The politics of the forest in colonial Malaya

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-29

  Harper, T N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIAL PERIOD; ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS; FOREST PEOPLE; INDIGENOUS PEOPLE;

EID: 0030931941     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00016917     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. For an introduction to the Orang Asli see P. D. R. Williams-Hunt, An Introduction to the Malayan Aborigines (Kuala Lumpur 1952) and Iskander Carey, The Orang Asli: The Aboriginal Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur, 1976).
2. For an introduction to the Orang Asli see P. D. R. Williams-Hunt, An Introduction to the Malayan Aborigines (Kuala Lumpur 1952) and Iskander Carey, The Orang Asli: The Aboriginal Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur, 1976).
3. R. O. D. Noone, 'Notes on the trade in blowpipes and blowpipe bamboo in north Malaya', Federation Museums Journal, n.s. I (1954-55), pp. 1 -18; K. M. Endicott, 'Brief report on the Semaq Beri of Pahang', FMJ, n.s. XX (1975), pp. 1-23.
4. R. O. D. Noone, 'Notes on the trade in blowpipes and blowpipe bamboo in north Malaya', Federation Museums Journal, n.s. I (1954-55), pp. 1 -18; K. M. Endicott, 'Brief report on the Semaq Beri of Pahang', FMJ, n.s. XX (1975), pp. 1-23.
5. Discussed in F. L. Dunn, Rain-forest Collectors and Traders: A Study of Resource Utilization in Modern and Ancient Malaya (Monographs of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 5, Kuala Lumpur, 1975), pp. 114-16; John D. Leary, Orang Asli contacts with the Malays, Portuguese and Dutch in peninsular Malaya from 1400-1700', Asian Studies Review, 18, 2 (1994), pp. 89-104.
6. Discussed in F. L. Dunn, Rain-forest Collectors and Traders: A Study of Resource Utilization in Modern and Ancient Malaya (Monographs of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 5, Kuala Lumpur, 1975), pp. 114-16; John D. Leary, Orang Asli contacts with the Malays, Portuguese and Dutch in peninsular Malaya from 1400-1700', Asian Studies Review, 18, 2 (1994), pp. 89-104.
7. B. W. Andaya and L. Y. Andaya, A History of Malaysia (London, 1982), pp. 80-113.
8. L. R. Logan, 'Five days in Naning, with a walk to the foot of Gunong Datu in Rambau', Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, III (1849), p. 24.
9. For example, W. E. Maxwell, 'The aboriginal tribes of Perak', Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, IV (1879), pp. 46-50.
10. M.-A. Couillard, 'The Malays and the "Sakai": some comments on their social relations in the Malay peninsula', Kajian Malaysia, II (1984), pp. 81-108; N. Dodge, 'The Malay-aborigine nexus under Malay rule', Bijdragen Tot de Taal- land- en Volkenkunde, 137, 1 (1981), pp. 1-16.
11. M.-A. Couillard, 'The Malays and the "Sakai": some comments on their social relations in the Malay peninsula', Kajian Malaysia, II (1984), pp. 81-108; N. Dodge, 'The Malay-aborigine nexus under Malay rule', Bijdragen Tot de Taal- land- en Volkenkunde, 137, 1 (1981), pp. 1-16.
12. Kirk M. Endicott, 'The effects of the slave raiding on the aborigines of the Malay peninsula', in Anthony Reid (ed.), Slavery, Bondage and Dependency in Southeast Asia (Brisbane, 1983), pp. 216-45.
13. For a discussion of Temiar country see, G. Benjamin, 'Headmanship and leadership in Temiar society', Federation Museums Journal, n.s. XIII (1969), pp. 1-43.
14. P. Favre, 'An account of the wild tribes inhabiting the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra and a few neighbouring islands', JIA & EA, II (1848), pp. 254-5.
15. N. Von Mikhulo-Maclay, 'Ethnographical excursions in the Malay peninsula-November 1874 to October 1875', JSBRAS, II (1878), p. 215 - emphasis in original.
16. Sir Frank Swettenham, cited in B. W. Andaya and L. Y. Andaya, A History of Malaysia, p. 207.
17. R. G. Cant, An Historical Geography of Pahang (Kuala Lumpur, 1972), p. 100, 29.
18. Cheng Siok Hwa, 'The rice industry in Malaya: an historical survey', Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, XLII, 2 (1969), pp. 130-44.
