Neuromuscular transmission and its pharmacological blockade. Part 3: Continuous infusion of relaxants and reversal and monitoring of relaxation

Pharmacy World and Science

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 35-44

  Booij, Leo H D J ^a  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

4 aminopyridine; accelerography; antagonism; anticholinesterases; continuo us infusion; electromyography; mechanomyography; monitoring neuromuscular transmission; neuromuscular blockade reversal; reversal and renal failure

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOPYRIDINE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIDOTE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CISATRACURIUM; EDROPHONIUM; NEOSTIGMINE; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT; PANCURONIUM; PHYSOSTIGMINE; PYRIDOSTIGMINE; SUXAMETHONIUM; VECURONIUM;

DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MONITORING; ELECTROMYOGRAM; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; MUSCLE RELAXATION; MUSCLE TWITCH; NERVE STIMULATION; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING; NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION; REVIEW;

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMANS; INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL; MUSCLE RELAXATION; MUSCLES; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE; NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS; SUCCINYLCHOLINE; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0030906059     PISSN: 09281231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1008645511543     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Vervloet D. Allergy to muscle relaxants and related compounds. Clin Allergy 1985;15:501-8.
2. Shorten GD. Postoperative residual curarisation: incidence, aetiology and associated morbidity. Anaesth Int Care 1993;21:782-9.
3. Futter ME, Donati F, Sadikot AS, Bevan DR. Neostigmine antagonism of succinylcholine phase II block: a comparison with pancuronium. Can Anaesth Soc J 1983;30:575-80.
4. Bevan DR, Donati F. Succinylcholine apnoea: attempted reversal with anticholinesterases. Can Anaesth Soc J 1983;30:536-9.
5. Ritchie G, Ebert JP, Jannett TC, Kissin I, Sheppard LC. A microcomputer based controller for neuromuscular block during surgery. Ann Biomed Eng 1985;13:3-15.
6. O'Hara DA, Derbyshire GJ, Overdyk FJ, Bogen DK, Marshall BE. Closed-loop infusion of atracurium with four different anesthetic techniques. Anesthesiology 1991;74:258-63.
7. Assef SJ, Lennon RL, Jones KA, Burke MJ, Behrens TL. A versatile, computer-controlled, closed-loop system for continuous infusion of muscle relaxants. Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68: 1074-80.
8. Olkola KT, Tammisto T. Quantifying the interaction of rocuronium (org 9426) with etomidate, fentanyl, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and isoflurane using closed-loop feedback control of rocuronium infusion. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:687-90.
9. Olkola KT, Schwilden H, Appfelstaedt C. Model-based adaptive closed-loop feedback control of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991,35: 420-3.
10. Deslile S, Lebrun H, Bevan DR. Plasma cholinesterase activity and tachyphylaxis during prolonged succinylcholine infusion. Anesth Analg 1982;62:941-4.
11. Ramsey FM, Lebowitz PW, Savarese JJ, Ali HH. Clinical characteristics of long term succinylcholine infusion under balanced anaesthesia. Anesth Analg 1980;59:110-16.
12. Dahaba AA, Rehak PH, list WF. A comparison of mivacurium infusion requirements between young and elderly adult patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1996;13:43-8.
13. Hodges UM. Vecuronium infusion requirements in paediatric patients in intensive care units: the use of accelerography. Br J Anaesth 1996;76:23-8.
14. Shanks CA, Fragen RJ, Ling D. Continuous intravenous infusion of rocuronium (Org 9426) in patients receiving balanced, enflurane, or isoflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1993;78:649-51.
15. McCoy EP, Mirakhur RK, Maddineni VR, Wierda JMKH, Proost JH. Pharmacokinetics of rocuronium after bolus and continuous halothane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1996;76:29-33.
16. Pedersen T, Viby-Mogensen J, Eliasen K, Ringsted C, Henriksen E. A one year prospective study of postoperative pulmonary complications after neuromuscular blockade by pancuronium and atracurium. Anesthesiology 1988;69: A902.
