Agents of diarrhea

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 81, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 427-447

  Framm, S R ^a   Soave, R ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBENDAZOLE; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BENZAMIDE DERIVATIVE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIDOFOVIR; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ETHAMBUTOL; FANSIDAR; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MACROLIDE; METRONIDAZOLE; NIRIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; OFLOXACIN; PAROMOMYCIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; TETRACYCLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COCCIDIOSIS; COLITIS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DIARRHEA; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; ENTEROBACTER INFECTION; GASTROENTERITIS; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MICROSPORIDIOSIS; MULTICENTER STUDY; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOZOAL INFECTION; REVIEW; SALMONELLOSIS; SHIGELLOSIS; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 0030895202     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70525-3     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. S. Altekruse F. Hyman K. Klontz Foodborne bacterial infections in individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus South Med J 87 1994 169
2. F.J. Angulo D.L. Swerdlow Bacterial enteric infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus Clin Infect Dis 21 suppl 1 1995 S84
3. D.M. Anwar-Bruni S.E. Hogan D.A. Schwartz Atovaquone is effective treatment for the symptoms of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1 infected patients AIDS 10 1996 619
4. K. Armitage T. Flanigan J. Carey Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with paromomycin: A report of five cases Arch Intern Med 152 1992 2497
5. R.W. Ashford Occurrence of an undescribed coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea Ann Trop Med Parasitol 73 1979 497
6. D.M. Asmuth P.C. DeGirolami M. Federman Clinical features of microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS Clin Infect Dis 18 1994 819
7. F. Barbut G. Corthier Y. Charpak Prevalence and pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients Arch Intern Med 156 1996 1449
8. J.G. Bartlett P.C. Belitsos C.L. Sears AIDS enteropathy Clin Infect Dis 15 1992 726
9. D.A. Benator A.L. French L.M. Beaudet Isospora belli infection associated with acalculous cholecystitis in a patient with AIDS Ann Intern Med 121 1994 663
10. C.A. Benson Disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex in patients with AIDS: Epidemiology and clinical syndrome Clin Infect Dis 18 suppl 3 1994 S218
11. Blagburn BL, Soave R: Prophylaxis and chemotherapy: Human and animal. In Fayer R (ed): Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1997 (in press)
12. C. Blanshard D.S. Ellis D.G. Tovey Treatment of intestinal microsporidiosis with albendazole in patients with AIDS AIDS 6 1992 311
13. C. Blanshard B.G. Gazzard Natural history and prognosis of diarrhoea of unknown cause in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Gut 36 1995 283
14. M. Bonacini Hepatobiliary complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection Am J Med 92 1992 404
15. M. Bonacini G. Kanel M. Alamy Duodenal and hepatic toxoplasmosis in a patient with HIV infection: Review of the literature Am J Gastroenterol 91 1996 1838
16. R.T. Bryan Microsporidiosis as an AIDS-related opportunistic infection Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 S62
17. A. Cali D.P. Kotler J.M. Orenstein Septata intestinalis N.g., N. sp., an intestinal microsporidian associated with chronic diarrhea and dissemination in AIDS patients J Eukaryot Microbiol 40 1993 101
18. E.U. Canning Microsporidia J.P. Kreier Parasitic Protozoa vol 6 1993 Academic Press San Diego 299
19. C.L. Celum R.E. Chaisson G.W. Rutherford Incidence of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS J Infect Dis 156 1987 998
20. Centers for Disease Control Assessing the public health threat associated with waterborne cryptosporidiosis: Report of a workshop MMWR 44 1995 1
21. Centers for Disease Control Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum —Minnesota, 1995 MMWR 45 1996 783
22. Centers for Disease Control Outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection—United States, 1996 MMWR 45 1996 549
