA) screening by determination of the ratio free/total (f/t) PSA in addition to PSA levels: A prospective study J Urol 155 1996 370A
69. T.D. Richardsson K.J. Wojno L.W. Liang Serum half life determination of free prostate specific antigen J Urol 155 1996 698A
70. P.H. Riegman R.J. Vlietstra L. Suurmeij Characterization of the human kallikrein locus Genomics 14 1992 6
71. A.I. Sagalowsky F.H. Wiams I. Jialal Ability of the ratio between free and total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and different PSA assays to predict ultimate histological diagnosis of prostate tissue J Urol 155 1996 420A
72. S. Saito C. Ozu K. Nakamura Screening of prostate cancer with free and total prostate specific antigen (PSA) ratio J Urol 155 1996 373A
73. J. Schaller K. Akiyama R. Tsuda Isolation, characterization and amino-acid sequence of gamma-seminoprotein, a glycoprotein from human seminal plasma Eur J Biochem 170 1987 111
74. L.J. Schedlich B. Bennetts B.J. Morris Primary structure of a human glandular kallikrein gene DNA 6 1987 429
75. E. Seaman M. Whang C.A. Olsson PSA density (PSAD). Role in patient evaluation and management Urol Clin North Am 20 1993 653
76. A. Semjonow F. Oberpenning B. Brandt Influence of the free PSA fraction of the measurement of 7 different assays for total PSA J Urol 155 1996 420A
77. A. Semjonow F. Oberpenning W. Surdel Prostate-specific antigen and radical prostatectomy: Variation after manipulation of the prostate and consecutive elimination half-life of free and total PSA J Urol 155 1996 697A
78. D.S. Smith W.J. Catalona Rate of change in serum prostate specific antigen levels as a method for prostate cancer detection J Urol 152 1994 1163
79. D.S. Smith W.J. Catalona A.D. Bullock Operating characteristics of prostate cancer screening tests in African-American and white men J Urol 155 1996 376A
80. D.S. Smith W.J. Catalona D.W. Keetch Comparison of percent free-PSA and PSA density as methods to enhance the specificity of PSA screening J Urol 155 1996 422A
81. T.A. Stamey N. Yang A.R. Hay Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate N Engl J Med 317 1987 909
82. U.H. Stenman M. Hakama P. Knekt Serum concentrations of prostate specific antigen and its complex with alpha-1-antichymotrypsin before diagnosis of prostate cancer Lancet 344 1994 1594
83. U.H. Stenman J. Leinonen H. Alfthan A complex between prostate-specific antigen and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin is the major form of prostate-specific antigen in serum of patients with prostatic cancer: assay of the complex improves clinical sensitivity for cancer Cancer Res 51 1991 222
84. M.-B. Tchetgen J.T. Song M. Strawderman Ejaculation increases the serum prostate-specific antigen concentration Urology 47 1996 511
85. Vashi AR, Wojno KJ, Vessella RL, et al: Determination of the “reflex range” and appropriate cutpoints for percent free-PSA in 413 men referred for prostatic evaluation using the AxSYM system. Urology, in press
86. K. Watt P.-J. Lee T. M'Timkulu Human prostate-specific antigen: Structural and functional similarity with serine proteases Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83 1986 3166
87. J.J. Yan D.E. Coplen J.A. Petros Effects of rectal examination, prostatic massage, ultrasonography, and needle biopsy on serum prostate-specific antigen levels J Urol 147 1992 810
88. C.M. Yemoto R. Nolley A.F. Prestigiacomo Free (f) and Total (t) PSA density in patients with prostate cancer (CaP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) J Urol 155 1996 374A
89. C.Y. Young P.E. Andrews D.J. Tindall Expression and androgenic regulation of human prostate-specific kallikreins J Androl 16 1995 97
90. H. Yu Oral contraceptive-induced expression of prostate specific antigen in the female breast J Biol Chem 270 1995 6615