17. Kirkegaard-Nielsen H, Toft P, Severinsen IK, May O. Optimum time for neostigmine administration to antagonize vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Eur J Anaesth 1995;12:585-9.
18. Caldwell JE, Robertson EN, Baird WLM. Antagonism of profound neuromuscular blockade induced by vecuronium or atracurium: comparison of neosti[g]mine with edrophonium. Br J Anaesth 1986;58:1285-9.
19. Wilson IB, Harrison MA. Turonver number of acetylcholinesterase. J Biol Chem 1964;236:2292-5.
20. Deanna A, Scuka N. Time course of neostigmine: action on the endplate response. Neuroscience 1990;118:82-84.
21. Wachtel RE. Comparison of anticholinesterases and their effects on acetylcholine-activated ion channels. Anesthesiology 1990;72:496-503.
22. Braga MFM, Rowan EG, Harvey AL, Bowman WC. Prejunctional action of neostigmine on mouse neuromuscular preparations. Br J Anaesth 1993;70:405-10.
23. Blaber LC. The mechanism of the facilitatory action of edrophonium in cat skeletal muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1972;46: 498-507.
24. Donati F, Ferguson A, Bevan DR. Twitch depression and train-of-four ratio after antagonism of pancuronium with edrophonium, neostigmine or pyridostigmine. Anesth. Analg. 1983;62:314-16.
25. Booij LHDJ, Crul JF, van der Pol F. The influence of halothane and enflurane on the reversibility of an Org NC45 neuromuscular blockade in cats. Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed 1982;17:78-80.
26. Miller RD, Larson Jr, CP, Way WL. Comparative antagonism of d-tubocurarine-, gallamine-, and pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by neostigmine. Anesthesiology 1972;37:503-9.
27. Rupp SM, McChristian JW, Miller Rd. Neostigmine antagonises a profound neuromuscular blockade more rapidly than edrophonium. Anesthesiology 1984;61:A297.
28. Beemer GH, Bjorksten AR, Dawson PJ, Dawson RJ, Heenan BJ, Robertson BA. Determinants of the reversal time of competitive neuromuscular block by anticholinesterases. Br J Anaesth 1991;66:469-75.
29. Deslile S, Bevan DR. Impaired neostigmine antagonism of pancuronium during enflurane anaesthesia in man. Br J Anaesth 1982;66:54:441-5.
30. Engbaek J, Ostergaard D, Skovgaard LT, Viby-Mogensen J. Reversal of intense neuromuscular blockade following infusion of atracurium. Anesthesiology 1990;72;803-6.
31. Goldhill DR, Embree PB, Ali HH, Savarese JJ. Reversal of pancuronium. Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of a mixture of neostigmine and glycopyrronium. Anaesthesia. 1988;43:443-6.
32. Harper NJN, Wallace M, Hall IA. Optimum dose of neostigmine at two levels of atracurium-induced neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 1994;72:82-5.
33. Breen PJ, Doherty WG, Donati F, Bevan DR. The potencies of edrophonium and neostigmine as antagonists of pancuronium. Anaesthesia 1985;40:844-7.
34. Young WL, Matteo RS, Ornstein E. Duration of action of neostigmine and pyridostigmine in the elderly. Anesth Analg 1988;67:775-8.
35. McCarthy GJ, Cooper AR, Stanley JC, Mirakhur RK. Onset and duration of action of vecuronium in the elderly: comparison with adults. Br J Anaesth 1992;69:281-3.
36. Cook DR, Chakravorti S, Brandom BW, Stiller RLK. Effects of neostigmine, edrophonium and succinylcholine on the in vitro metabolism of mivacurium: clinical correlates. Anesthesiology 1992;77:A433.
37. Miller RD, Booij LHDJ, Agoston S, Crul JF. 4-aminopyridine potentiates neostigmine and pyridostigmine in man. Anesthesiology 1979;50:416-20.
