Dietary fatty acids in human thrombosis and hemostasis

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 65, Issue 5 SUPPL., 1997, Pages

  Knapp, Howard R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

coagulation; Dietary fat; fatty acids; hemostasis; n 3 fatty acids; platelets; thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7; DIHOMO GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FATTY ACID; FIBRINOGEN; ICOSANOID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LINOLEIC ACID; LINOLENIC ACID; LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; SAFFLOWER OIL; SATURATED FATTY ACID; UNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

BLEEDING TIME; BLOOD VISCOSITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; ERYTHROCYTE; FAT INTAKE; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; PLASMA VISCOSITY; SECONDARY PREVENTION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOSIS;

CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS;

EID: 0030897556     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1687S     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (221)

1. Keys A, Seven countries, a multivariate analysis of death and coronary heart disease. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
2. Miettinen M, Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, et al. Effect of cholesterollowering diet on mortality from coronary heart-disease and other causes. Lancet 1972;2:7782-838.
3. Malmros H. The relation of nutrition to health: a statistical study of the effect of the war-time on arteriosclerosis, cardiosclerosis, tuberculosis and diabetes. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1950;246:137-53.
4. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish and fiber intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART). Lancet 1989;2:757-61.
5. Miller GJ. Hyperlipidaemia and hypercoagulability. Prog Lipid Res 1993;32:61-9.
6. Hoak JC. Stearic acid, clotting, and thrombosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60(suppl):1050S-3S.
7. Renaud S, Morazain R, Godsey F, et al. Platelet functions in relation to diet and serum lipids in British farmers. Br Heart J 1981;46:562-70.
8. Renaud S, Godsey F, Dumont E, Thevenon C, Ortchanian E, Martin JL. Influence of long-term diet modification on platelet function and composition in Moselle farmers. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;43:136-50.
9. Jensen N. Postoperative thrombosis-emboli: the frequency in the period 1940-48. Acta Med Scand 1952;103:263-78.
10. Strøm A. Examination into the diet of Norwegian families during the war-years 1942-45. Acta Med Scand 1948;214:1-47.
11. Natvig H, Borchgrevink F, Dedichen J, et al. A controlled trial of the effect of linolenic acid on incidence of coronary heart disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1968;22:1-20.
12. Burr ML, Sweetham PM, Fehily AM. Diet and reinfarction. Eur Heart J 1994;15:1152-3.
13. Mann GV. Diet-heart: end of an era. N Engl J Med 1977;297:644-50.
14. Gurr MI. Dietary lipids and coronary heart disease: old evidence, new perspective. Prog Lipid Res 1992;31:195-243.
15. Connor W. The acceleration of thrombus formation by certain fatty acids. J Clin Invest 1962;41:1199-205.
16. McClelland G, Zwingelstein G, Taylor CR, et al. Effect of exercise on the plasma nonesterified fatty acid composition of dogs and goats: species with different aerobic capacities and diets. Lipids 1995;30:147-53.
17. Prost-Dvojakovic RJ, Samama M. Clot-promoting and platelet-aggregating effects of fatty acids. Haemostasis 1973/74;2:73-84.
18. Kerr JW, MacAulay I, Pirrie R, et al. Platelet-aggregation by phospholipids and free fatty acids. Lancet 1965;1:1296-9.
19. Mustard JF, Murphy EA. Effect of different dietary fats on blood coagulation, platelet economy, and blood lipids. Br Med J 1962;1:1651-5.
20. Merskey C, Marcus AJ. Lipids, blood coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Annu Rev Med 1963;14:323-39.
21. Shattil SJ. Why is platelet activation useful for assessing thrombotic risk? What are the advantages and limitations of using flow cytometry to measure platelet activation? Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56(suppl):789S-90S.
22. Mitropoulos KA, Miller GJ, Martin JC, et al. Dietary fat induces changes in factor VII coagulant activity through effects on plasma free stearic acid concentration. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:214-22.
23. Tholstrup T, Marckmann P, Jespersen J, et al. Effect on blood lipids, coagulation, and fibrinolysis of a fat high in myristic acid and a fat high in palmitic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:919-25.
24. Tholstrup T, Marckmann P, Jespersen J, Sandström B. Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:371-7.
25. 2 formation, and fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:351-8.
26. 2 metabolites in healthy young men. Metabolism 1993;42:463-9.
27. Dubber AHC, Rifkind B, Gale M, et al. The effect of fat feeding on fibrinolysis "Stypven" time and platelet aggregation. J Atheroscler Res 1967;7:225-37.