19. Enclosures on Sel/Sec/0443/1900; file series from Arkib Negara Malaysia.
20. Minutes on Sel.Sec/2852/1895.
21. D. O. Kuala Lumpur, minute 27.11.1901, Sel.Sec/6580/01.
22. State Forest Officer to Director of Forests, 8.7.1931, DF/500/31; A.D.O. Gopeng to D.O. Kinta, Perak FO/171/22.
23. State Forest Officer Selangor to Directory of Forestry, 16.3.1936, DF/200/36.
24. High Commissioner, minute, 5.7.1941, ibid.
25. C. J. Windsor to Commissioner for the Wild Animal Protection Committee, 26.2.1931, DO Pekan/250/31.
26. Minutes on Perak FO/256/27.
27. 'Shifting cultivation in Tapah Hills Reserve', 1.5.1939, DF/259/39.
28. G. L. Carson, 'A brief investigation into the ladang workings of the Sakai in Sungei Kinta Catchment area, Kinta Hills Forest Reserve', 1.5.1939, DF/259/39.
29. Discussed in Benjamin, 'Headmanship and leadership', pp. 25-7.
30. State Forest Officer Perak, 15.7.1946, DF/259/39.
31. For an account of the Methodists see, Nathalie and Paul B. Means, And the Seed Grew (Singapore, 1981).
32. C. L. R., 'Propaganda amongst aboriginals', 21.5.1938, DF/328/37.
33. H. D. Noone, minute, 31.8.1938, ibid.
34. 'Report upon application for agricultural land - Kassim bin Lompat'; 'Minutes of the 160th meeting of the State Council Pahang, 15.9.1937'; D.O. Pekan to British Resident Pahang, 26.4.1939, British Resident Pahang/829/39.
35. 'Report upon application for agricultural land - Kassim bin Lompat'; 'Minutes of the 160th meeting of the State Council Pahang, 15.9.1937'; D.O. Pekan to British Resident Pahang, 26.4.1939, British Resident Pahang/829/39.
36. 'Forest Department Weekly Situation Report for week ending 20. 10.1945', BMA/DEPT/11/3.
37. A. J. Loch, minute, 4.6.1938, Malayan Union/4949/47.
38. For example in Bukit Cheraka reserve in Selangor, 'Forest Department-Weekly Situation Report' week ending 13.10.1945, BMA/DEPT/11/3.
39. D. O. Kuala Kangsar, minute, 3.2. 1948, PK.SEC/2777/47.
40. A. D.O. Kuala Kangsar, 'Census of Sakai', 29.11.1947, KKLO/77/47.
41. Enclosure in RC.SEL/677/46.
42. Frazer and Neave, soft drinks company, experimented with orang asli bottle protectors, D. A. Maby, 'Rehabilitation of Sakai', 3.5.1946, DO Larut/239/46.
43. Protector of Aborigines to D.O. Kajang, 5.4.1946, RC.SEL/677/46.
44. 'The population census problem', Utusan Melayu, 5.12.1946.
45. Protector of Aborigines to D.O. Kajang, 5.4.1946, RC.SEL/677/46.
46. Diary of D. Speldewinde, 5.7.1948, DF/375/46.
47. G. C. Dodwell, 'Aboriginal tribes in Tanjong Malim Sub-district', 20.12.1948, Dodwell papers, RHO.
48. State Forest Officer, Perak, 28.10.1941, DF/57/40.
49. Minute, 7.6.1946; D.O. Kuala Kangsar, minute, 13.10.1947, in KKLO/112/47.
50. Richard Noone, Rape of the Dream People, (London, 1972), pp. 150-5.
51. G. C. Dodwell, 'Aboriginal tribes in Tanjong Malim Sub-district', 20.12.1948, Dodwell papers, Rhodes House, Oxford.
52. Diary of D. Speldewinde, 24.11.1947, DF/375/46.
53. Zainal Adibin bin Haji Abas to Deputy Chief Secretary, 6.4.1948; A.D.O. Selama, minute, May, 1948, DOL/789/48.
54. Described in Denis Holman, Noone of the Ulu; Richard Noone, Rape of the Dream People.
55. Described in Denis Holman, Noone of the Ulu; Richard Noone, Rape of the Dream People.
56. Pamela Gouldsbury, Jungle Nurse (London, 1960), pp. 138-9.
57. Malay Mail, 22.8.1949.
58. 'Massacre at Ulu Kenyor', Pernloi Gah: Orang Asli news, 1 (December 1990).