38. Booij LHDJ, Miller RD, Jones MJW, Stanski DR. Antagonism of pancuronium and its metabolites by neostigmine in cats. Anesth Analg 1979;58:483-6.
39. Viby-Mogensen J, Jorgensen BC, Ording H. Residual curarization in the recovery room. Anesthesiology 1979;50:539-41.
40. Goldhill DR, Wainright AP, Stuart CS, Flynn PJ. Neostigmine after spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Effect on depth of blockade monitored with train-of-four and tetanic stimuli. Anaesthesia 1989;44:293-9.
41. Miller RD, Cullen DJ. Renal failure and postoperative respiratory failure: recurarization. Br J Anaesth 1976;48:253-6.
42. Cronnelly R, Stanski DR, Miller RD, Sheiner LB, Sohn YJ. Renal function, and the pharmacokinetics of neostigmine in anesthetized man. Anesthesiology 1979;51:222-6.
43. Morris RB, Cronnelly R, Miller RD, Stanski DR, Fahey MR. Pharmacokinetics of edrophonium in anephric and renal transplant patients. Br J Anaesth 1981;53:1311-14.
44. Morris RB, Cronnelly R, Miller RD, Stanski DR, Fahey MR. Pharmacokinetics of edrophonium and neostigmine when antagonizing d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade in man. Anesthesiology 1981;54:399-402.
45. Popovic L, Kunec-Vajic E. Cholinesterase inhibition by pancuronium and neostigmine in patients with liver disease. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1990;7:37-41.
46. Ono K, Nagano O, Ohta Y, Kosaka F. Neuromuscular effects of respiratory and metabolic acid-base changes in vitro with and without non-depolarising muscle relaxants. Anesthesiology 1990;73:710-16.
47. 2-induced acid-base changes on the potencies of muscle relaxants and antagonism of neuromuscular block by neostigmine in rat in vitro. Anesth Analg 1994;78:322-7.
48. Miller RD, Roderick LL. Diuretic-induced hypokalaemia, pancuronium neuromuscular blockade and its antagonism by neostigmine. Br J Anaesth 1978;50:541-4.
49. Miller RD, Van Nyhuis LS, Eger El, II, Way WL. The effect of acid-base balance on neostigmine antagonism of d-tubocurarine-induced neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 1975;42:377-83.
50. Miller RD, Roderick LL. Acid-base balance and neostigmine antagonism of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Br J Anaesth 1978;50:317-24.
51. Cronnelly R, Stanski DR, Miller RD, Sheiner LB. Pyridostigmine kinetics with and without renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980;28:78-81.
52. Cronnelly R, Morris RB, Miller RD. Edrophonium: duration of action and atropine requirement in humans during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1982;57:261-6.
53. Mirakhur RK. Edrophonium and plasma cholinesterase activity. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986;33:588-90.
54. Sunew KY, Hicks RG. Effects of neostigmine and pyridostigmine on duration of suxamethonium action and pseudocholinesterase activity. Anesthesiology 1978;49:188-91.
55. Mirakhur RK, Dundee JW. Glycopyrrolate: Pharmacology and clinical use. Anaesthesia 1983;38:1195-1204.
56. Child CS. Prevention of neostigmine-induced colonic activity. A comparison of atropine and glycopyrronium. Anaesthesia 1984;39:1083-6.
57. Ding Y, Fredman B, White PF. Use of mivacurium during laparoscopic surgery: effect of reversal drugs on postoperative recovery. Anesth Analg 1994;78:450-4.
58. King MJ, Milazkiewicz R, Carli F, Deacock AR. Influence of neostigmine on postoperative vomiting. Br J Anaesth 1988; 61;403-6.
59. Janhunen L, Tammisto T. Post-operative vomiting after different methods of general anaesthesia. Ann Chir et Gynaecol Fenniae 1972;61:152-9.
60. Boeke AJ, De Lange JJ, van Druenen B, Langemeijer JJM. Effect of antagonizing residual neuromuscular block by neostigmine and atropine on postoperative vomiting. Br J Anaesth 1994;72:654-6.
