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MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, Abbott R, Godwin J, Dyer A, Stamler J: Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease: part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990, 335:765-774.
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Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD: Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, and cardiovascular risks: US population data. Arch Intern Med 1993, 153:598-615.
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Stamler, J.1
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Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men
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Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, Neaton JD, Brancati FL, Ford CE, Shulman NB, Stamler J: Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:13-18. This is the first prospective study to examine the relationship between blood pressure and end-stage renal disease. The 332,544 men aged 35 to 57 years at baseline were followed up for an average of 16 years. Elevations of blood pressure were a strong independent risk factor for end-stage renal disease.
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N Engl J Med
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Klag, M.J.1
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The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees
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Denton D, Weisinger R, Mundy NI, Wickings EJ, Dixson A, Moisson P, Pingard AM, Shade R, Carey D, Ardaillou R, Paillard F, Chapman J, Thillet J, Michel JB: The effect of increased salt intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. Nat Med 1995, 1:1009-1016. The first animal study on the relationship between dietary sodium and blood pressure conducted in nonhuman primates. A colony of 26 chimpanzees was given a low-sodium and high-potassium diet for 3 years. Half of them had salt added, progressively, to their diet during 20 months of intervention. The addition of salt resulted in a significant increase in blood pressure.
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Denton, D.1
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Moisson, P.6
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Ardaillou, R.10
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Intersalt: An international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour sodium and potassium excretion
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Intersalt Cooperative Research Group: Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988, 297:319-328.
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Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer AR, Stamler R, Kesteloot H, Marmot M for the Intersalt Cooperative Research Group: Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. BMJ 1996, 312:1249-1253. This paper carefully reanalyzed data from Intersalt, a cross-sectional study in 10,074 participants from 52 populations in 32 countries. The authors identified a strong, positive association between urinary sodium and blood pressure within and across populations.
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BMJ
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Elliott, P.1
Stamler, J.2
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Kesteloot, H.6
Marmot, M.7
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7
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0025797470
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By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? I. Analysis of observational data among populations
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Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ: By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? I. Analysis of observational data among populations. BMJ 1991, 302:811-815.
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Law, M.R.1
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8
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By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? II. Analysis of observational data within populations
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Frost CD, Law MR, Wald NJ: By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? II. Analysis of observational data within populations. BMJ 1991, 302:815-818.
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Frost, C.D.1
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Commentary: Evidence on salt is consistent
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Law MR: Commentary: evidence on salt is consistent. BMJ 1996, 312:1284-1285. This commentary compared the Intersalt results with a published meta-analysis of data from other studies. The two sources provided estimates for the association between salt intake and blood pressure that were quite consistent.
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BMJ
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Law, M.R.1
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Association between blood pressure and dietary intake and urinary excretion of electrolytes in a Chinese population
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Tian HG, Nan Y, Shao RC, Dong QN, Hu G, Retinen P, Nissinen A: Association between blood pressure and dietary intake and urinary excretion of electrolytes in a Chinese population. J Hypertens 1995, 13:49-56. A cross-sectional study of sodium intake and blood pressure in 328 men and 335 women in Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Both dietary intake and urinary excretion of sodium were positively and significantly associated with higher blood pressure.
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J Hypertens
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Tian, H.G.1
Nan, Y.2
Shao, R.C.3
Dong, Q.N.4
Hu, G.5
Retinen, P.6
Nissinen, A.7
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0002357007
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Low blood pressure populations and the impact of rural-urban migration
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Edited by Swales JD. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
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Poulter NR, Sever PS: Low blood pressure populations and the impact of rural-urban migration. In Textbook of Hypertension. Edited by Swales JD. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1994:22-35.
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Textbook of Hypertension
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Poulter, N.R.1
Sever, P.S.2
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0026332613
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Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension: The Yi Migrant Study
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He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Chen JY, Mo JP, Qian MC, Mo PS, He GQ: Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension: the Yi Migrant Study. Am J Epidemiol 1991, 134:1085-1101.
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Am J Epidemiol
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He, J.1
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Mo, J.P.5
Qian, M.C.6
Mo, P.S.7
He, G.Q.8
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0029156435
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The contribution of urinary cations to the blood pressure differences associated with migration
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Klag MJ, He J, Coresh J, Whelton PK, Chen JY, Mo JP, Qian MC, Mo PS, He Guan-Qing: The contribution of urinary cations to the blood pressure differences associated with migration. Am J Epidemiol 1995, 142:295-303. This paper compared blood pressure and urinary sodium among 313 Yi farmers, an isolated group, 265 Yi migrants, and 253 urban Chinese residents. Migration was associated with a higher urinary sodium and blood pressure.
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Am J Epidemiol
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Klag, M.J.1
He, J.2
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Mo, J.P.6
Qian, M.C.7
Mo, P.S.8
He, G.-Q.9
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Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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Midgley JP, Matthew AG, Greenwood CMT, Logan AG: Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1996, 275:1590-1597. In this meta-analysis of 56 randomized controlled trials, dietary sodium reduction produced a significantly lower blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive participants. A dose-response relationship between urinary sodium and systolic blood pressure was detected. Although there has been some misinterpretation of the results, the primary analysis provides strong evidence in support of a reduction of sodium intake for treatment and prevention of hypertension.
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JAMA
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Midgley, J.P.1
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Edited by Cooper H, Hedges LV. New York: Russell Sage Foundation
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Raudenbush SW: Random effects model. In The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Edited by Cooper H, Hedges LV. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1994:301-321.
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Hedges LV: Fixed effects models. In The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Edited by Cooper H, Hedges LV. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1994:285-299.
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An overview of randomized trials of sodium reduction and blood pressure
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Cutler JA, Follmann D, Elliott P, Suh II: An overview of randomized trials of sodium reduction and blood pressure. Hypertension 1991, 17(suppl I):I-27-I-33.
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Hypertension
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Cutler, J.A.1
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0025822495
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By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? III. Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction
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Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ: By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? III. Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction. BMJ 1991, 302:819-824.
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BMJ
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Weinberger MH: Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in humans. Hypertension 1996, 27[part 2]:481-490. This review examined the definition of salt sensitivity and methodologic issues surrounding the recognition of salt sensitivity. The demographic and physiologic determinants of salt sensitivity were also discussed.
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Hypertension
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Weinberger, M.H.1
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Low urinary sodium is associated with greater risk of myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive men
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Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Cohen H, Sealey JE, Laragh JH: Low urinary sodium is associated with greater risk of myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive men. Hypertension 1995, 25:1144-1152. A prospective study of 2937 mildly and moderately hypertensive subjects who were followed up for an average of 3.8 years. Baseline urinary sodium was inversely associated with the risk of myocardial infarction. However, several factors make the findings in this study difficult to interpret.
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Hypertension
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Alderman, M.H.1
Madhavan, S.2
Cohen, H.3
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An unexpected result from sodium: Causal or casual?
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Cook NR, Cutler JA, Hennekens CH: An unexpected result from sodium: causal or casual? Hypertension 1995, 25:1153-1154.
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Hypertension
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MacGregor GA: Low urinary sodium and myocardial infarction [letter]. Hypertension 1996, 27:156.
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Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention
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Cook NR, Cohen J, Hebert P, Taylor J, Hennekens C: Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:701-709. This paper examined the public health implications of a small population-wide reduction on blood pressure.
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Arch Intern Med
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Cook, N.R.1
Cohen, J.2
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