28. Ferguson JC, Mackay N, McNicol GP. Effect of feeding fat on fibrinolysis, Stypven time, and platelet aggregation in Africans, Asians, and Europeans. J Clin Pathol 1970;23:580-5.
29. Nordøy A, Lagarde M, Renaud S. Platelets during alimentary hyperlipidemia induced by cream and cod liver oil. Eur J Clin Invest 1984;14:339-45.
30. Winterstein G, Brook JG, Pillar T, et al. Plasma lipoproteins and platelet aggregation during alimentary lipemia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986;34:569-72.
31. Fuhrman B, Brook JG, Aviram M. Increased platelet aggregation during alimentary hyperlipemia in normal and hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Ann Nutr Metab 1986;30:250-60.
32. Nimpf J, Malle E, Leopold B, et al. Postprandial hyperlipemia inhibits platelet aggregation without affecting prostanoid metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989;37:7-13.
33. Meuwissen OJA, Hart H, van Hemel-Rupert MSE. The influence of fats on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1968;19:267-78.
34. Renaud S, Lecompte F. Hypercoagulability induced by hyperlipemia in rat, rabbit and man. Circ Res 1970;27:1003-11.
35. Nordøy A, Rodset JM. The influence of dietary fats on platelets in man. Acta Med Scand 1971;190:27-34.
36. Iacono JM, Binder RA, Marshall MW, et al. Decreased susceptibility to thrombin and collagen platelet aggregation in men fed a low fat diet. Haemostasis 1974;3:306-18.
37. Marckmann P, Sandström B, Jespersen J. Low-fat, high-fiber diet favorably affects several independent risk markers of ischemic heart disease: observations on blood lipids, coagulation, and fibrinolysis from a trial of middle-aged Danes. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:935-9.
38. Burri BJ, Dougherty RM. Kelley DS, Iacono JM. Platelet aggregation in humans is affected by replacement of dietary linoleic acid with oleic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:359-62.
39. Rasmussen O, Thomsen C, Ingerslev J, et al. Decrease in von Willebrand factor levels after a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Metabolism 1994;43: 1406-9.
40. Higazi AAR, Aziza R, Samara AAR, et al. Regulation of fibrinolysis by non-esterified fatty acids. Biochem J 1994;300:251-5.
41. Dayton S, Pearce ML, Hashimoto S, et al. A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1969;39,40:1-63.
42. Simpson HCR, Barker K, Carter RD, et al. Low dietary intake of linoleic acid predisposes to myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1982;285:683-4.
43. Hornstra G, Chait A, Karvonen, et al. Influence of dietary fat on platelet function in men. Lancet 1973:1:1155-7.
44. Fleischman AI, Justice D, Bierenbaum ML, et al. Beneficial effect of increased dietary linoleate upon in vivo platelet function in man. J Nutr 1975;105:1286-90.
45. Fleischman AI, Bierenbaum ML, Stier A, et al. Hypotensive effect of increased dietary linoleic acid in mildly hypertensive humans. J Med Soc N J 1974;76:181-4.
46. O'Brien JR, Etherington MD, Jamieson S. Effect of a diet of polyunsaturated fats on some platelet-function tests. Lancet 1976;2:995-7.
47. Challen AD, Branch WJ, Cummings JH. The effect of aspirin and linoleic acid on platelet aggregation, platelet fatty acid composition and haemostasis in man. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37C:197-208.
48. Vericel E, Lagarde M, Mendy F, et al. Effects of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid intake on platelet functions in elderly people. Thromb Res 1986;42:499-509.
49. Nordøy A, Strom E, Gjesdal K. The effect of alimentary hyperlipemia in primary hypertriglyceridemia on platelets in man. Scand J Haematol 1974;12:329-40.
50. Boberg M, Gustafsson IB, Vessby B. High content of dietary linoleic acid does not reduce platelet reactivity in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Eur J Clin Invest 1986;16:28-34.
51. Sanders TAB, Hochland MC. A comparison of the influence on plasma lipids and platelet function of supplements of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br J Nutr 1983;50:521-9.
52. Green P, Fuchs J, Schoenfeld N, et al. Effects of fish-oil ingestion on cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidemic subjects in Israel: a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:1118-24.
53. Rillaerts EG, Van Camp KM, Vandewoude MF, et al. Blood viscosity parameters in coronary heart disease: effect of fish oil supplementation. Acta Clin Belg 1989;44:17-23.
54. Knapp HR, FitzGerald GA. The antihypertensive effects of fish oil. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1037-43.
55. Blair IA, Prakash C, Phillips MA, Dougherty RM, Iacono JM. Dietary modification of ω6 fatty acid intake and its effect on urinary eicosanoid excretion. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:154-60.