59. John Leary, The Importance of the Orang Asli in the Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960 (Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash, Working Paper No. 56, 1989), pp. 17-20; Alun Jones, 'The orang asli: an outline of their progress in modern Malaya', Journal of Southeast Asian History, IX (1968), p. 301.
60. John Leary, The Importance of the Orang Asli in the Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960 (Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash, Working Paper No. 56, 1989), pp. 17-20; Alun Jones, 'The orang asli: an outline of their progress in modern Malaya', Journal of Southeast Asian History, IX (1968), p. 301.
61. Daily Worker, 28.4.1952.
62. For the ambiguities of this situation, see Gouldsbury, Jungle Nurse, pp. 51-4.
63. Leary, The Importance of the Orang Asli, p. 8.
64. Straits Times, 1.8.1954.
65. 'Statement taken by Major P. D. R. Williams-Hunt . . . at Paya Senayan, Lipat Kajang Mukim, Temerloh District, Pahang from Batin MAT headman of a Semaq Semang community . . . and from TAN, another of the same group at the same place', DO Temerloh/92/50.
66. Noone, Rape of the Dream People, pp. 150-5.
67. MRSA, July 1954, CO 1030/7, Public Record Office, London.
68. Williams-Hunt to del Tufo, n.d., FS./12072/50.
69. Raja Ayoub, 'Note', 28.4.1950, FS/12665/50.
70. Karim bin Alang Segar and Zainal bin Abdul Rahman, 'Report of a survey of aborigines groups in Trengganu - June 1956', DO Kuantan/458/52; R. O. D. Noone to State Secretary Trengganu, 25.7.1956. For an account of a similar survey in Kelantan see John Slimming, Temiar Jungle: A Malayan Journey (London, 1958).
71. Karim bin Alang Segar and Zainal bin Abdul Rahman, 'Report of a survey of aborigines groups in Trengganu - June 1956', DO Kuantan/458/52; R. O. D. Noone to State Secretary Trengganu, 25.7.1956. For an account of a similar survey in Kelantan see John Slimming, Temiar Jungle: A Malayan Journey (London, 1958).
72. Karim bin Alang Segar and Zainal bin Abdul Rahman, 'Report of a survey of aborigines groups in Trengganu - June 1956', DO Kuantan/458/52; R. O. D. Noone to State Secretary Trengganu, 25.7.1956. For an account of a similar survey in Kelantan see John Slimming, Temiar Jungle: A Malayan Journey (London, 1958).
73. Alias bin Muda to Advisor on Aborigines, 9.1.1956; H. F. Biles to State Secretary Pahang, 24.1.1956, DO Kuantan/458/52; Singapore Standard, 16.10.1956.
74. Alias bin Muda to Advisor on Aborigines, 9.1.1956; H. F. Biles to State Secretary Pahang, 24.1.1956, DO Kuantan/458/52; Singapore Standard, 16.10.1956.
75. Straits Times, 30.3.1954.
76. The development of these administrative practices is well-described in Anthony R. Walker, 'In mountain and ulu: a comparative history of development strategies for ethnic minority peoples in Thailand and Malaysia', Contemporary Southeast Asia, IV,4 (1983), 451-85.
77. Duties of Capt. E. G. Edney Hayter - Protector of Aborigines', copy in DO Temerloh/365/49.
78. P. D. R. Williams-Hunt, 'Anthropology from the air', Man, LXIII, (1949), pp. 49-51; Straits Times, 22.4.1953.
79. P. D. R. Williams-Hunt, 'Anthropology from the air', Man, LXIII, (1949), pp. 49-51; Straits Times, 22.4.1953.
80. See P. D. R. Williams-Hunt, An Introduction to the Malayan Aborigines.
81. Straits Times, 9.4.1953.
82. Jones, 'The orang asli', pp. 297-301; Gordon P. Means, 'The orang asli: aboriginal policies in Malaya', Pacific Affairs, XXXVIII, 4 (1985), pp. 644-5; Dr Ivan Polunin, reported in Straits Times, 13.10.1950.
