Improved signal-to-noise ratio in hybrid 2-D arrays: Experimental confirmation

Ultrasonic Imaging

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 93-111

  Emery, Charles D ^a   Smith, Stephen W ^a,b  

^a Duke University   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

2 D array; Hybrid array; Multilayer ceramic; Noise spectrum; Received SNR; Transmit sensitivity

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE; MULTILAYERS; TRANSDUCERS;

2D-ARRAYS; HYBRID ARRAY; MULTILAYER CERAMICS; NOISE SPECTRA; RECEIVED SNR; TRANSMIT SENSITIVITY;

SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO;

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE; ARTICLE; CALCULATION; ECHOGRAPHY; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER;

EID: 0030881624     PISSN: 01617346     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/016173469701900201     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. von Ramm, O.T. and Smith, S.W., Real time volumetric ultrasound imaging system, in SPIE Medical Imaging IV: Image Formation 1231, pp. 15-22 (1990).
2. Turnbull, D.H. and Foster, F.S., Simulations of B-scan images from two-dimensional transducer arrays: part II-comparisons between linear and two-dimensional phased arrays, Ultrasonic Imaging 14, 344-353 (1992).
3. Trahey, G.E., Zhao, D., Miglin, J.A. and Smith, S.W., Experimental results with a real-time adaptive ultrasonic imaging system for viewing through distorting media, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Contr. 37, 418-427 (1990).
4. Bohs, L.N. and Trahey, G.E., A novel method for angle independent ultrasonic imaging of blood flow and tissue motion, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 38, 280-286 ( 1991 ).
5. Greenstein, M., Lum, P., Yoshida, H. and Seyed-Bolorforosh, M.S., A 2.5 MHz 2D array with Z-axis electrically conductive backing, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr. (submitted).
6. Davidsen, R.E. and Smith, S.W., Two-dimensional arrays for medical ultrasound using multilayer flexible circuit interconnection, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr. (submitted).
7. Saitoh, S., Izumi, M. and Abe, K., A low-impedance ultrasonic probe using a multilayer piezoelectric ceramic, Jap. Jour. Appl. Phys. 28-1, 54-56 (1989).
8. Goldberg, R.L. and Smith, S.W., Multilayer piezoelectric ceramics for two-dimensional array transducers. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr. 41, 761-771 (1994).
9. Greenstein, M. and Kumar, U., Multilayer piezoelectric resonators for medical ultrasound transducers, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr. 43, 620-622 (1996).
10. Wilson, J.W., Electric Circuits, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company/Reading, 1987).
11. Kassakian, J. G., Schlecht, M.F. and Verghese, G.C., Principles of Power Electronics (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company/Reading, 1991).
12. Goldberg, R.L. and Smith, S. W.,Optimization of signal-to-noise ratio for multilayer PZT transducers, Ultrasonic Imaging 17, 95-113 (1995).
13. Oakley, Clyde, Calculation ultrasonic transducer signal-to-noise ratios using the KLM model, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr. (submitted).
14. Davidsen, R.E., Jensen, J. A. and Smith, S.W.,Two-dimensional random arrays for real time volumetric imaging, Ultrason, Imag. 16, 143-163 (1994).
15. Lockwood, G. R. and Foster, F.S., Optimizing the radiation pattern of sparse periodic two-dimensional arrays, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr. 43, 15-19 (1996).
16. Goldberg, R.L., Emery, C.D. and Smith, S.W., Hybrid multi/single layer array transducers for increased signal-to-noise ratio, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr. (In press).
17. Leedom, D.A., Krimholtz, R. and Matthaei, G.L., New equivalent circuits for elementary piezoelectric transducers," Electronics Letters 6, 398-399 (1970).
18. Paulos, J.J., Ultrasound Imaging System, U.S. Patent #5,271,403, Dec. 23, 1993.
19. Bechtold, M.,Granz, B. and Oppelt, R., A 2-D acoustic array for diagnostic imaging, in 1996 IEEE Ultrason. Symposium, pp. 1573-1576 (IEEE Cat No. 96CH35993).
20. Callen, H.B. and Welton, T.A., Irreversibility and generalized noise, Physical Review 83, 34-40 (1951).
21. Johnson, J. B., Thermal agitation of electricity in conductors, Physical Review 32, 97-109 (1928).
22. Goldberg, R.L., Smith, S.W., Ladew, R.A. and Brent, J.C., Multilayer PZT transducer arrays for improved sensitivity, in 1992 IEEE Ultrason. Symposium, pp. 551-554 (IEEE Cat No. 92CH3118-7).
23. Smith, S.W., Trahey, G.E. and von Ramm, O.T.,Two-dimensional arrays for medical ultrasound, Ultrasonic Imaging 14, 213-233 (1992).
24. Wildes, D.G., Chiao, R.Y., Daft, C.M.W., Rigby, K.W., Smith, L.S. and Thomenius, K.E., Elevation performance of 1.25 D and 1.5 D transducer arrays, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. and Freq. Contr (submitted).
25. Smith, S.W., Davidsen, R.E., Emery, C.D., Goldberg, R.L. and Light, E.D., Update on 2-D array transducers for medical ultrasound, Proc. 1996 Inter Soc. App. Ferro. (in press).