23. Centers for Disease Control Outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-like bodies—Chicago and Nepal, 1989 and 1990 MMWR 40 1991 325
24. Centers for Disease Control Update: Outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection—United States and Canada, 1996 MMWR 45 1996 611
25. C.L. Chappell P.C. Okhuysen C.R. Sterling Cryptosporidium parvum: Intensity of infection and oocyst excretion patterns in healthy volunteers J Infect Dis 173 1996 232
26. K.P. Chin M.A. Lowe M.J. Tong Vibrio vulnificus after raw oyster ingestion in a patient with liver disease and acquired immune deficiency syndrome–related complex Gastroenterology 92 1987 796
27. C.D. Collins C. Blanshard M. Cramp Case report: Pneumatosis intestinalis occurring in association with cryptosporidiosis and HIV infection Clin Radiol 46 1992 410
28. C.P. Conlon A.J. Pinching C.U. Perera HIV-related enteropathy in Zambia: A clinical, microbiological, and histological study Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 1990 83
29. L. Cotte M. Rabodonirina M.A. Piens Prevalence of intestinal protozoans in French patients infected with HIV J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 6 1993 1024
30. J.C. Cozart S.S. Kalangi M.H. Clench Clostridium difficile in patients with AIDS versus non-AIDS controls J Clin Gastroenterol 16 1993 192
31. D.E. Craven K.A. Steger L.R. Hirschhorn Nosocomial colonization and infection in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17 1996 304
32. Davis LJ, Soave R, Dudley RE, et al: Nitazoxanide for AIDS-related cryptosporidial diarrhea: An open-label safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics study [abst LM50] Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, 1996
33. P.C. DeGirolami C.R. Ezratty G. Desai Diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis by examination of stool and duodenal aspirates with Weber's modified trichrome and Uvitex 2B stains J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 805
34. I. Desportes Y. LeCharpentier A. Galian Occurrence of a new microsporidian: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n. g., n. sp., in the enterocytes of a human patient with AIDS J Protozool 32 1985 250
35. E.S. Didier P.J. Didier D.N. Friedberg Isolation and characterization of a new human microsporidian, Encephalitozoon hellem (n sp), from three patients with keratoconjunctivitis J Infect Dis 163 1991 617
36. D.T. Dieterich E.A. Lew D.P. Kotler Treatment with albendazole for intestinal disease due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi in patients with AIDS J Infect Dis 169 1994 178
37. D.T. Dieterich M. Rahmin Cytomegalovirus colitis in AIDS: Presentation in 44 patients and a review of the literature J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 4 suppl 1 1991 S29
38. G.J. Dore D.J. Marriott M.C. Hing Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Septata intestinalis in nine patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: Response to therapy with albendazole Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 70
39. Driks MR, Gupta MR, McKinsey DS, et al: Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [abstr]. Proceedings of the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, GA, 1990
40. F. Drobniewski P. Kelly A. Carew Human microsporidiosis in African AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea J Infect Dis 171 1995 515
41. N. Durepaire S. Ranger-Rogez J.A. Gandji Enteric prevalence of adenovirus in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients J Med Virol 45 1995 56
42. J.E. Fassler T.M. O'Dorisio C.G. Goddard Peptides of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evoke rat colonic electrolyte secretion inhibitable by the somatostatin analogue octreotide Life Sci 48 1990 13
43. R. Fayer B.L.P. Ungar Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis Microbiol Rev 50 1986 458
44. T. Flanigan C. Whalen J. Turner Cryptosporidium infection and CD4 counts Ann Intern Med 116 1992 840
45. G. Forester O. Sidhom R. Nahass AIDS-associated cryptosporidiosis with gastric stricture and a therapeutic response to paromomycin Am J Gastroenterol 89 1994 1096
46. C.H. Fox D. Kotler A. Tierney Detection of HIV-1 RNA in the lamina propria of patients with AIDS and gastrointestinal disease J Infect Dis 159 1989 467
47. A.L. French L.M. Beaudet D.A. Benator Cholecystectomy in patients with AIDS: Clinicopathologic correlations in 107 cases Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 852