56. Hornstra G. Dietary lipids, platelet function, and arterial thrombosis in animals and man. Proc Nutr Soc 1985;44:371-8.
57. Owren PA. Coronary thrombosis: its mechanism and possible prevention by linolenic acid. Ann Intern Med 1965;63:167-84.
58. Stone KJ, Willis AL, Hart M, et al. The metabolism of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid in man. Lipids 1979;14:174-80.
59. Kernoff PBA, Willis AL, Stone KJ, et al. Antithrombotic potential of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in man. Br Med J 1977;2:1441-4.
60. Szcezeklik A, Gryglewski RJ, Sladek K, et al. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid in patients with atherosclerosis: effects on platelet aggregation, plasma lipids and low-density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of prostacyclin generation. Thromb Haemost 1984;51:186-8.
61. Mikhailidis DP, Kirtland SJ, Barradas MA, et al. Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid inhibits platelet aggregation and stimulates platelet prostaglandin production in healthy subjects: absence of effects in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetologia 1984;27:311A (abstr).
62. Sim AK, McCraw AP. The activity of γ-linolenate and dihomo-γ-linolenate methyl esters in vitro and in vivo on blood platelet function in non-human primates and in man. Thromb Res 1977;10:385-97.
63. Nordøy A. Lipids and thrombogenesis. Ann Clin Res 1981;13:50-61.
64. Kingsbury KJ, Morgan DM, Aylott C, et al. Effects of ethyl arachidonate, cod-liver oil, and corn oil on the plasma-cholesterol level. Lancet 1961;1:739-41.
65. Seyberth HW, Oelz O, Kennedy T, et al. Increased arachidonate in lipids after administration to man: effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975;18:521-9.
66. O'Dea K, Sinclair AJ. The effects of low fat diets rich in arachidonic acid on the composition of plasma fatty acids and bleeding time in Australian aborigines. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1985; 31:441-53.
67. Nowak J, Radomski M, Kaijser L, et al. Conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in the pulmonary circulation in vivo. Acta Physiol Scand 1981;112:405-11.
68. Owren PA, Hellem AJ, Odegaard A. Linolenic acid for the prevention of thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Lancet 1964;2:975-8.
69. Owren PA, Hellem AJ, Odegarrd A. Linolenic acid and platelet adhesiveness. Lancet 1965;2:849-50.
70. Berg KJ, Skaga E, Skjaeggestad O, et al. Effect of linseed oil on platelet adhesiveness and bleeding-time in patients with coronary heart-disease. Lancet 1965;2:980-2.
71. Geill T, Dybkaer R. The effect of linolenic acid orally on platelet adhesiveness and fibrinogen concentration. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1969;23:255-8.
72. Abbey M, Clifton P, Kestin M, et al. Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:85-94.
73. Lorgeril M, Renaus S, Mamelle N, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994;343:1454-9.
74. 2 and prostacyclin production in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:1382-8.
75. Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Love JE, et al. Dietary a-linolenic acid alters tissue fatty acid composition, but not blood lipids, lipoproteins or coagulation status in humans. Lipids 1993;28:533-7.
76. Freese R, Mutanen M, Valsta LM, et al. Comparison of the effects of two diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids differing in their linoleic/α-linolenic acid ratio on platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 1994;71:73-7.
77. Boberg M, Vessby B, Selinus I. Effects of dietary supplementation with n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum lipoproteins and platelet function in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Acta Med Scand 1986;220:153-60.
78. Wallingford JC, Yetley EA. Development of the health claims regulations: the case of omega-3 fatty acids and heart disease. Nutr Rev 1991;49:323-31.
79. Bang HO, Dyerberg J. The bleeding tendency in Greenland Eskimos. Dan Med Bull 1980;27:202-5.
80. Rodgers RPC. A critial reappraisal of the bleeding time. Semin Thromb Hemost 1990;16:1-21.
81. Ahmed AA, Holub BJ. Alteration and recovery of bleeding times, platelet aggregation and fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids in platelets of human subjects receiving a supplement of cod-liver oil. Lipids 1984;19:617-24.
82. Atkinson PM, Wheeler MC, Mendelsohn D, et al. Effects of a 4-week freshwater fish (trout) diet on platelet aggregation, platelet fatty acids, serum lipids, and coagulation factors. Am J Hematol 1987;24:143-9.
83. Cobiac L, Clifton PM, Abbey M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vs fish-oil n-3 fatty acids in mildly hyperlipidemic males. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1210-6.
84. Corrocher R, Ferrari S, de Gironcoli M, et al. Effect of fish oil supplementation on erythrocyte lipid pattern, malondialdehyde production and glutathione-peroxidase activity in psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta 1989;179:121-32.