83. Jones, 'The orang asli', pp. 297-301; Gordon P. Means, 'The orang asli: aboriginal policies in Malaya', Pacific Affairs, XXXVIII, 4 (1985), pp. 644-5; Dr Ivan Polunin, reported in Straits Times, 13.10.1950.
84. Jones, 'The orang asli', pp. 297-301; Gordon P. Means, 'The orang asli: aboriginal policies in Malaya', Pacific Affairs, XXXVIII, 4 (1985), pp. 644-5; Dr Ivan Polunin, reported in Straits Times, 13.10.1950.
85. Straits Times, 11.1.1957.
86. Miller, Jungle War in Malaya, pp. 151-3.
87. Straits Times, 15.9.1954; 13.11.1953;
88. Noone, Rape of the Dream People, p. 181; Department of the Adviser of Aborigines, Circular Memorandum No. 14, 'Clothing and the aborigines', Sel Sec/1411/50.
89. Malay Mail, 12.3.1954.
90. Suggested policy for aboriginal advancement: 1. Arts and crafts', FS/12354/50.
91. Malay Mail, 15.2.1950.
92. Williams-Hunt to Deputy Chief Secretary, 1.3.1950, FS/12354/50.
93. Suggested policies for aboriginal advancement: 1. Arts and crafts', ibid.
94. Department of the Adviser of Aborigines, Circular Memorandum No. 15, 'Some notes on a suggested policy for aboriginal advancement', September 1950, Sel Sec/ 1411/50.
95. Confidential memo from Advisor on Aborigines, Federation of Malaya: Aboriginal policy', FS/12663/50.
96. Williams-Hunt to Deputy Chief Secretary, 13.10.1950, FS/12354/50.
97. Straits Times, 2.11.1953; Malay Mail, 6.11.1953; John Blacking, 'Aborigines must be set free from Reds', Malay Mail, 2.11.1953.
98. Straits Times, 2.11.1953; Malay Mail, 6.11.1953; John Blacking, 'Aborigines must be set free from Reds', Malay Mail, 2.11.1953.
99. Straits Times, 2.11.1953; Malay Mail, 6.11.1953; John Blacking, 'Aborigines must be set free from Reds', Malay Mail, 2.11.1953.
100. 'Department of Aborigines - Suggested long term policy towards the aborigines', 29.10.1955, DF/787/54.
101. Malay Mail, 27.1.1954.
102. Straits Times, 28.1.1954.
103. P.A.S.(B) to Williams-Hunt, 6.6.1950, FS/12865/50.
104. E. J. Shrubshall to State Forest Officer, Pahang, 18.1.1955, DF/787/54.
105. Precis (Executive Council, 12.1.1955): Aboriginal Reserve at Langkap', ibid.
106. R. O. D. Noone, 'A note on the conflict of interest between the Forestry Department and the Department of Aborigines as exemplified by the Forest Enactment Cap. 153 and the Aboriginal Peoples Ordinance Cap. 3/1954', 24.3.1956, ibid.
107. Colin Marshall to State Secretary, Perak, 23.10.1956, ibid.
108. Rights in the Forest Reserves of Sakais'; State Forest Officer, Perak to Protector of Aborigines, Perak, 28.1.1956; 21.2.1956, ibid.
109. Colin Marshall, 'Perak State Aborigines Advisory Board - Comments on memorandum by the Protector of Aborigines', 1.4.1957, ibid.
110. A. Hiley, minute, 24.4.1956; D.O. Batang Padang, minute, 25.7.1956; R. C. Corfield, 'Aborigine cultivation in forest reserves', 28.3.1957; Colin Marshall, 'Uncontrolled aboriginal cultivation in forests reserve', 20.4.1957; Colin Marshall, minute, 17.6.1956, ibid.
111. A. Hiley, minute, 24.4.1956; D.O. Batang Padang, minute, 25.7.1956; R. C. Corfield, 'Aborigine cultivation in forest reserves', 28.3.1957; Colin Marshall, 'Uncontrolled aboriginal cultivation in forests reserve', 20.4.1957; Colin Marshall, minute, 17.6.1956, ibid.
