Physiology and ecology of dispersal polymorphism in insects

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 42, Issue , 1997, Pages 207-231

  Zera, Anthony J ^a   Denno, Robert F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA   (United States)

^b Bldg 142   (United States)

Author keywords

endocrine regulation; flightlessness; habitat persistence; juvenile hormone; life history trade off; reproduction; wing polymorphism

Indexed keywords

HEXAPODA; INSECTA;

EID: 0030887652     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.207     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Applebaum SW, Raccah B, Leiserowitz R. 1975. The effect of juvenile hormone and β-ecdysone on wing determination in the aphid, Myzus persicae. J. Insect Physiol. 21:1279-81
2. Aukema B. 1991. Fecundity in relation to wing-morph of three closely related species of the melanocephalus group of the genus Calathus (Coleoptera:Carabidae). Oecologia 87:118-26
3. Ayoade O, Morooka S, Tojo S. 1996. Induction of macroptery, precocious metamorphosis, and retarded ovarian growth by topical application of precocene II, with evidence for its non-systemic allaticidal effects in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. J. Insect Physiol. In press
4. Baker FC. 1990. Techniques for identification and quantification of juvenile hormones and related compounds in arthropods. In Morphogenetic Hormones of Arthropods, ed. AP Gupta, Vol. 1, pp. 389-453. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press
5. Bhakthan NMG, Nair KK, Borden JH. 1971. Fine structure of degenerating and regenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips confusus. II. Regeneration. Can. J. Zool. 49:85-89
6. Borden JH, Slater CE. 1969. Flight muscle volume change in Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. J. Zool. 47:29-31
7. Bowers WS. 1985. Antihormones. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, ed. GA Kerkut, LI Gilbert, Vol. 8, pp. 551-64. Oxford: Pergamon
8. Chapman RF, Cook AG, Mitchell GA, Page WW. 1978. Wing dimorphism and flight in Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 68:229-42
9. Cook A, Denno RF. 1994. Planthopperplant interactions: feeding behavior, plant nutrition, plant defense and host plant specialization. In Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management, ed. RF Denno, TJ Perfect, pp. 114-39. New York: Chapman & Hall
10. Crespi BJ. 1988. Adaptation, compromise, and constraint: the development, morphometrics, and behavioral basis of a fighter-flier polymorphism in male Hoplothrips karnyi (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Bthav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 23:93-104
11. Crnokrak P, Roff DA. 1995. Fitness differences associated with calling behavior in the two wing morphs of the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus. Anim. Behav. 50:1475-81
12. den Boer PJ, Van Huizen THP, den Boer-Daanje W, Aukema B, den Bieman CFM. 1980. Wing polymorphism and dimorphism in ground beetles as stages in an evolutionary process (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Entomol. Gen. 6:107-34
13. Denno RF. 1983. Tracking variable host plants in space and time. In Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems, ed. RF Denno, MS McClure, pp. 291-341. New York: Academic
14. Denno RF. 1994. Life history variation in planthoppers. In Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management, ed. RF Denno, TJ Perfect, pp. 163-215. New York: Chapman & Hall
15. Denno RF. 1994. The evolution of dispersal polymorphism in insects: the influence of habitats, host plants and mates. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 36:127-35
16. Denno RF, Douglass LW, Jacobs D. 1985. Crowding and host plant nutrition: environmental determinants of wing-form in Prokelisia marginata. Ecology 66:1588-96
17. Denno RF, Grissell EE. 1979. The adaptiveness of wing-dimorphism in the salt marsh-inhabiting planthopper, Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Ecology 60:221-36
18. Denno RF, Olmstead KL, McCloud ES. 1989. Reproductive cost of flight capability: a comparison of life history traits in wing dimorphic planthoppers. Ecol. Entomol. 14:31-44
19. Denno RF, Peterson MA. 1995. Density-dependent dispersal and its consequences for population dynamics. In Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis, ed. N Cappuccino, PW Price, pp. 113-30. New York: Academic
20. Denno RF, Raupp MJ, Tallamy DW, Reichelderfer CF. 1980. Migration in heterogeneous environments: differences in habitat selection between the wing-forms of the dimorphic planthopper, Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera:Delphacidae). Ecology 61:859-67