61. Maselli RA, Leung C. Analysis of anticholinesterase-induced neuromuscular transmission failure. Muscle and Nerve 1993;16:548-53.
62. Dawson RM, Poertski M. The interaction of tacrine with benzodiazepine and GABA binding sites of guinea pig brain. Neurosci Lett 1991;129:251-3.
63. Irwin RL, Smith HJ. Cholinesterase inhibition by galanthamine and lycoramine. Biochem Pharmacol 1960 3:147-8.
64. Han SY, Sweeney JE, Bachman ES, Schweiger EJ, Forloni G, Coyle JT, Davis BM, Joullie M. Chemical and pharmacological characterization of galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and its derivatives. A potential application in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 1992;27:673-87.
65. Cozanitis DA. Experiences with galanthamine hydrobromide as curare antagonist. Der Anaesthesist 1971;20:226-9.
66. Cozanitis DA, Toivakka E. A comparative study of galanthamine hydrobromide and atropine/neostigmine in conscious volunteers. Der Anaesthesist 1971;20:416-21.
67. Reimann D, Gann H, Dressing H, Muller WE, Aldenhof JB. Influence of the cholinesterase inhibitor galanthamine hydrobromide on normal sleep. Psychiatr Res 1994;51:253-67.
68. Harvey AL. The pharmacology of galanthamine and its analogues. Pharmac Ther 1995;68:113-28.
69. Bickel U, Thomsen T, Weber W, Fischer JP, Bachus R, Nitz M, Kewitz H. Pharmacokinetics of galanthamine in humans and corresponding cholinesterase inhibition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:420-8.
70. Soni N, Kamp P. 4-Aminopyridine. A review. Anesth Intens Care 1982;10:120-6.
71. Glover WE. The aminopyridines. Gen Pharmacol 1982;13: 259-85.
72. Booij LHDJ, van der Pol F, Crul JF, Miller RD. Antagonism of Org NC45 neuromuscular blockade by neostigmine, pyridostigmine and 4-aminopyridine. Anesth Analg 1980;59: 31-4.
73. Booij LHDJ, Miller RD, Crul JF. Neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine antagonism of lincomycin-pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in man. Anesth Analg 1978;57:316-21.
74. Miller RD, Denissen PAF, van der Pol F, Agoston S, Booij LHDJ, Crul JF. Potentiation of neostigmine and pyridostigmine by 4-aminopyridine in the rat. J Pharm Pharmac 1978;30:699-702.
75. Sia RI, Salt PJ, Erdmann W, Hielkmeyer T, Bencini A, Langrehr D. Antagonism of Ketamine-diazepam anaesthesia by 4-aminopyridine in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 180;52:367-70.
76. Agoston S, Salt PJ, Erdmann W, Hielkmeyer T, Bencini A, Langrehr D. Antagonism of Ketamine-diazepam anaesthesia by 4-aminopyridine in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 1980;52:367-70.
77. Biessels PTM, Agoston S, Horn AS. Comparison of the pharmacological actions of some new 4-aminopyridine derivatives. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;106:319-25.
78. Amaki Y, Kobayashi K, Kibayashi C. In vitro neuromuscular effect of acetaminopyridine-N-oxide. Anesthesiology 1980; 53:S283.
79. Murray NM, Newsom-Davis J. Treatment with oral 4-aminopyridine in disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Neurology 1981;31:265-71.
80. Lundh H, Nilsson O, Rosen I. Effects of 4-Aminopyridine in disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Neurology 1981; 31:265-71.
81. Davis FA, Stefoski D, Rush J. Orally administered 4-aminopyridine improves clinical signs in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1990;27:186-92.
82. Bever Jr, CT. The current status of studies of aminopyridines in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994;36: S118-S121.
83. Wesseling H, Agoston S. Effects of 4-aminopyridine in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 1984; 310:988-9.