85. Dyerberg J, Bang HO. Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet 1979;2:433-5.
86. Goodnight SH Jr, Harris WS, Connor WE. The effect of dietary ω3 fatty acids on platelet composition and function in man: a prospective, controlled study. Blood 1981;58:880-5.
87. v Houwelingen R, Nordøy A, van der Beek E, Houtsmuller U, de Metz M, Hornstra G. Effect of a moderate fish intake on blood pressure, bleeding time, hematology, and clinical chemistry in healthy males. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;46:424-36.
88. Van Houwelingen AC, Hennissen AAHM, Verbeek-Schippers F, et al. Effect of moderate fish intake on platelet aggregation in human platelet rich plasma. Thromb Haemost 1988;59:507-13.
89. Leaf A, Jorgensen MB, Jacobs AK, et al. Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty? Circulation 1994;90:2248-57.
90. Lempert KD, Rogers JS, Albrink MJ. Effects of dietary fish oil on serum lipids and blood coagulation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;11:170-5.
91. Levinson PD, Iosiphidis AH, Saritelli AL. et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1990;3:754-60.
92. Lorenz R, Spengler U, Fischer S, et al. Platelet function, thromboxane formation and blood pressure control during supplementation of the Western diet with cod liver oil. Circulation 1983;67:504-11.
93. Nordøy A, Hatcher L, Goodnight S, et al. Effects of dietary fat content, saturated fatty acids, and fish oil on eicosanoid production and hemostatic parameters in normal men. J Lab Clin Med 1994;123:914-20.
94. Sanders TAB, Vickers M, Haines AP. Effect on blood lipids and haemostasis of a supplement of cod-liver oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, in healthy young men. Clin Sci 1981;61:317-24.
95. Saynor R, Verel D, Gillot T. The long-term effect of dietary supplementation with fish lipid concentrate on serum lipids, bleeding time, platelets and angina. Atherosclerosis 1984;50:3-10.
96. Schmidt EB, Nielsen LK, Pedersen JO, et al. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipids, platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis and moncyte chemotaxis in patients with hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 1990;189:25-32.
97. Schmidt EB, Lervand HH, Varming K, et al. Long-term supplementation with n-3 fatty acids. I: Effect on blood lipids, haemostasis and blood pressure. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992;52:221-8.
98. Smith P, Arnesen H, Opstad T, et al. Influence of highly concentrated n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and hemostatic variables in survivors of myocardial infarction receiving either oral anticoagulants or matching placebo. Thromb Res 1989;53:467-74.
99. Tamura Y, Hirai A, Terano T, et al. Anti-thrombotic and anti-atherogenic action of eicosapentaenoic acid. Jpn Circ J 1987; 51:471-7.
100. Thorngren M, Gustafson A. Effects of 11-week increase in dietary eicosapentaenoic acid on bleeding time, lipids and platelet aggregation. Lancet 1981;2:1190-3.
101. 2. Br J Haematol 1984;58:567-78.
102. Wander RC, Patton BD. Comparison of three species of fish consumed as part of a Western diet: effects on platelet fatty acids and function, hemostasis, and production of thromboxane. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:326-33.
103. Wojenski CM, Silver MJ, Walker J. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester as an antithrombotic agent: comparison to an extract of fish oil. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991;1081:33-8.
104. Blonk MC, Bilo HJG, Nauta JJP, Popp-Snijders C, Mulder C, Donker AJM. Dose-response effects of fish-oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:120-7.
105. Brox JH, Killie JE, Osterud B, et al. Effects of cod-liver oil on platelets and coagulation in familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa). Acta Med Scand 1983;213:137-44.
106. Demke DM, Peters GR, Linet OI, et al. Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;70:73-80.
107. Donnelly SM, Ali MAM, Churchill DN. Effect of n-3 fatty acids from fish oil on hemostasis, blood pressure, and lipid profile of dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;2:16-39.
108. Haglund O, Luostarinen R, Wallin R, et al. The effects of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and malondialdehyde in humans supplemented with vitamin E. J Nutr 1990;121:165-9.
109. Hall AV, Parbtani A, Clark WF, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in primary nephrotic syndrome: effects on plasma lipid and coagulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;3:1321-9.
110. Hansen JB, Berg LN, Svensson B, et al. Effects of cod liver oil on lipids and platelets in males and females. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993;47:123-31.
111. Harris WS, Windsor SL, Dujovne CA. Effects of four doses of n-3 fatty acids given to hyperlipidemic patients for six months. J Am Coll Nutr 1991;10:220-7.
112. Lox CD. The effects of dietary marine fish oils (omega-3 fatty acids) on coagulation profiles in men. Gen Pharmacol 1990;21:241-6.
