Shoulder motion and laxity in the professional baseball player

American Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 609-613

  Bigliani, Louis U ^a,b   Codd, Timothy P ^a   Connor, Patrick M ^a   Levine, William N ^a   Littlefield, Mark A ^a   Hershon, Stuart J ^a  

^a New York Presbyterian Hospital Columbia University Medical Center   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BASEBALL; HUMAN; JOINT MOBILITY; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHOULDER INJURY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0030931154     PISSN: 03635465     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036354659702500504     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Alderink GJ, Kuck DJ: Isokinetic shoulder strength of high school and college-aged pitchers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 7: 163-172, 1986
2. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Joint Motion: Method of Measuring and Recording. Chicago, AAOS, 1965, pp 10-43
3. Barnes DA, Tullos HS: An analysis of 100 symptomatic baseball players. Am J Sports Med 6: 62-67, 1978
4. Brown LP, Niehues SL, Harrah A, et al: Upper extremity range of motion and isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators in major league baseball players. Am J Sports Med 16: 577-585, 1988
5. Chandler TJ, Kibler WB, Uhl TL, et al: Flexibility comparisons of junior elite tennis players to other athletes. Am J Sports Med 18: 134-136, 1990
6. Cook EE, Gray VL, Savinar-Nogue E, et al: Shoulder antagonistic strength ratios: A comparison between college-level baseball pitchers and non-pitchers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 8: 451-461, 1987
7. DiGiovine NM, Jobe FW, Pink M, et al: An electromyographic analysis of the upper extremity in pitching. J Shoulder Elbow 1: 15-25, 1992
8. Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ, Rowinski MJ: Concentric versus eccentric isokinetic strengthening of the rotator cuff: Objective data versus functional test. Am J Sports Med 16: 64-69, 1988
9. Elsner RC, Pedegana LH, Lang J: Protocol for strength testing and rehabilitation of the upper extremity. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 4: 229-235, 1983
10. Gerber C: Integrated scoring systems for the functional assessment of the shoulder, in Matsen FA, Hawkins RJ (eds): The Shoulder: A Balance of Mobility and Stability. Rosemont, IL, AAOS, 1993, pp 542-544
11. Gerber C, Ganz R: Clinical assessment of instability of the shoulder with special reference to anterior and posterior drawer tests. J Bone Joint Surg 66B: 551-556, 1984
12. Glousman R, Jobe F, Tibone J, et al: Dynamic electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg 70A: 220-226, 1988
13. Gowan ID, Jobe FW, Tibone JE, et al: A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching. Professional versus amateur pitchers. Am J Sports Med 75: 586-590, 1987
14. Greenfield BH, Donatelli R, Wooden MJ, et al: Isokinetic evaluation of shoulder rotational strength between the plane of scapula and the frontal plane. Am J Sports Med 18: 124-128, 1990
15. Herzog W: The relation between the resultant moments at a joint and the moments measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. J Biomech 21: 5-12, 1988
16. Hinton RY: Isokinetic evaluation of shoulder rotational strength in high school baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 16: 274-279, 1988
17. Ivey FM Jr, Calhoun JH, Rusche K, et al: Isokinetic testing of shoulder strength: Normal values. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 66: 384-386, 1985
18. Jobe FW, Kvitne RS: Shoulder pain in the overhand or throwing athlete. The relationship of anterior instability and rotator cuff impingement. Orthop Rev 18: 963-975, 1989
19. Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, et al: An EMG analysis of the shoulder in throwing and pitching: A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med 11: 3-5, 1983
20. Kibler WB: Role of the scapula in the overhead throwing motion. Contemp Orthop 22: 525-532, 1991
21. Kibler WB, Chandler TJ, Uhl T, et al: A musculoskeletal approach to preparticipation physical examination: Preventing injury and improving performance. Am J Sports Med 17: 525-531, 1989
22. King JW, Brelsford HJ, Tullos HS: Analysis of the pitching arm of the professional baseball pitcher. Clin Orthop 67: 116-123, 1969
23. Matsen FA III, Harryman DT II, Sidles JA: Mechanics of glenohumeral instability. Clin Sports Med 10: 783-788, 1991
24. McMaster WC, Long SC, Caiozzo VJ: Isokinetic torque imbalances in the rotator cuff of the elite water polo player. Am J Sports Med 19: 72-75, 1991
25. Otis JC, Warren RF, Backus SI, et al: Torque production in the shoulder of the normal young adult male: The interaction of function, dominance, joint angle, and angular velocity. Am J Sports Med 18: 119-123, 1990
26. Pappas AM, Zawacki RM, McCarthy CF: Rehabilitation of the pitching shoulder. Am J Sports Med 13: 223-235, 1985
27. Pappas AM, Zawacki RM, Sullivan TJ: Biomechanics of baseball pitching: A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med 13: 216-222, 1985
28. Pedegana LR, Elsner RC, Roberts D, et al: The relationship of upper extremity strength to throwing speed. Am J Sports Med 10: 352-354, 1982
29. Pink M, Jobe FW, Perry J: Electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during the golf swing. Am J Sports Med 18: 137-140, 1990
30. Schwartz E, Warren RF, O'Brien SJ, et al: Posterior shoulder instability. Orthop Clin North Am 18: 409-419, 1987
31. Steiner ME: Hypermobility and knee injuries. Physician Sportsmed 15(6): 159-165, 1987
32. Townsend H, Jobe FW, Pink M, et al: Electromyographic analysis of the glenohumeral muscles during a baseball rehabilitation program. Am J Sports Med 19: 264-272, 1991
33. Tullos HS, King JW: Throwing mechanism in sports. Orthop Clin North Am 4: 709-720, 1973
34. Warner JJP, Micheli LJ, Arslanian LE, et al: Patterns of flexibility, laxity, and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders with instability and impingement. Am J Sports Med 18: 366-375, 1990
35. Wilk KE, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR: Standardized isokinetic testing protocol for the throwing shoulder: The throwers' series. Isokin Exerc Sci 1: 63-71, 1991