21. Denno RF, Roderick GK. 1990. Population biology of planthoppers. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35:489-520
22. Denno RF, Roderick GK. 1992. Density-related dispersal in planthoppers: effects of interspecific crowding. Ecology 73: 1323-34
23. Denno RF, Roderick GK, Olmstead KL, Dobel HG. 1991. Density-related migration in planthoppers (Homoptera: Delphacidae): the role of habitat persistence. Am. Nat. 138:1513-41
24. Denno RF, Roderick GK, Peterson MA, Huberty AF, Döbel HG, et al. 1996. Habitat persistence shapes the intraspecific dispersal strategies of planthoppers. Ecol. Monogr. In press
25. Dingle H. 1985. Migration. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, ed. GA Kerkut, LI Gilbert, Vol. 9, pp. 375-415. Oxford: Pergamon
26. Dixon AFG. 1984. Plant architectural complexity and alary polymorphism in tree-dwelling aphids. Ecol. Entomol. 9:117-18
27. Dixon AFG. 1985. Aphid Ecology. London: Blackie
28. Dixon AFG, Howard MT. 1986. Dispersal in aphids, a problem in resource allocation. In Dispersal and Migration, ed. W Danthanarayana, pp. 145-51. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
29. Döbel HG, Denno RF. 1994. Predator-planthopper interactions. In Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management, ed. RF Denno, TJ Perfect, pp. 325-99. New York: Chapman & Hall
30. El-Ibrashy MT. 1965. A comparative study of metabolic effects of the corpus allatum in two adult Coleoptera, in relation to dispause. Meded. Landbouwhogesch. Wageningen 65:1-54
31. Fahrig L. 1990. Interacting effects of disturbance and dispersal on individual selection and population stability. Comments Theor. Biol. 1:275-97
32. Fairbairn DJ. 1986. Does alary dimorphismimply dispersal dimorphism in the water strider, Gerris remigis? Ecol. Entomol. 11:355-68
33. Fairbairn DJ. 1988. Adaptive significance of wing dimorphism in the absence of dispersal: a comparative study of the wing morphs in the waterstrider, Gerris remigis. Ecol. Entomol 13:273-81
34. Fairbairn DJ. 1994. Wing dimorphism and the migratory syndrome: correlated traits for migratory tendency in wing dimorphic insects. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 36:157-63
35. Fairbairn DJ, Desranleau L. 1987. Flight threshold, wing muscle histolysis, and alary polymorphism: correlated traits for dispersal tendency in the Gerridae. Ecol. Entomol. 12:13-24
36. Fairbairn DJ, Preziosi F. 1996. Sexual selection and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the water strider, Aquarius remigis. Evolution. In press
37. Fairbairn DJ, Roff DA. 1990. Genetic correlations among traits determining migratory tendency in the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus. Evolution 44:1787-95
38. Fujisaki K. 1986. Reproductive properties of the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), in relation to its wing polymorphism. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 28:43-52
39. Fujisaki K. 1989. Wing form determination and sensitivity of stage to environmental factors in the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), in relation to its wing polymorphism. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 24:287-94
40. Fujisaki K. 1992. A male fitness advantage to wing reduction in the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 34:173-83
41. Fujisaki K. 1993. Reproduction and egg diapause of the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), in the subtropical winter season in relation to its wing polymorphism. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 35:171-81
42. Gould SJ. 1977. Ontogeny and Phytogeny. Cambridge: Belknap Harvard
43. Greenwalt CH. 1962. Dimensional relationships for flying animals. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 144:1-46
44. Gunn A, Gatehouse AG. 1987. The influence of larval phase on metabolic reserves, fecundity and lifespan of the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 77:651-60
45. Gunn A, Gatehouse AG, Woodrow KP. 1988. Trade-off between flight and reproduction in the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta. Physiol. Entomol. 14:419-27
46. Hardie J. 1980. Juvenile hormone mimics the photoperiodic apterization of the alate gynoperaof the aphid, Aphis fabae. Nature 286:602-4
47. Hardie J. 1986. Morphogenetic effects of precocenes on three aphid species. J. Insect Physiol. 32:813-18
48. Hardie J. 1987. Precocenes and morph differentiation in female aphids. In Population Structure, Genetics and Taxonomy of Aphids and Thysanopterans, ed. J Holman, J Pelikan, APG Dixon, L Weismann, pp. 145-57. The Hague: SPB Academic Pub.