48. L.S. Garcia R.Y. Shimizu D.A. Bruckner Detection of microsporidial spores in fecal specimens from patients diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis J Clin Microbiol 32 1994 1739
49. C.D. Gaynor R.A. Clark F.P. Koontz Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection in two patients with AIDS Clin Infect Dis 18 1994 455
50. S.T. Goldstein D.D. Juranek O. Ravenholt Cryptosporidiosis: An outbreak associated with drinking water despite state-of-the-art water treatment Ann Intern Med 124 1996 459
51. R.W. Goodgame Understanding intestinal spore-forming protozoa: Cryptosporidia, microsporidia, isospora, and cyclospora Ann Intern Med 124 1996 429
52. F. Gordin C. Gibert M.E. Schmidt Clostridium difficile colitis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Am J Med 96 1994 84
53. T.K. Graczyk M.R. Cranfield R. Fayer Evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test kits for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts of species other than Cryptosporidium parvum Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 1996 274
54. G.S. Grohmann R.I. Glass H.G. Pereira Enteric viruses and diarrhea in HIV-infected patients N Engl J Med 329 1993 14
55. G. Gunnarsson D. Hurlbut P.C. DeGirolami Multiorgan microsporidiosis: Report of five cases and review Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 37
56. R.A. Hartskeerl T. Van Gool A.R.J. Schuitema Genetic and immunological characterization of the microsporidian, Septata intestinalis Cali, Kotler, and Orenstein 1993: Reclassification to Encephalitozoon intestinalis Parasitology 110 1995 227
57. J.C. Hierholzer Adenoviruses in the immunocompromised host Clin Microbiol Rev 5 1992 262
58. J.H. Hii J.G. Guccion C.L. Gilbert Enteroadherent eae A-positive Escherichia coli associated with chronic AIDS-related diarrhea Ann Intern Med 125 1996 523
59. C.W. Hoge D.R. Shlim M. Ghimire Placebo-controlled trial of cotrimoxazole for Cyclospora infections among travellers and foreign residents in Nepal Lancet 345 1995 691
60. C.W. Hoge D.R. Shlim R. Rajah Epidemiology of diarrhoeal illness associated with coccidian-like organism among travellers and foreign residents in Nepal Lancet 341 1993 1175
61. W.S. Hollister E.U. Canning N.I. Colbourn A species of Encephalitozoon isolated from an AIDS patient: Criteria for species differentiation Folia Parasitol (Praha) 40 1993 293
62. W.S. Hollister E.U. Canning E. Weidner Development and ultrastructure of Trachipleistophora hominis n.g., n. sp. after in vitro isolation from an AIDS patient and innoculation into athymic mice Parasitology 112 1996 143
63. C.R. Horsburgh Mycobacterium avium complex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome N Engl J Med 324 1991 1332
64. P. Huang J.T. Weber D.M. Sosin The first reported outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cyclospora in the United States Ann Intern Med 123 1995 409
65. Y. Hutin J.M. Molina I. Casin Risk factors for Clostridium difficile –associated diarrhoea in HIV-infected patients AIDS 7 1993 1441
66. J.L. Jacobs J.W.M. Gold H.W. Murray Salmonella infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Ann Intern Med 102 1985 186
67. E.N. Janoff C. Limas R.L. Gebhard Cryptosporidial carriage without symptoms in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Ann Intern Med 112 1990 75
68. E.N. Janoff J.M. Orenstein J.F. Manischewitz Adenovirus colitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Gastroenterology 100 1991 976
69. W.C. Jordan Clarithromycin prophylaxis against Cryptosporidium enteritis in patients with AIDS J Natl Med Assoc 88 1996 425
70. D.D. Juranek Cryptosporidiosis: Sources of infection and guidelines for prevention Clin Infect Dis 21 suppl 1 1995 S57
71. C.P. Kelly C. Pothoulakis J.T. LaMont Clostridium difficile colitis N Engl J Med 330 1994 257
72. D.P. Kotler H.P. Gaet M. Lange Enteropathy associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Ann Intern Med 101 1984 421
73. D.P. Kotler T.T. Giang M. Thiim Chronic bacterial enteropathy in patients with AIDS J Infect Dis 171 1995 552
74. D.P. Kotler J.M. Orenstein Prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-infected individuals referred for gastroenterological evaluation Am J Gastroenterol 89 1994 1998
75. M.H. Kramer B.L. Herwaldt G.F. Craun Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks—United States, 1993–1994 MMWR 45 1996 1
76. F. Laguna J. Garcia-Samaniego V. Soriano Gastrointestinal leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients: Report of five cases and review Clin Infect Dis 19 1994 48
