Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infections;Epidemiologie des infections genitales a papillomavirus humains

Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur

Volumn 95, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 161-178

  Xi, L F ^a   Koutsky, L A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENITAL TRACT INFECTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; PAPILLOMA VIRUS; PREVALENCE; PROTECTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS INFECTION; WART VIRUS;

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPES; PAPILLOMAVIRUS;

EID: 0030879609     PISSN: 00202452     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81370-X     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Durst, M., Gissmann, L., Ikenberg, H. & zur-Hausen, H. (1983), A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80,3812-3815.
2. zur-Hausen, H. (1996), Papillomavirus infection - a major cause of human Cancers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1288, 55-78.
3. de-Villiers, E.M.(1989), Heterogeneity of human papillomavirus group. J. Virol., 63, 4898-4903.
4. Rowson, K.E.K. & Many, B.W.J. (1967), Human papova (wart) virus. Bacterial. Rev., 31, 110-131.
5. Koutsky, L.A., Galloway, D.A. & Holmes, K.K. (1988), The epidemiology of genital papillomavirus infections. Epidemiol. Rev., 10, 122-163.
6. Goldberg, G.L., Vermund, S.H., Schiffman, M.H., Rit-ter, D.B., Spitzer, C. & Burk, R.D. (1989), Comparison of cytobrush and cervicovaginal lavage sampling methods for the detection of genital human papillomavirus. Am. J. Obstet. GynecoL, 161, 1669-1672.
7. Schiffman, M.H., Bauer, H.M., Lorincz, A.T., Manos, M.M., Byrne, J.C., Glass, A.G., Cadell, D.M. & Howley, P.M. (1991), Comparison of Southern blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction methods for the detection of human papillomavirus DNA. J. Clin. Microblol., 29, 573-577.
8. Brandsma, J., Burk, R.D., Lancanster, W.D., Pfister, H. & Schiffman, M.H. (1989), Inter-laboratory variation as an example for varying prevalence estimates of human papillomavirus infection. Int. J. Cancer, 43, 260-262.
9. Gravitt, P., Hakenewerth, A. & Stoerker, J. (1991), A direct comparison of methods proposed for use in widespread screening of human papillomavirus infection. Mol. Cell Probes, 5, 65-72.
10. Bartholoma, N.Y., Adelson, M.D. & Forbes, B.A. (1991), Evaluation of two commercially available nucleic acid hybridization assays for the detection and typing of human papillomavirus in clinical specimens. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 95, 21-29.
11. Wheeler, C.M., Parmenter, C.A., Hunt, W.C., Becker, T.M., Greer, C.E., Hildesheim, A. & Manos, M.M. (1993), Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection among cytologically normal women attending the University of New Mexico. Sex. Transm. Dis., 20, 286-289.
12. Kjaer, S.K., de-Villiers, E.M., Caglayan, H., Svare, E., Haugaard, B.J., Engholm, G., Christensen, R.B., Moller, K.A., Poll, P. & Jensen, H. (1993), Human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus and other potential risk factors for cervical cancer in a high-risk area (Greenland) and a low-risk area (Denmark) : a second look. Br. J. Cancer, 67, 830-837.
13. Pao, C.C., Lin, C.Y., Maa, J.S., Lai, C.H., Wu, S.Y. & Soong, Y.K. (1990), Detection of human papillomavirus in cervicovaginal cells using polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Dis., 161, 113-115.
14. Lambropoulos, A.F., Agorastos, T., Frangoulides, E., Karahaliou, R., Bonus, J. & Dozi-Vassiliades, I. (1994), Detection of human papillomavirus using the polymerase chain reaction and typing for HPV16 and 18 in the cervical smears of Greek women. J. Med. Virol., 43, 228-230.
15. Becker, T.M., Wheeler, C.M., McGough, N.S., Parmenter, C.A., Jordan, S.W., Stidley, C.A., McPherson, R.S. & Dorin, M.H. (1994), Sexually transmitted diseases and other risk factors for cervical dysplasia among southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. JAMA, 271, 1181-1188.