49. Hardie J, Baker FC, Jamieson GC, Lees AD, Schooley DA. 1985. The identification of an aphid juvenile hormone, and its titre in relation to photoperiod. Physiol. Entomol. 10:297-302
50. Hardie J, Honda K, Timar T, Varjas L. 1995. Effects of 2,2-dimethylchromene derivatives on wing determination and metamorphosis in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 30:25-40
51. Hardie J, Lees AD. 1985. Endocrine control of polymorphism and polyphenism. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, ed. GA Kerkut, LI Gilbert, pp. 441-90. New York: Pergamon
52. Harrewijn P. 1976. Role of monoamine metabolism in wing dimorphism of the aphid Myzus persicae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 55C: 147-53
53. Harrewijn P, Noordink JPW. 1978. An autoradiographic study on the function of biogenic amines in wing dimorphism of the aphid Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 24:415-19
54. Harrison RG. 1980. Dispersal polymorphisms in insects. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11:95-118
55. Hille Ris Lambers D. 1966. Polymorphism in Aphididae. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 11:47-78
56. Holtmeier CL, Zera AJ. 1993. Differential mating success of male wing morphs of the cricket, Gryllus rubens. Am. Midl. Nat. 129:223-33
57. Hǒnek A. 1995. Factors and consequences of a non-functional alary polymorphism in Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 37:111-18
58. Iwanaga K, Tojo S. 1986. Effects of juvenile hormone and rearing density on wing dimorphism and oocyte development in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. J. Insect Physiol. 32:585-90
59. Jackson DJ. 1928. The inheritance of long and short wings in the weevil, Sitona hispidula, with a discussion of wing reduction among beetles. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 55:665-735
60. Johnson B. 1966. Wing polymorphism in aphids. III. The effect of the host plant. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 9:213-22
61. Johnson B, Birks PR. 1960. Studies on wing polymorphism in aphids. I. The developmental process involved in the production of different forms. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2:327-39
62. Johnson CG. 1969. Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight. London: Methuen. 763 pp.
63. Kaitala A. 1988. Wing muscle dimorphism: two reproductive pathways of the waterstrider Gerris thoracicus in relation to habitat stability. Oikos 53:222-28
64. Kennedy JS. 1961. Continuous polymorphism in locusts. In Insect Polymorphism, ed. JS Kennedy, pp. 80-90. London: R. Entomol. Soc.
65. Kimura J, Masaki S. 1977. Brachypterism and seasonal adaptation in Orgyia thyellina Butler (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae). Kontyu 45:95-106
66. Kisimoto R. 1965. Studies on the polymorphism and its role playing in the population growth of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Bull. Shikoku Agric. Exp. Stn. 13:1-106
67. Kisimoto R, Rosenberg LJ. 1994. Long-distance migration in delphacid planthoppers. In Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management, ed. RF Denno, TJ Perfect, pp. 302-22. New York: Chapman & Hall
68. Kotaki T. 1996. Evidence for a new juvenile hormone in a stink bug, Plautia stali. J. Insect Physiol. 42:279-86
69. Kuno E, Hokyo N. 1970. Comparative analysis of the population dynamics of rice leafhoppers, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler and Nilaparvata lugens Stål, with special reference to natural regulation of their numbers. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 12:154-84
70. Langor DW, Larson DJ. 1983. Alary polymorphism and life history of a colonizing ground beetle, Bembidion lampros Herbst (Coleoptera:Carabidae). Coleopt. Bull. 37:365-77
71. Lees AD. 1961. Clonal polymorphism in aphids. In Insect Polymorphism, ed. JS Kennedy, pp. 68-79. London: R. Entomol. Soc.
72. Masaki S, Shimizu T. 1995. Variability in wing form in crickets. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 37:119-28
73. Masaki S, Walker T. 1987. Cricket life cycles. Evol. Biol. 23:349-423
74. Matsuda R. 1987. Animal Evolution in Changing Environments with Special Reference to Abnormal Metamorphosis. New York: Wiley-Interscience. 355 pp.
75. Matsumura M. 1996. Genetic analysis of a threshold trait: density-dependent wing dimorphism in the whitehacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Heredity. 76:229-37
76. McNab B. 1994. Energy conservation and the evolution of flightlessness in birds. Am. Nat. 144:628-42
77. Mishiro K, Fujisaki K, Nakasuji F. 1994. Comparison of female reproductive effort and male mating success between macropterous and brachypterous forms of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29:211-17
78. Mittler TE. 1991. Juvenile hormone and aphid polymorphism. In Morphogenetic Hormones of Arthropods, ed. AP Gupta, Vol. 3, pp. 453-474. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press
79. Mole S, Zera AJ. 1993. Differential allocation of resources underlies the dispersal-reproduction trade-off in the wing-dimorphic cricket, Gryllus rubens. Oecologia 93:121-27
80. Mole S, Zera AJ. 1994. Differential resource consumption obviates a potential flight-fecundity trade-off in the sand cricket (Gryllus firmus). Funct. Ecol. 8:573-80
81. Morooka S, Tojo S. 1992. Maintenance and selection of strains exhibiting specific wing form and body color under high density conditions in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 27:445-54
82. Muraji M, Nakasuji F. 1988. Comparative studies on life history traits of three wing dimorphic water bugs, Microvelia spp. Westwood (Heteroptera:Veliidae). Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 30:315-27
83. Nair CRM, Prabhu VKK. 1985. Entry of proteins from degenerating flight muscles into oocytes in Dystdercus cingulatus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). J. Insect Physiol. 31:383-88
84. New TR. 1969. Aerial dispersal of some British Psocoptera as indicated by suction trap catches. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London (A) 44:49-61
85. New TR. 1974. Royal Entomological Society Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects: Psocoptera, Part 7. London: R. Entomol. Soc. 102 pp.