84. Hayes KC. A-aminopyridine and spinal cord injury: a review. Rest.Neurol.Neuroscie. 1994;6:259-70.
85. Brennan JL, Jones SF, McLeod JG. Effect of germine acetate on neuromuscular transmission. J Neurol Sci 1971;13:321-31.
86. Detwiller PB. The effects of germine-3-acetate on neuromuscular transmission. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1972;180:244-54.
87. Hyashi H, Yonemura K, Slimoji K. Antagonism of neuromuscular block by germine mono acetate. Anesthesiology 1973;38:145-52.
88. Lee C, Au E, Durant NN, Katz RL. Germine monoacetate counteracts dantrolene sodium. Anesthesiology 1980;53: S278.
89. Mirakhur RK, Lavery TD, Briggs LP, Clake RSJ. Effects of neostigmine and edrophonium on serum cholinesterase activity. Can Anaesth Soc J 1982;29:55-8.
90. Naguib M, Abdulatif M, Selim M, Al-Ghamdi A, Hanio I, Nouheid R. Dose-response relationships for edrophonium and neostigmine antagonism of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 1993;71:709-14.
91. Trévien V, Lienhart A, Just B, Chandon M, Baras E, Camatte S. Effect of neostigmine at different levels of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995;39(suppl.106):66-69.
92. Kao YJ, Le N, Barker SJ. Neostigmine prolongs profound neuromuscular blockade induced by mivacurium in surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1994;79:A929.
93. Hart PS, Wright PMC, Brown R, Lau M, Sharma M, Miller RD, Gruenke L, Fisher DM. Edrophonium increases mivacurium concentrations during constant mivacurium infusion and large doses minimally antagonize paralysis. Anesthesiology 1995;82:912-18.
94. Szenohradszky J, Lau M, Brown R, Sharma ML, Fisher DM. The effect of neostigmine on twitch tension and muscle relaxant concentration during infusion of mivacurium or vecuronium. Anesthesiology 1995;83:83-7.
95. Devcic A, Munshi CA, Gandhi SK, Kampine J. Antagonism of mivacurium neuromuscular block: neostigmine versus edrophonium. Anest Analg 1995 81:1005-9.
96. Fiekers JF. Neuromuscular block produced by polymyxin B-interaction with endplate ion channels. Eur J Pharmacol 1981;70:77-81.
97. Singh YN, Marshall IG, Harvey AL. Depression of transmitter release and postjunctional sensitivity during neuromuscular block produced by antibiotics. Br J Anaesth 179;51:1027-33.
98. Singh YN, Marshall IG, Harvey AL. Some effects of the aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin on neuromuscular and autonomic transmission. Br J Anaesth 1978;50:109-17.
99. Wright JM, Collier B. The site of the neuromuscular block produced by polymyxin B and rolitetracycline. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1976;56:937-44.
100. Wright JM, Collier B. Characterization of the neuromuscular block produced by clindamycin and lincomycin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1976;56:937-44.
101. Booij LHDJ, Miller RD, Crul JF. Neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine antagonism of lincomycin-pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in man. Anesth Analg 1978;57:316-21.
102. Muller J, Suppan P. Case report. Anaesthesia in myotonic dystrophy. Anaesth Intens Care 1977;5:70-3.
103. Mitchell MM, Ali HH, Savarese JJ. Myotonica and neuromuscular blocking agents. Anesthesiology 1978;49:44-8.
104. Boheimer N, Harris JW, Ward S. Neuromuscular blockade in dystrophia myotonica with atracurium besylate. Anaesthesia 1985;40:872-4.
105. Iwasaki H, Namiki A, Omote K, Omote T, Takahashi T. Response differences of paretic and healthy extremities to pancuronium and neostigmine in hemiplegic patients. Anesth Analg 1985;64:864-6.
106. Baraka A. Suxamethonium block in the myasthenic patient. Correlation with plasma cholinesterase. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:217-19.
107. Kim JM, Mangold J. Sensitivity to both vecuronium and neostigmine in a sero-negative myasthenic patient. Br J Anaesth 1989;63:497-500.