16. Critchlow, C.W. & Koutsky, L.A. (1995), Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection, in "Genital warts human papillomavirus infection" (Mindel, A.) (pp. 53-81). Edward Arnold, London.
17. Hildesheim, A., Gravitt, P., Schiffman, M.H. Kurman, R.J., Barnes, W., Jones, S., Tchabo, J.G., Brinton, L.A., Copeland, C. & Epp, J. (1993), Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection in low-income women in Washington, D.C. Sex. Tmnsm. Dis., 20, 279-285.
18. Bauer, H.M., Ting, Y., Greer, C.E., Chambers, J.C., Tashiro, C.J., Chimera, J., Reingold, A. & Manos, M.M. (1991), Genital human papillomavirus infection in female university students as determined by a PCR-based method. JAMA, 265, 472-477.
19. Burk, R.D., Ho, G.Y.F., Beardsley, L., Lempa, M., Peters, M. & Bierman, R. (1996), Sexual behavior and partner characteristics are the predominant risk factors for genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. J. Infect. Dis., 174, 679-689.
20. Brisson, J., Bairati, I., Morin, C., Fortier, M., Bouchard, C., Christen, A., Bernard, P., Roy, M. & Meisels, A. (1996), Determinants of persistent detection of human papillomavirus DNA in the uterine cervix. J. Infect. Dis., 173, 794-799.
21. Bauer, H.M., Hildesheim, A., Schiffman, M.H., Glass, A.G., Rush, B.B., Scott, D.R., Cadell, D.M., Kurman, R.J. & Manos, M.M. (1993), Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection in low-risk women in Portland, Oregon. Sex. Transm. Dis., 20, 274-278.
22. Vandenvelde, C., Scheen, R., van-Pachterbeke, C. Loriaux, C., Decelle, J., Hubert, T., Delhaye, C., Cattoor, J.P., Duys, M. & van-Beers, D. (1992), Prevalence of high risk genital papillomaviruses in the Belgian female population determined by fast multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J. Med. Virol., 36, 279-282.
23. Melkert, P.W.J., Hopman, E., van-den-Brule, A.J.C., Risse, E.K.J., van-Diest, P.J., Bleker, O.P., Helmerhorst, T., Schipper, M.E.I., Meijer, C.J.L.M. & Walboomers, J.M.M. (1993), Prevalence of HPV in cytomorphologically normal cervical smears, as determined by the polymerase chain reaction, is agedependent. Int. J. Cancer, 53, 919-923.
24. van-Doornum, G.J., Hooykaas, C., Juffemans, L.H., van-der-Lans, M.M., Coutinho, R.A. & Quint, W.G. (1992), Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among heterosexual men and women with multiple sexual partners. J. Med. Virol, 37, 13-21.
25. Hinchliffe, S.A., van-Velzen, D., Korporaal, H., Kok, P.L. & Boon, M.E. (1995), Transience of cervical HPV infection in sexually active young women with normal cervicovaginal cytology. Br. J. Cancer, 72, 943-945.
26. Bosch, F.X., Munoz, N., de-Sanjose, S., Navarro, C., Moreo, P., Ascunce, N., Gonzalez, L.C., Tafur, L., Gili, M., Larranaga, I., Viladiu, P., Daniel, R.W., deRuiz, P.A., Aristizabal, N., Santamaria, M., Guerrero, E. & Shah, K.V. (1993), Human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III/carcinoma in situ: A case-control study in Spain and Colombia. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevention, 2, 415-422.
27. Pasetto, N., Sesti, F., de-Santis, L., Piccione, E., Novelli, G. & Dallapiccola, B. (1992), The prevalence of HPV 16 DNA in normal and pathological cervical scrapes using the polymerase chain reaction. Gynecol. Oncol, 46, 33-36.
28. Munoz, N., Bosch, F.X., de-Sanjos, S., Tafur, L., Izarzugaza, I., Gill, M., Viladiu, P., Navarro, C., Martos, C. & Ascunce, N. (1992), The causal link between human papillomavirus and invasive cervical cancer; a population-based case-control study in Colombia and Spain. Int. J. Cancer, 52, 743-749.
29. Coker, A.L., Jenkins, G.R., Busnardo, M.S., Cham-bers, J.C., Levine, L.Z. & Pirisi, L. (1993), Human papillomavirus and cervical neoplasia in South Carolina. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevention, 2, 207-212.
30. Engels, H., Nyongo, A., Temmerman, M., Quint, W.G., van-Marck, E. & Eylenbosch, W.J. (1992), Cervical cancer screening and detection of genital HPV infection and chlamydial infection by PCR in different groups of Kenyan women. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop., 72, 53-62.