77. B.E. Laughon D.A. Druckman A. Vernon Prevalence of enteric pathogens in homosexual men with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Gastroenterology 94 1988 984
78. O. Liesenfeld T. Schneider W. Schmidt Culture of intestinal biopsy specimens and stool culture for detection of bacterial enteropathogens in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 745
79. R. Lopez-Velez R. Tarazona A.G. Camacho Intestinal and extraintestinal cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14 1995 677
80. S.S. Lu J.M. Schwartz D.M. Simon Clostridium difficile –associated diarrhea in patients with HIV positivity and AIDS: A prospective controlled study Am J Gastroenterol 89 1994 1226
81. P. Ma R. Soave Three-step stool examination for cryptosporidiosis in 10 homosexual men with protracted watery diarrhea J Infect Dis 147 1983 824
82. W.R. MacKenzie N.J. Hoxie M.E. Proctor A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply N Engl J Med 331 1994 161
83. W.R. MacKenzie W.L. Schell K.A. Blair Massive outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 57
84. G. Madico R.H. Gilman E. Miranda Treatment of cyclospora infections with cotrimoxazole Lancet 342 1993 122
85. G.M. Maliha K.S. Hepps D.M. Maia Whipple's disease can mimic chronic AIDS enteropathy Am J Gastroenterol 86 1991 79
86. Y.C. Manabe J.M. Vinetz R.D. Moore Clostridium difficile colitis: An efficient clinical approach to diagnosis Ann Intern Med 123 1995 835
87. S.B. Mannheimer R. Soave Protozoal infections in patients with AIDS: Cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, cyclosporiasis, and microsporidiosis Infect Dis Clin North Am 8 1994 483
88. S.J. Margulis C.L. Honig R. Soave Biliary tract obstruction in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Ann Intern Med 105 1986 207
89. J.J. Mathewson Z.D. Jiang A. Zumla HEp-2 cell-adherent Escherichia coli in patients with human immunodeficiency virus–associated diarrhea J Infect Dis 171 1995 1636
90. H.B. Mayer C.A. Wanke Diagnostic strategies in HIV-infected patients with diarrhea AIDS 8 1994 1639
91. H.B. Mayer C.A. Wanke Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli as a possible cause of diarrhea in an HIV-infected patient [letter] N Engl J Med 332 1994 273
92. H. Mentec C. Leport J. Leport Cytomegalovirus colitis in HIV-1 infected patients: A prospective research in 55 patients AIDS 8 1994 461
93. P.S. Millard K.F. Gensheimer D.G. Addiss An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed-apple cider JAMA 272 1994 1592
94. J.M. Molina E. Oksenhendler B. Beauvais Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Septata intestinalis in patients with AIDS: Clinical features and response to albendazole therapy J Infect Dis 171 1995 245
95. J.M. Molina C. Sarfati G. Beaucaire Intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients with chronic unexplained diarrhea: Prevalence and clinical and biologic features J Infect Dis 167 1993 217
96. R. Monge M. Chinchilla Presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fresh vegetables J Food Protection 59 1995 202
97. J.A. Nelson C.A. Wiley C. Reynolds-Kohler Human immunodeficiency virus detected in bowel epithelium from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms Lancet 1 1988 259
98. M.R. Nelson D.C. Shanson D.A. Hawkins Salmonella, campylobacter and shigella in HIV-seropositive patients AIDS 6 1992 1495
99. S.D. Nightingale L.T. Byrd P.M. Southern Incidence of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients J Infect Dis 165 1992 1082
100. J.M. Nina V. McDonald R.M.A. Deer Comparative study of the antigenic composition of oocyst isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum from different hosts Parasite Immunol 14 1992 227
101. J.M. Orenstein J. Chiang W. Steinberg Intestinal microsporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients: A report of 20 cases Hum Pathol 21 1990 475
102. Y.R. Ortega R.R. Sheehy V.A. Cama Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates of bovine and human origin J Protozool 38 1991 40S
103. Y.R. Ortega C.R. Sterling R.H. Gilman Cyclospora species—a new protozoan pathogen of humans N Engl J Med 328 1993 1308
104. R.L. Owen R.I. Roth R.J. St. Hilaire Pseudo Whipple's disease–intestinal infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (M. avium) in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Gastroenterology 84 1983 1267