108. Viby-Mogensen J, Jørgensen BC, Ørding H. Residual curarization in the recovery room. Anesthesiology 1981;47:491-9.
109. Lenmarken C, Löfström JB. Partial curarization in the postoperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1984;28:260-2.
110. Pedersen T, Eliasen K, Henriksen E. A prospective study of risk factors and cardiopulmonary complications associated with anaesthesia and surgery: risk indicators of cardiopulmonary morbidity. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990;34:144-55.
111. Moller JT, Wittrup M, Johansen SH. Hypoxemia in the postanesthesia care unit: An observer study. Anesthesiology 1990;73:890-5.
112. Andersen BN, Madsen JV, Schurizer BA, Juhl B. Residual curarization: a comparative study of atracurium and pancuronium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988;32:79-81.
113. Bevan DR, Smith CE, Donati F. Postoperative neuromuscular blockade: a comparison between atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium. Anesthesiology 1988;69:272-6.
114. Brull SJ, Ehrenwerth J, Cronelly NR, Silverman DG. Assessment of residual curarization using low-current stimulation. Can J Anaesth 1991;38:164-8.
115. Bevan DR, Donati F, Kopman AF. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 1992;77:785-805.
116. Matteo RS, Spector S, Horowitz PE. Relation of serum d-tubocurarine concentration and neuromuscular blockade in man. Anesthesiology 1974;41:440-3.
117. Sokoll MD, Gergis SD. Antibiotics and neuromuscular function. Anesthesiology 1981;55:148-59.
118. Pavlin EG, Holle RH, Schoene RB. Recovery of airway protection compared with ventilation in humans after paralysis with curare. Anesthesiology 1989;70:381-5.
119. O'Connor M, Russell WJ. Muscle strength following anaesthesia with atracurium and pancuronium. Anaesth Intens Care 1988;16:255-9.
120. Viby-Mogensen J, Jensen NH, Engbaek J, Ørding H, Skovgaard LT. Chraemmer-Jorgensen B. Tactile and visual evaluation of the response to train-of-four nerve stimulation. Anesthesiology 1985;53:440-3.
121. Brull SJ, Silverman DG. Visual and tactile assessment of neuromuscular fade. Anesth Analg 1993;77:352-5.
122. Thomas P, Worthlet L, Russel W. How useful is visual and tactile assessment of neuromuscular blockade using a peripheral nerve stimulator? Anaesth.Intens.Care 1984;12:68-73
123. Kopman AF. The relationship of evoked electromyographic and mechanical responses following atracurium in humans. Anesthesiology 1985;65:208-11.
124. Engbaek J, Roed J. Differential effect of pancuronium at the adductor pollicis, the first dorsal interosseous and the hypothenar muscles. An electromyographic and mechano myographic dose-response study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1992;36:664-9.
125. Katz RL. Electromyographic and mechanical effects of suxamethonium and tubocurarine on twitch, tetanic and post-tetanic responses. Br J Anaesth 1973;45:849-59.
126. Harper NJN, Bradshaw EG, Healy TEJ. Evoked electromyographic and mechanical responses of the adductor pollicis compared during the onset of neuromuscular blockade by atracurium or alcuronium, and during antagonism by neostigmine. Br J Anaesth 1986;58:1278-84.
127. Harper NJN, Martlew R, Strang T, Wallace M. Monitoring neuromuscular block by acceleromyography: comparison of the Mini-accelerograph with the Myograph 2000. Br J Anaesth 1994;72:411-14.
128. Smith DC, Booth JV. Influence of muscle temperature and forearm position on evoked electromyography in the hand. Br J Anaesth 1994;72:407-10.
129. Mortensen CR, Berg H, El-Mahdy A, Viby-Mogensen J. Perioperative monitoring of neuromuscular transmission using acceleromyography prevents residual neuromuscular block following pancuronium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995;39:797-801.