113. Nelson GJ, Schmidt PC, Corash L. The effect of a salmon diet on blood clotting, platelet aggregation and fatty acids in normal adult men. Lipids 1991;26:87-96.
114. Nilsen DWT, Kalaker K, Nordøy A, et al. Influence of a concentrated ethylester compound of n-3 fatty acids on lipids, platelets and coagulation in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Thromb Haemost 1991;66:195-201.
115. Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. The comparative effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma fibrinogen levels: a controlled clinical trial in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 1990;9:352-7.
116. Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. The effects of low doses of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1173-80.
117. Simons LA, Hickie JB, Balasubramaniam S. On the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids (Maxepa) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 1985;54:75-88.
118. Hansen, JB, Lyngmo V, Svensson B, et al. Inhibition of exercise-induced shortening of bleeding time by fish oil in familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa). Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:98-104.
119. Harris WS, Silveira S, Dujovne CA. The combined effects of n-3 fatty acids and aspirin on hemostatic parameters in man. Thromb Res 1990;57:517-26.
120. Leaf A. Cardiovascular effects of fish oils: beyond the platelet. Circulation 1990;82:624-8.
121. DeCaterina R, Giannessi D, Massone A, et al. Vascular prostacyclin is increased in patients ingesting ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids before coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation 1990; 82:428-38.
122. Knapp HR, Roy L. Effects of n-3 fatty acid (FA) supplements in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass. Clin Res 1994;42:395A (abstr).
123. Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of fish oil supplements in prevention of recurrence of stenosis after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1992;85:950-6.
124. Olsen SF, Sorensen JD, Secher NJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of effect of fish-oil supplementation on pregnancy duration. Lancet 1992;339:1003-7.
125. Clarke JTR, Cullen-Dean G, Regelink E, et al. Increased incidence of epistaxis in adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with fish oil. J Pediatr 1990;116:139-41.
126. Goren A, Stankiewicx H, Goldstein R, et al. Fish oil treatment of hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents receiving renal replacement therapy. Pediatrics 1991;88:265-8.
127. Bach R, Schmidt U, Jung F, et al. Effects of fish oil capsules in two dosages on blood pressure, platelet functions, haemorheological and clinical chemistry parameters in apparently healthy subjects. Ann Nutr Metab 1989;33:359-67.
128. Rillaerts EG, Engelmann GJ, Van Camp KM, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids in diet of type I diabetic subjects on lipid values and hemorheological parameters. Diabetes 1989;38:1412-6.
129. Flaten H, Høstmark AT, Kierulf P, et al. Fish-oil concentrate: effects on variables related to cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:300-6.
130. Saynor R, Gillott T. Changes in blood lipids and fibrinogen with a note on safety in a long term study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects receiving fish oil supplements and followed for seven years. Lipids 1992;27:533-8.
131. Radack K, Deck C, Huster G. Dietary supplementation with low-dose fish oils lowers fibrinogen levels: a randomized, double-blind controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:757-8.
132. Oosthuizen W, Vorster HH, Jerling JC, et al. Both fish oil and olive oil lowered plasma fibrinogen in women with high baseline fibrinogen levels. Thromb Haemost 1994;72:557-62.
133. Schmidt EB, Pedersen JO, Varming K, et al. n-3 Fatty acids and leukocyte chemotaxis. Effects in hyperlipidemia and dose-responses in healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:429-35.
134. Cartwright IJ, Pockley AG, Galloway JH, et al. The effects of dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, erythrocyte deformability and blood viscosity in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 1985;55:267-81.
135. Dart AM, Riemersma RA, Oliver MF. Effects of Maxepa on serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 1989;80: 119-24.
136. Ernst E, Resch KL, Schmidlechner C, et al. N-3 fatty acids reduce blood viscosity in hyperlipoproteinemia: results of a double blind study. Clin Hemorheol 1991;11:107-11.
137. Gans ROB, Bilo HJG, Weersing EGL, et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with stable claudication. Am J Surg 1990;160:490-5.
138. Hirai A, Terano T, Tamura Y, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and adult diseases in Japan: epidemiological and clinical aspects. J Intern Med 1989;225:69-75.
139. Haglund O, Wallin R, Luostarinen R, et al. Effects of a new fluid fish oil concentrate, ESKIMO-3, on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and blood pressure. J Intern Med 1990;227:347-53.
140. Iacoviello L, Amore C, De Curtis A, et al. Modulation of fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion in humans by a combination of low-dose aspirin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:1191-7.
141. Mortensen JZ, Schmidt EB, Nielsen AH, et al. The effect of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. Thromb Haemost 1983;50:543-6.