105. J.W. Pape W.D. Johnson Isospora belli infections T. Sun Progress in Clinical Parasitology ed 2 1990 Field & Wood Philadelphia 119
106. J.W. Pape B. Liautaud F. Thomas The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Haiti Ann Intern Med 103 1985 674
107. J.W. Pape R.I. Verdier M. Boncy Cyclospora infection in adults infected with HIV: Clinical manifestations, treatment, and prophylaxis Ann Intern Med 121 1994 654
108. J.W. Pape R.I. Verdier W.D. Johnson Treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome N Engl J Med 320 1989 1044
109. M.T. Parisi P.M. Tierno Evaluation of a new rapid commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in untreated stool specimens J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 1963
110. M. Pechere M. Opravil A. Wald Clinical and epidemiologic features of infection with Mycobacterium genavense Arch Intern Med 155 1995 400
111. C. Pedersen S. Danner A. Lazzarin Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis among European AIDS patients Genitourin Med 72 1996 128
112. J. Peraire F. Vidal E. Mayayo Gastric toxoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [letter] Am J Gastroenterol 88 1993 1464
113. B.S. Peters E.J. Beck S. Anderson Cytomegalovirus infection in AIDS: Patterns of disease, response to therapy and trends in survival J Infect 23 1991 129
114. M.C. Peterson R.W. Farr M. Castiglia Prosthetic hip infection and bacteremia due to Campylobacter jejuni in a patient with AIDS Clin Infect Dis 16 1993 439
115. S. Pol C.A. Romana S. Richard Microsporidia infection in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus and unexplained cholangitis N Engl J Med 328 1993 95
116. F. Pulido R. Rubio J.R. Costa Visceral leishmaniasis as a cause of diarrhoea in HIV-infected patients AIDS 9 1995 661
117. T.C. Quinn W.E. Stamm S.E. Goodell The polymicrobial origin of intestinal infections in homosexual men N Engl J Med 309 1983 576
118. L. Rabeneck R.M. Genta F. Gyorkey Observations on the pathological spectrum and clinical course of microsporidiosis in men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: Follow-up study Clin Infect Dis 20 1995 1229
119. J.G. Rabold C.W. Hoge D.R. Shlim Cyclospora outbreak associated with chlorinated drinking water [letter] Lancet 344 1994 1360
120. F.C. Ramirez J.E. Clarridge M.C. Heiser A study of the frequency of recovery of unexpected Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium from duodenal aspirates taken during routine upper endoscopy Am J Gastroenterol 88 1993 552
121. M. Ravera A. Reggiori E. Cocozza Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in AIDS and immunocompetent patients in Uganda [letter] Int J STD AIDS 5 1994 302
122. S.L. Reed D.W. Wessel C.E. Davis Entamoeba histolytica infection and AIDS Am J Med 90 1991 269
123. D.A. Relman T.M. Schmidt A. Gajadhar Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cyclospora, the human intestinal pathogen, suggests that it is closely related to Eimeria species J Infect Dis 173 1996 440
124. E. Rene C. Marche B. Regnier Intestinal infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A prospective study of 132 patients Dig Dis Sci 34 1989 773
125. C. Restrepo A.M. Macher E.H. Radany Disseminated extraintestinal isosporiasis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome Am J Clin Pathol 87 1987 536
126. W.G. Roberts P.H.R. Green J. Ma Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in patients undergoing endoscopy: Evidence for an asymptomatic carrier state Am J Med 87 1989 537
127. M. Scaglia C. Atzori G. Marchetti Effectiveness of aminosidine (paromomycin) sulfate in chronic Cryptosporidium diarrhea in AIDS patients: An open, uncontrolled, prospective clinical trial [letter] J Infect Dis 170 1994 1349
128. D.J. Schneiderman J.P. Cello F.C. Laing Papillary stenosis and sclerosing cholangitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Ann Intern Med 106 1987 546
129. C. Schultsz F. Snijders J. Dankert No evidence for a role of enteroadherent Escherichia coli in diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients J Infect Dis 174 1996 246
130. D.A. Schwartz R.T. Bryan G.S. Visvesvara Diagnostic approaches for Encephalitozoon infections in patients with AIDS J Eukaryot Microbiol 41 1994 59S
131. R.W. Shafer D.S. Kim J.P. Weiss Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection Medicine 70 1991 384
132. D. Sharpstone A. Rowbottom M. Nelson The treatment of microsporidial diarrhoea with thalidomide [letter] AIDS 9 1995 658