130. Stanec A, Heyduk J, Stanec G, Orkin LR. Tetanic fade and post-tetanic tension in the absence of neuromuscular blocking agents in anesthetized man. Anesth Analg 1978;57:102-7.
131. Lee C. Train-of-four quantitation of the competitive neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg 1975;54:649-53.
132. Gissen AJ, Katz RL. Twitch, tetanus and post tetanic potentiation as indices of nerve-muscle block in man. Anesthesiology 1969;30:481-7.
133. Bowman WC. Prejunctional and postjunctional cholinoceptors at the neuromuscular junction. Anesth Analg 1980;59: 935-43.
134. Meretoja OA, Taivainen T, Brandom BW, Wirtavuori K. Frequency of train-of-four stimulation influences neuromuscular response. Br J Anaesth 1994;72:686-7.
135. Lee CM. Train-of-four quantitation of competitive neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg 1975;54:649-53.
136. Ali HH, Utting JE, Gray C. Stimulus frequency in the detection of neuromuscular block in humans. Br J Anaesth 1970; 42:967-8.
137. Ali HH, Kitz RJ. Evaluation of recovery from nondepolarizing neuromuscular block, using a digital neuromuscular transmission analyzer: preliminary report. Anesth Analg 1973; 52:740-4.
138. Engbaek J, Ostergaard D, Viby-Mogensen J. Double burst stimulation (DBS): a new pattern of nerve stimulation to identify residual neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 1989;62: 274-8.
139. Brull SJ, Silverman DG. Visual assessment of train-of-four and double-burst-induced fade at submaximal stimulating currents. Anesth Analg 1991;73:627-32.
140. Stanec A, Heyduk J, Stanec G, Orkin LR. Tetanic face and post-tetanic tension in the absence of neuromuscular blocking agents in anesthetized man. Anesth Analg 1978;57:102-7.
141. Viby-Mogensen J, Howardy-Hansen P, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Ording H, Engbaek J, Nielsen A. Post-tetanic count (PTC): A new method of evaluating an intense non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 1981;55: 458-62.
142. Howardy-Hansen P, Viby-Mogensen J, Gottschau A, Skovgaard LT, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Engbaek J. Tactile evaluation of posttetanic count (PTC). Anesthesiology 1984;60: 372-4.
143. Brull SJ, Silvermann DG. Tetanus-induced changes in apparent recovery after bolus doses of atracurium and vecuronium. Anesthesiology 1992;77:642-5.
144. Stiffel P, Hameroff SR, Blitt CD, Cork RC. Variability in assessment of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 1980;52: 436-7.
145. Caffrey RR, Warren ML, Becker KE. Neuromuscular blockade monitoring comparing the orbicularis oculi and adductor pollicis muscles. Anesthesiology 1986;65:95-7.
146. Foldes FF, Monte AP, Brunn HM, Wolfson B. Study with muscle relaxants in unanaesthetized subjects. Anesthesiology 1961;22:230-6.
147. 2: An example of respiratory sparing? Anesthesiology 1976;45:22-8.
148. Donati F, Antzaka C, Bevan DR. Potency of pancuronium at the diaphragm and the adductor pollicis muscle in man. Anesthesiology 1986;65:1-5.
149. De Troyer A, Bastenier J, Delhez L. Function of respiratory muscles during partial curarization in humans. J Appl Physiol 1980;49:1049-56.
150. Pansard J-L, Chauvin M, Lebrault C, Gauneau P, Duvaldestin P. Effect of an intubating dose of succinylcholine and atracurium on the diaphragm and the adductor pollicis muscle in humans. Anesthesiology 1987;67:326-30.
151. Donati F, Meistelman C, Plaud B. Vecuronium neuromuscular blockade at the adductor muscles of the larynx and adductor pollicis. Anesthesiology 1991;74:833-7.
152. Bragg P, Fisher DM, Donati F, Meistelman C, Lau M, Sheiner LB. Comparison of twitch depression of the adductor pollicis and the respiratory muscles. Anesthesiology 1994;80:310-19.