86. Nijhout HF. 1994. Insect Hormones. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. 267 pp.
87. Nijhout HF, Wheeler D. 1982. Juvenile hormone and the physiological basis of insect polymorphism. Q. Rev. Biol. 57:109-33
88. Novotný V. 1994. Relation between temporal persistence of host plants and wing length in leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Ecol. Entomol. 19: 168-76
89. Nwanze KF, Maskarinec JK, Hopkins TL. 1976. Lipid composition of the normal and flight forms of adult cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus. J. Insect Physiol. 22:897-99
90. Ott JR. 1994. An ecological framework for the study of planthopper mating systems. In Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management, ed. RF Denno, TJ Perfect, pp. 234-54. New York: Chapman & Hall
91. Pener MP. 1985. Hormonal effects on flight and migration. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, ed. GA Kerkut, LI Gilbert, Vol. 8, pp. 491-550. New York: Pergamon
92. Rankin MA, Burchsted JCA. 1992. The cost of migration in insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37:533-59
93. Reuter OM. 1875. Remarques sur le polymorphisme des hemipteres. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 5:225-36
94. Riddiford L. 1985. Hormone action at the cellular level. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, ed. GA Kerkut, LI Gilbert, Vol. 8, pp. 37-84. Oxford: Pergamon
95. Ritchie MG, Butlin RK, Hewitt GM. 1987. Causation, fitness effects and morphology of macropterism in Chlorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Ecol. Entomol. 12:209-18
96. Roff DA. 1984. The cost of being able to fly: a study of wing polymorphism in two species of crickets. Oecologia 63:30-37
97. Roff DA. 1986. The evolution of wing dimorphism in insects. Evolution 40:1009-20
98. Roff DA. 1990. The evolution of flightlessness in insects. Ecol. Monogr. 60:389-421
99. Roff DA. 1994. Why is there so much variation for wing dimorphism? Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 36:145-50
100. Roff DA. 1994. Habitat persistence and the evolution of wing dimorphism in insects. Am. Nat. 144:772-98
101. Roff DA, Fairbairn DJ. 1991. Wing dimorphisms and the evolution of migratory polymorphisms among the Insecta. Am. Zool. 31:243-51
102. Rose DJW. 1972. Dispersal and quality in populations of Cicadulina species (Cicadellidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 41:589-609
103. Salt G. 1952. Trimorphism in the ichneumonid parasite Gelis corruptor. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 93:453-74
104. Sato T. 1977. Life history and diapause of the white-spotted tussock moth Orygia thellina Butler (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 21:6-14
105. Shimizu T, Masaki S. 1993. Injury causes microptery in the ground cricket, Dianemobius fascipes. J. Insect Physiol. 39:1021-27
106. Smith DS. 1964. The structure and development of flightless Coleoptera: a light and electron microscope study of the wings, thoracic exoskeleton and rudimentary flight musculature. J. Morphol. 114:107-83
107. Solbreck C. 1986. Wing and flight muscle polymorphism in a lygaeid bug, Horvathiolus gibbicollis: determinants and life history consequences. Ecol. Entomol. 11:435-44