133. J. Sifuentes-Osornio G. Porra-Cortes R.P. Bendall Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in patients with and without AIDS: Biliary disease as another clinical manifestation Clin Infect Dis 21 1995 1092
134. H. Silveira E.U. Canning Vittaforma corneae N. Comb of the human microsporidium Nosema corneum Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis, and Font, 1990, based on its ultrastructure in the liver of experimentally infected athymic mice J Eukaryotic Microbiol 42 1995 158
135. A.E. Simor S.L. Yake K. Tsimidis Infection due to Clostridium difficile among elderly residents of a long-term-care facility Clin Infect Dis 17 1993 672
136. P.D. Smith Acute infectious diarrhea: Infectious diarrheas in patients with AIDS Gastroenterol Clin North Am 22 1993 535
137. P.D. Smith H.C. Lane V.J. Gill Intestinal infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Etiology and response to therapy Ann Intern Med 108 1988 328
138. R. Soave Cyclospora : An overview Clin Infect Dis 23 1996 429
139. Soave R, Havlir D, Lancaster D, et al: Azithromycin therapy of AIDS-related cryptosporidial diarrhea: A multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind study [abstr 193]. In Programs and Abstracts of the 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, 1996
140. R. Soave W.D. Johnson Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli infections J Infect Dis 157 1988 225
141. F.J. Sorvillo L.E. Lieb S.H. Waterman Incidence of campylobacteriosis among patients with AIDS in Los Angeles County J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 4 1991 598
142. S.J. Sperber C.J. Schleupner Salmonellosis during infection with human immunodeficiency virus Rev Infect Dis 9 1987 925
143. M.J. Stuelens D. Patte I. Kabir Shigella septicemia: Prevalence, presentation, risk factors, and outcome J Infect Dis 152 1985 784
144. H.B. Tanowitz D. Simon M. Wittner Medical management of AIDS patients: Gastrointestinal manifestations Med Clin North Am 76 1992 45
145. R. Ullrich M. Zeitz W. Heise Small intestinal structure and function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Evidence for HIV-induced enteropathy Ann Intern Med 111 1989 15
146. B.L.P. Ungar Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis S. Broder T.C. Merigan Jr D. Bolognesi Textbook of AIDS Medicine 1994 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore
147. S.J. Upton W.L. Current The species of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiae) infecting mammals J Parasitol 71 1985 625
148. N.B. Vakil S.M. Schwartz B.P. Buggy Biliary cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected people after the waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee N Engl J Med 334 1996 19
149. T. van Gool F. Snijders P. Reiss Diagnosis of intestinal and disseminated microsporidia infections in patients with HIV by a new rapid fluorescence technique J Clin Pathol 46 1993 694
150. R. Weber R.T. Bryan Microsporidial infections in immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients Clin Infect Dis 19 1994 517
151. R. Weber R.T. Bryan H.S. Bishop Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: Evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods J Clin Microbiol 29 1991 1323
152. R. Weber R.T. Bryan R.L. Owen Improved light-microscopic detection of microsporidia spores in stool and duodenal aspirates N Engl J Med 326 1992 161
153. R. Weber R.T. Bryan D.A. Schwartz Human microsporidial infections Clin Microbiol Rev 7 1994 426
154. R. Weber B. Sauer R. Luthy Intestinal coinfection with Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium in a human immunodeficiency virus–infected child with chronic diarrhea Clin Infect Dis 17 1993 480
155. A.C. White Jr C.L. Chappell C.S. Hayat Paromomycin for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS: A prospective, double-blind trial J Infect Dis 170 1994 419
156. C.M. Wilcox D.A. Schwartz G. Cotsonis Chronic unexplained diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus infection: determination of the best diagnostic approach Gastroenterology 110 1996 30
157. T. Wuhib T.M.J. Silva R.D. Newman Cryptosporidial and microsporidial infections in human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients in northeastern Brazil J Infect Dis 170 1994 494
158. R.M. Wurtz F.E. Kocka C.S. Peters Clinical characteristics of seven cases of diarrhea associated with a novel acid-fast organism in the stool Clin Infect Dis 16 1993 136