142. Muller AD, van Houwelingen AC, van Dam-Mieras MCE, et al. Effect of a moderate fish intake on haemostatic paramenters in healthy males. Thromb Haemost 1989;61:468-73.
143. Rogers S, James KS, Butland BK, et al. Effects of a fish oil supplement on serum lipids, blood pressure, bleeding time, haemostatic and rheological variables. Atherosclerosis 1987;63:137-43.
144. Sandset PM, Lund H, Norseth J, et al. Treatment with hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in hypercholesterolemia induces changes in the components of the extrinsic coagulation system. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:138-45.
145. Schmidt EB, Kristensen DS, Dyerberg J. The effect of fish oil on lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with angina pectoris. Artery 1988;15:316-29.
146. Schmidt EB, Ernst E, Varming K, et al. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and haemostasis in patients with type IIa and type IV hyperlipidemia. Thromb Haemost 1989;62:797-801.
147. Spannagl M, Drummer C, Froschl H, et al. Plasmatic factors of haemostasis remain essentially unchanged except for PAI activity during n-3 fatty acid intake in type I diabetes mellitus. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1991;2:259-65.
148. Terano T, Hirai A, Hamazaki T, et al. Effect of oral administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet function, blood viscosity and red cell deformability in healthy human subjects. Atherosclerosis 1983;46:321-31.
149. Vreeken J, Hardeman MR, Doedhart PT. Transient aggregation resistance of human blood platelets in fresh plasma II physiological relevance: influence of fish oil. Thromb Res 1989;54:733-40.
150. Westerveld HT, de Graaf JC, van Breugel JJFI, et al. Effects of low-dose EPA-E on glycemic control, lipid profile, lipoprotein (a), platelet aggregation, viscosity, and platelet and vessel wall interaction in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1993;16:683-8.
151. Woodcock BE, Smith E, Lambert WH, et al. Beneficial effect of fish oil on blood viscosity in peripheral vascular disease. Br Med J 1984;288:592-4.
152. Yoshimura T, Matsui K, Ito M, et al. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid on plasma beta thromboglobulin level and vascular reactivity to angiotensin II. Artery 1987;14:295-303.
153. Clark WF, Parbtani A, Huff MW, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Kidney Int 1989;36:653-60.
154. Hirai A, Terano T, Saito H, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and platelet function in Japanese. In: Lovernberg W, Yamori Y, eds. Nutritional prevention of cardiovascular disease. New York: Academic Press, 1984:231-9.
155. Miller ME, Anagnostou A, Ley B, et al. Effect of fish oil concentrate on hemorrheological and hemostatic aspects of diabetes mellitus: a preliminary study. Thromb Res 1987;47:201-14.
156. Popp-Snijders C, Schouten JA, van der Meer J, et al. Fatty fish-induced changes in membrane lipid composition and viscosity of human erythrocytes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1986;46:253-8.
157. Schaap GH, Bilo HJG, Beukhof JR, et al. The effect of short-term omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Curr Ther Res 1991;49:1061-70.
158. Urakaze M, Hamazaki T, Kashiwabar H, et al. Favorable effects of fish oil concentrate on risk factors for thrombosis in renal allograft recipients. Nephron 1989;53:102-9.
159. Bruckner G, Webb P, Greenwell L, et al. Fish oil increases peripheral capillary blood flow velocity in humans. Atherosclerosis 1987; 66:237-45.
160. Hamazaki T, Nakazawa R, Tateno S, et al. Effects of fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid on serum lipid in hyperlipidemic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1984;26:81-4.
161. Popp-Snijders C, Schouten JA, van Blitterswijk WJ, et al. Changes in membrane lipid composition of human erythrocytes after dietary supplementation of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids. Maintenance of membrane fluidity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986;854:31-7.
162. Hagve TA, Gronn M, Christophersen BO. The decrease in osmotic fragility of erythrocytes during supplementation with n-3 fatty acids is a transient phenomenon. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1991;51:493-5.
163. Muskiet FAJ, Muskiet FD, Meiborg G, Schermer JG. Supplementation of patients with homozygous sickle cell disease with zinc, α-tocopherol, vitamin C, soybean oil, and fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:736-44.
164. Knapp HK, FitzGerald GA. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and human atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis Rev 1985;13:127-43.
165. Shahar E, Folsom AR, Wu KK, et al. Associations of fish intake and dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with a hypocoagulable profile. Arterioscler Thromb 1993;13:1205-12.
166. Tremoli E, Eligini S, Colli S, et al. N-3 fatty acid ethyl ester administration to healthy subjects and to hypertriglyceridemic patients reduces tissue factor activity in adherent monocytes. Arteroscler Thromb 1994;14:1600-8.