112. A. Hiley, minute, 24.4.1956; D.O. Batang Padang, minute, 25.7.1956; R. C. Corfield, 'Aborigine cultivation in forest reserves', 28.3.1957; Colin Marshall, 'Uncontrolled aboriginal cultivation in forests reserve', 20.4.1957; Colin Marshall, minute, 17.6.1956, ibid.
113. A. Hiley, minute, 24.4.1956; D.O. Batang Padang, minute, 25.7.1956; R. C. Corfield, 'Aborigine cultivation in forest reserves', 28.3.1957; Colin Marshall, 'Uncontrolled aboriginal cultivation in forests reserve', 20.4.1957; Colin Marshall, minute, 17.6.1956, ibid.
114. A. Hiley, minute, 24.4.1956; D.O. Batang Padang, minute, 25.7.1956; R. C. Corfield, 'Aborigine cultivation in forest reserves', 28.3.1957; Colin Marshall, 'Uncontrolled aboriginal cultivation in forests reserve', 20.4.1957; Colin Marshall, minute, 17.6.1956, ibid.
115. F. S. Walker to Director of Forestry, 29.6.1956, ibid.
116. G. L. Carson, 'A brief investigation into the ladang workings of the sakai in Sungei Kinta Catchment Area, Kinta Hills F.R.', 24.7.1938, DF/351/38, ANM.
117. 'Comments by the Acting Director of Forestry of paper ref. 6/54/38 by the Department of Aborigines on the conflict of interests between the two Departments', 7.7.1956, DF/787/54.
118. D. S. P. Noakes, Director of Forestry, 'Memorandum', 14.5.1957, ibid.
119. State Forest Officer, Negri Sembilan and Malacca to Director of Forests, 5.8.1955; E. J. Shrubshall to State Forest Officer, Negri Sembilan and Malacca, 26.11.1954, ibid.
120. 'White Squatter' by 'Amynedd', Malay Mail, 12.3.1949.
121. State Secretary, Selangor, 'Appointment of Sakai headmen', 1.6.1950; Mubin Sheppard to State Secretary, 14.12.1949 and Williams-Hunt's reply, 16.1.1950; 'A note on the recognition and appointment of headmen for aboriginal ethnic groups and communities', July 1950, Sel Sec/2907/49.
122. State Secretary, Selangor, 'Appointment of Sakai headmen', 1.6.1950; Mubin Sheppard to State Secretary, 14.12.1949 and Williams-Hunt's reply, 16.1.1950; 'A note on the recognition and appointment of headmen for aboriginal ethnic groups and communities', July 1950, Sel Sec/2907/49.
123. State Secretary, Selangor, 'Appointment of Sakai headmen', 1.6.1950; Mubin Sheppard to State Secretary, 14.12.1949 and Williams-Hunt's reply, 16.1.1950; 'A note on the recognition and appointment of headmen for aboriginal ethnic groups and communities', July 1950, Sel Sec/2907/49.
124. Singapore Standard, 18.9.1954.
125. Malay Mail, 21.7.1953; 21.7.1956.
126. Singapore Standard, 13.12.1957.
127. Straits Times, 14.7.1957.
128. Straits Times, 22.8.1956; Malay Mail, 11.12.1956.
129. Straits Times, 22.8.1956; Malay Mail, 11.12.1956.
130. J. Redwood to State Secretary, Selangor, 19.7.1952, Sel Sec/2597/51.
131. 'Notes of the nineteenth meeting of the Chief Secretary's Coordinating Committee of representatives of churches, missionary bodies, and voluntary organizations held on 6.8.1954'; 'Twentieth meeting of the Chief Secretary's Co-ordinating Committee . . . . 8.10.1954', BA Pahang/29/52/Part I.
132. Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli, Statement of Policy regarding the administration of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, (Kuala Lumpur, 1961). For the ambiguities of these policy pronouncements, which still stand today, see Alun Jones, 'The Orang Asli: an outline of their progress in modern Malaya', Journal of Southeast Asian History, IX (1968), pp. 301-5; Gordon P. Means, 'The Orang Asli: aboriginal policies in Malaysia', Pacific Affairs, XXXVIII, 4 (1985), pp. 637-52; Susan McKellan, 'Orang Asli: an analysis of state penetration and development plans on aboriginal peoples of West Malaysia', Review of Indonesian and Malayan Studies, XIX, 2 (1985), pp. 80-112; and from a legal aspect, M. B. Hooker, 'The Orang Asli and the laws of Malaysia: with special reference to land', unpublished paper, Simposium Ketiga, Mengenai Kehidupan Sosial dan Pembangunan Masyarakat Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1990.
133. Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli, Statement of Policy regarding the administration of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, (Kuala Lumpur, 1961). For the ambiguities of these policy pronouncements, which still stand today, see Alun Jones, 'The Orang Asli: an outline of their progress in modern Malaya', Journal of Southeast Asian History, IX (1968), pp. 301-5; Gordon P. Means, 'The Orang Asli: aboriginal policies in Malaysia', Pacific Affairs, XXXVIII, 4 (1985), pp. 637-52; Susan McKellan, 'Orang Asli: an analysis of state penetration and development plans on aboriginal peoples of West Malaysia', Review of Indonesian and Malayan Studies, XIX, 2 (1985), pp. 80-112; and from a legal aspect, M. B. Hooker, 'The Orang Asli and the laws of Malaysia: with special reference to land', unpublished paper, Simposium Ketiga, Mengenai Kehidupan Sosial dan Pembangunan Masyarakat Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1990.
134. Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli, Statement of Policy regarding the administration of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, (Kuala Lumpur, 1961). For the ambiguities of these policy pronouncements, which still stand today, see Alun Jones, 'The Orang Asli: an outline of their progress in modern Malaya', Journal of Southeast Asian History, IX (1968), pp. 301-5; Gordon P. Means, 'The Orang Asli: aboriginal policies in Malaysia', Pacific Affairs, XXXVIII, 4 (1985), pp. 637-52; Susan McKellan, 'Orang Asli: an analysis of state penetration and development plans on aboriginal peoples of West Malaysia', Review of Indonesian and Malayan Studies, XIX, 2 (1985), pp. 80-112; and from a legal aspect, M. B. Hooker, 'The Orang Asli and the laws of Malaysia: with special reference to land', unpublished paper, Simposium Ketiga, Mengenai Kehidupan Sosial dan Pembangunan Masyarakat Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1990.
135. Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli, Statement of Policy regarding the administration of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, (Kuala Lumpur, 1961). For the ambiguities of these policy pronouncements, which still stand today, see Alun Jones, 'The Orang Asli: an outline of their progress in modern Malaya', Journal of Southeast Asian History, IX (1968), pp. 301-5; Gordon P. Means, 'The Orang Asli: aboriginal policies in Malaysia', Pacific Affairs, XXXVIII, 4 (1985), pp. 637-52; Susan McKellan, 'Orang Asli: an analysis of state penetration and development plans on aboriginal peoples of West Malaysia', Review of Indonesian and Malayan Studies, XIX, 2 (1985), pp. 80-112; and from a legal aspect, M. B. Hooker, 'The Orang Asli and the laws of Malaysia: with special reference to land', unpublished paper, Simposium Ketiga, Mengenai Kehidupan Sosial dan Pembangunan Masyarakat Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1990.
136. Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli, Statement of Policy regarding the administration of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, (Kuala Lumpur, 1961). For the ambiguities of these policy pronouncements, which still stand today, see Alun Jones, 'The Orang Asli: an outline of their progress in modern Malaya', Journal of Southeast Asian History, IX (1968), pp. 301-5; Gordon P. Means, 'The Orang Asli: aboriginal policies in Malaysia', Pacific Affairs, XXXVIII, 4 (1985), pp. 637-52; Susan McKellan, 'Orang Asli: an analysis of state penetration and development plans on aboriginal peoples of West Malaysia', Review of Indonesian and Malayan Studies, XIX, 2 (1985), pp. 80-112; and from a legal aspect, M. B. Hooker, 'The Orang Asli and the laws of Malaysia: with special reference to land', unpublished paper, Simposium Ketiga, Mengenai Kehidupan Sosial dan Pembangunan Masyarakat Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1990.