108. Southwood TRE. 1962. Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat. Biol. Rev. 27:171-214
109. Southwood TRE, Leston D. 1959. Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles. London: F. Warne. 436 pp.
110. Spence JR, Anderson NM. 1994. Biology of waterstriders: interactions between systematics and ecology. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39:101-28
111. Steffan WA. 1973. Polymorphism in Plastosciara perniciosa. Science 182:1265-66
112. Tanaka S. 1985. Effects of wing-pad removal and corpora allatum implantation on development of wings, flight muscles, and related structures in the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus. Physiol. Entomol. 10:453-62
113. Tanaka S. 1986. De-alation, flight muscle histolysis, and oocyte development in the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus. Physiol. Entomol. 11:453-58
114. Tanaka S. 1993. Allocation of resources to egg production and flight muscle development in a wing dimorphic cricket, Modicogryllus confirmatus. J. Insect Physiol. 39:493-98
115. Tanaka S. 1994. Evolution and physiological consequences of de-alation in crickets. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 36:137-43
116. Tanaka S, Walda H. 1987. Seasonal wing length dimorphism in a tropical seed bug: ecological significance of the short-winged form. Oecolgia 73:559-65
117. Taylor VA. 1978. The winged elite in a subcortical beetle as a model for a prototermite. Nature 276:73-75
118. Taylor VA. 1981. The adaptive and evolutionary significance of wing polymorphism and parthenogenesis in Ptinella motschulsky (Coleoptera:Ptiliidae). Ecol. Entomol. 6:89-98
119. Utida S. 1972. Density dependent polymorphism in the adult of Callosobrachus maculatus (Coleoptera, Bruchidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 9:111-26
120. van Loon JJA. 1991. Measuring food utilization in plant-feeding insects: toward a metabolic and dynamic approach. In Insect-Plant Interactions, ed. EA Bernays, Vol. III, pp. 79-125. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
121. Vepsäläinen K. 1978. Wing dimorphism and diapause in Gerris: determination and adaptive significance. In Evolution of Insect Migration and Diapause, ed. H Dingle, pp. 218-53. New York: Springer-Verlag
122. Wagner DL, Liebherr JK. 1992. Flightlessness in insects. Trends Ecol. Evol. 7:216-20
123. Waloff N. 1983. Absence of wing polymorphism in the arboreal, phytophagous species of some taxa of temperate Hemiptera: an hypothesis. Ecol. Entomol. 8:229-32
124. Wheeler D. 1995. The role of nourishment in oogenesis. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41:407-31
125. Wigglesworth VB. 1961. Insect polymorphism - a tentative synthesis. In Insect Polymorphism, ed. JS Kennedy, pp. 103-13. London: R. Entomol. Soc.
126. Yadlowski DE. 1994. Juvenile hormone esterase and correlated responses to selection: the physiological basis of wing dimorphism in the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). MSc thesis. Concordia Univ., Montreal, Canada. 57 pp.
127. Young EC. 1965. Flight muscle polymorphism in British Corixidae: ecological observations. J. Anim. Ecol. 34:353-90
128. Zera AJ. 1984. Differences in survivorship, development rate and fertility between the longwinged and wingless morphs of the waterstrider, Limnoporus caniculatus. Evolution 38:1023-32
129. Zera AJ, Borcher C, Gaines SB. 1993. Juvenile hormone degradation in adult wing morphs of the cricket, Gryllus rubens. J. Insect Physiol. 39:845-56
130. Zera AJ, Holtmeier CL. 1992. In vivo and in vitro degradation of juvenile hormone-III in presumptive long-winged and short-winged Gryllus rubens. J. Insect Physiol. 38:61-74
131. Zera AJ, Mole S. 1994. The physiological costs of flight capability in wing-dimorphic crickets. Res. Popul. Ecol. Kyoto 36:151-56
132. Zera AJ, Mole S, Rokke K. 1994. Lipid, carbohydrate and nitrogen content of long-winged and short-winged G. firmus. Implications for the physiological cost of flight capability. J. Insect Physiol. 40:1037-44
133. Zera AJ, Rankin MA. 1989. Wing dimorphism in Gryllus rubens: genetic basis of morph determination and fertility differences between morphs. Oecologia 80:249-55
134. Zera AJ, Strambi C, Tiebel KC, Strambi A, Rankin MA. 1989. Juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid titers during critical periods of wing morph determination in Gryllus rubens. J. Insect Physiol. 35:501-11
135. Zera AJ, Tanaka S. 1996. The role of juvenile hormone and juvenile hormone esterase in wing morph determination in Modicogryllus confirmatus. J. Insect Physiol. In press
136. Zera AJ, Tiebel KC. 1988. Brachypterizing effect of group rearing, juvenile hormone-III, and methoprene on winglength development in the wing-dimorphic cricket, Gryllus rubens. J. Insect Physiol. 34:489-98
137. Zera AJ, Tiebel KC. 1989. Differences in juvenile hormone esterase activity between presumptive macropterous and brachypterous Gryllus rubens: implications for the hormonal control of wing polymorphism. J. Insect Physiol. 35:7-17
138. Zera AJ, Tiebel KC. 1991. Effect of photoperiod on wing-morph induction in the waterstrider, Limnoporus canaliculatus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84:509-16
139. Zera AJ, Tobe SS. 1990. Juvenile hormone-III biosynthesis in presumptive long-winged and short-winged Gryllus rubens: implications for the hormonal control of wing polymorphism. J. Insect Physiol. 36:271-80