167. Pelligrini G, Totani L, Di Santo A, et al. Supplementation-induced changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid membrane and plasma composition do not modify mononuclear cell procoagulant activity. Thromb Res 1993;71:95-101.
168. Hansen JB, Olsen JO, Wilsgard L, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with cod liver oil on monocyte thromboplastin synthesis, coagulation and fibrinolysis. J Intern Med 1989;225:133-9.
169. Barcelli U, Glas-Greenwalt P, Pollak VE. Enhancing effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on plasma fibrinolysis in normal subjects. Thromb Res 1985;39:307-12.
170. Mehta J, Lawson D, Saldeen T. Reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake. Am Heart J 1988;116:1201-6.
171. Hellsten G, Boman K, Saarem K, et al. Effects on fibrinolytic activity of corn oil and a fish oil preparation enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a long-term study. Curr Med Res Opin 1993;13:133-9.
172. Van Houwelingen AC, Hornstra G, Kromhout D, et al. Habitual fish consumption, fatty acids of serum phospholipids and platelet function. Atherosclerosis 1989;75:157-65.
173. Takimoto G, Galang J, Lee GK, et al. Plasma fibrinolytic activity after ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids in human subjects. Thromb Res 1989;54:573-82.
174. Boberg M, Pollare T, Siegbahn A, et al. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1992;22:645-50.
175. Emeis JJ, van Houwelingen AC, van den Hoogen CM, et al. A moderate fish intake increases plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in human volunteers. Blood 1989;74:233-7.
176. Fumeron F, Brigant L, Ollivier V, et al. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids raise low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein 2, and plasminogen-activator inhibitor in healthy young men. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:118-22.
177. Froschl H, Spannagl M, Drummer C, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid diet on humoral clotting and fibrinolysis parameters in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Haemostasis 1988;18:27-38.
178. Marckmann P, Jespersen J, Leth T, et al. Effect of fish diet versus meat diet on blood lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy young men. J Intern Med 1991;229:317-223.
179. Møller JM, Svaneborg N, Lervang HH, et al. The acute effect of a single very high dose of n-3 fatty acids on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb Res 1992;67:569-77.
180. Mullertz A, Holmer G, Grondahl-Hansen J. Increased concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in plasma after intake of fish oil. Fibrinolysis 1990;4:86-8.
181. Levi M, Wilmink J, Büller, et al. Impaired fibrinolysis in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant patients. Transplantation 1992;54: 978-83.
182. Axelrod L, Camuso J, Williams E, et al. Effects of a small quantity of ω-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994;17:37-44.
183. Bradlow BA, Chetty N, Westhuyzen J, et al. The effects of a mixed fish diet on platelet function, fatty acids and serum lipids. Thromb Res 1983;29:561-8.
184. Brown JE, Wahle KWJ. Effect of fish-oil and vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation and whole-blood aggregation in man. Clin Chim Acta 1990;193:147-56.
185. Brox JH, Killie JE, Gunnes S, et al. The effect of cod-liver oil and corn oil on platelets and vessel wall in man. Thromb Haemost 1981;46:604-11.
186. Hay CRM, Durber AP, Saynor R. Effect of fish oil on platelet kinetics in patients with ischemic heart disease. Lancet 1982;1: 1269-72.
187. Jakubowski JA, Ardlie NG. Evidence for the mechanism by which eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits human platelet aggregation and secretion. Implications for the prevention of vascular disease. Thromb Res 1979;16:205-17.
188. Kristensen SD, Schmidt EB, Andersen HR, et al. Fish oil in angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis 1987;64:13-9.
189. Li X, Steiner M. Fish oil: a potent inhibitor of platelet adhesiveness. Blood 1990;76:938-45.
190. Malle E, Sattler W, Prenner E, et al. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on platelet aggregability and platelet membrane fluidity in normolipemic subjects with and without high plasma Lp(a) concentrations. Atherosclerosis 1991;88:193-201.
191. Mori TA, Vandongen R, Mahanian F, et al. Plasma lipid levels and platelet and neutrophil function in patients with vascular disease following fish oil and olive oil supplementation. Metabolism 1992;41:1059-67.
192. Nagakawa Y, Orimo H, Harazawa M, et al. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on the platelet aggregation and composition of fatty acid in man. Atherosclerosis 1983;47:71-5.
193. Rylance PB, Gordge MP, Saynor R, et al. Fish oil modifies lipids and reduces platelet aggregability in haemodialysis patients. Nephron 1986;43:196-202.
194. Sanders T, Roshanai F. The influence of different types of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood lipids and platelet function in healthy volunteers. Clin Sci 1983;64:91-9.
195. Schimke E, Hildebrandt R, Beitz J, et al. Influence of a cod-liver oil diet in diabetics type I on fatty acid patterns and platelet aggregation. Biomed Biochim Acta 1984;43:S351-3.
196. Siess W, Scherer B, Bohlig B, et al. Platelet-membrane fatty acids, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation during a mackerel diet. Lancet 1980;1:441-4.
197. Silverman DI, Ware JA, Sacks FM, Pasternak RC. Comparison of the absorpotion and effect on platelet function of a single dose of n-3 fatty acids given as fish or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1165-70.
198. Skeaff CM, Holub JB. The effect of fish oil consumption on platelet aggregation responses in washed human platelet suspensions. Thromb Res 1988;51:105-15.
199. Sweny P, Wheelet DC, Lui SF, et al. Dietary fish oil supplements preserve renal function in renal transplant recipients with chronic-vascular rejection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:1070-5.
200. Tamura Y, Hirai A, Terano T, et al. Effect of administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet and erythrocyte functions in patients with thrombotic disorders. In: Lovenberg W, Yamori Y, eds. Nutritional prevention of cardiovascular disease. New York: Academic Press, 1984:323-30.
201. Turini ME, Powell WS, Behr SR, Holub BJ. Effects of a fish-oil and vegetable-oil formula on aggregation and ethanolamine-containing lysophospholipid generation in activated human platelets and on leukotriene production in stimulated neutrophils. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:717-24.
202. Von Schacky C, Weber PC. Metabolism and effects on platelet function of the purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in humans. J Clin Invest 1985;76:2446-50.
203. Boberg M, Vessby B, Croon LB. Fatty acid composition of platelets and of plasma lipid esters in relation to platelet function in patients with ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 1985;58:49-63.
204. Galloway JH, Cartwright IJ, Woodcock BE, et al. Effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on the fatty acid composition of the human platelet membrane: demonstration of selectivity in the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid into membrane phospholipid pools. Clin Sci 1985;68:449-54.
205. Gibney MJ, Bolton-Smith C. The effect of a dietary supplement of n-3 polyunsaturated fat on platelet lipid composition, platelet function and platelet plasma membrane fluidity in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 1988;60:5-12.
206. Kenny D, Warltier DC, Pleuss JA, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the vascular response to angiotensin in normotensive men. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1347-53.
207. Levine PH, Fisher M, Schneider PB. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids prolongs platelet survival in hyperlipidemic patients with atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1113-6.
208. Norris PG, Jones CJH, Weston MJ. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil on systolic blood pressure in mild essential hypertension. Br Med J 1986;293:104-5.
209. Salachas A, Papadopoulos C, Sakadamis G, et al. Effects of a low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function. Angiology 1994;45: 1023-31.
210. Tilvis RS, Rasi V, Viinikka L, et al. Effects of purified fish oil on platelet lipids and function in diabetic women. Clin Chim Acta 1987;164:315-22.
211. 2 receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 1993;46:245-9.
212. Sanders TAB, Hinds A. The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers. Br J Nutr 1992;68:163-73.
213. Trip MD, Cats VM, van Capelle FJL, et al. Platelet hyperreactivity and prognosis in survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1549-54.
214. Owens MR, Cave WT. Dietary fish lipids do not diminish platelet adhesion to subendothelium. Br J Haematol 1990;75:82-5.
215. Li X, Steiner M. Dose response of dietary fish oil supplementations on platelet adhesion. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:39-46.
216. Dyerberg J, Bang HO, Stoffersen S, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and prevention of thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Lancet 1978;2:117-9.
217. Agren JJ, Hanninen O, Laitinen M, et al. Boreal freshwater fish diet modifies the plasma lipids and prostanoids and membrane fatty acids in man. Lipids 1988;23:924-9.
218. Braden GA, Knapp HR, FitzGerald GA. Suppression of eicosanoid biosynthesis during coronary angioplasty by fish oil and aspirin. Circulation 1991;84:679-85.
219. Kahl PE, Schimke E, Hildebrandt R, et al. The influence of cod-liver oil diet on various lipid metabolism parameters, the thromboxane formation capacity, platelet function and the serum MDA level in patients suffering from myocardial infarction. Cor Vasa 1987;29:199-208.
220. Knapp HR, Reilly IAG, Alessandrini P, et al. In vivo indexes of platelet and vascular function during fish-oil administration in patients with atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1986;314:937-42.
221. Landgraf-Leurs MMC, Drummer C, Froschl H, et al. Pilot study on ω-3 fatty acid in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1990;39: 369-75.