31. Rylander, E., Ruusuvaara, L., Almstromer, M.W., Evander, M. & Wadell, G. (1994), The absence of vaginal human papillomavirus 16 DNA in women who have not experienced sexual intercourse. Obstet. Gynecol., 83, 735-737.
32. Schiffman, M.H. (1992), Recent progress in defining the epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 84, 394-398.
33. Grce, M., Magdic, L., Kocijan, I. & Pavelic, K. (1996), Increase of genital human papillomavirus infection among men and women in Croatia. Anticancer Res., 16, 1039-1041.
34. van-Doornum, G.J., Prins, M., Juffemans, L.H. Hooykaas, C., van-den-Hoek, J.A.R., Coutinho, R.A. & Quint, W.G.V. (1994), Regional distribution and incidence of human papillomavirus infections among heterosexual men and women with multiple sexual partners: a prospective study. Genitourin. Med., 70, 240-246.
35. Baken, L.A., Koutsky, L.A., Kuypers, J. Kosorok, M.R., Lee, S,K., Kiviat, N.B. & Holmes, K.K. (1995), Genital human papillomavirus infection among male and female sex partners: prevalence and type specific concordance. J. Infect. Dis., 171, 429-432.
36. Hippelainen, M., Syrjanen, S., Hippelainen, M., Koskela, H., Pulkkinen, J., Saarikoski, S. & Syrjanen, K. (1993), Prevalence and risk factors of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in healthy males; a study on Finnish conscripts. Sex. Transm. Dis., 20, 321-328.
37. Kataoka, A., Claesson, U., Hansson, E.G., Eriksson, M. & Lindh, E. (1991), Human papillomavirus infection of the male diagnosed by Southern-blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction: comparison between urethra samples and penile biopsy samples. J. Med. Virol., 33, 159-164.
38. Munoz, N., Castellsague, X., Bosch, F.X., Tafur, L., de-Sanjose, S., Aristizabal, N., Ghaffari, A.M. & Shah, K.V. (1996), Difficulty in elucidating the male role in cervical cancer in Colombia, a high risk area for the disease. J. Nalt. Cancer Inst., 88, 1068-1075.
39. Bosch, F.X., Castellsague, X., Munoz, N., de-Sanjose, S., Ghaffari, A.M., Gonzalez, L.C., Gill, M., Izarzugaza, I., Viladiu, P., Navarro, C., Vergara, A., Ascunce, N., Guerrero, E. & Shah, K.V. (1996), Male sexual behavior and human papillomavirus DNA: key risk factors for cervical cancer in Spain. J. Nalt. Cancer Inst., 88, 1060-1067.
40. Syrjanen, K., Hakama, M., Saarikoski, S., Vayrynen, M., Yliskoski, M., Syrjanen, S., Kataja, V. & Castren, O. (1990), Prevalence, incidence, and estimated life-time risk of cervical human papillomavirus infection in a nonselected Finnish female population. Sex. Transm. Dis., 17, 15-19.
41. Chuang, T.Y., Perry, H.O., Kurland, L.T. & Ilstrup, D.M. (1984), Condyloma acuminatum in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950-1978. Arch. Dermatol, 120, 469-483.
42. Aral, S.O. & Holmes, K.K. (1990), Epidemiology of sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases, in "Sexually transmitted diseases" (K.K. Holmes, P.A. Mardh, P.P. Sparling & P.J. Wiesner) (Second Edition) (pp. 126-141). McGraw-Hill, New York.
43. Becker, T.M., Stone, K.M. & Alexander, E.R. (1987), Genital human papillomavirus infection: a growing concern. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am., 14, 389-396.
44. Chan, S.Y., Ho, L., Ong, C.K., Chow, V., Drescher, B., Durst, M., ter-Meulen, J., Villa, L., Luande, J., Mgaya, H.N. & Bernard, H.U. (1992), Molecular variants of human papillomavirus type 16 from four continents suggest ancient pandemic spread of the virus and its co-evolution with humankind. J. Virol., 66, 2057-2066.
45. Yamada, T., Wheeler, C.M., Halpern, A.L., Stewart, A.C.M., Hildesheim, A. & Jenison, S.A. (1995), Human papillomavirus type 16 variant lineages in United States populations characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis of the E6, L2, and L1 coding segments. J. Virol., 69, 7743-7753.
46. Barrett, T.J., Silbar, J.D. & McGinley, J.P. (1954), Genital warts - a venereal disease. JAMA, 154, 333-334.
47. Oriel, I.D. (1971), Natural history of genital warts. Br. J. Vener. Dis., 47, 1-13.
48. Barrasso, R., de-Brux, J., Croissant, O. & Orth, G. (1987), High prevalence of papillomavirus associated penile intraepithelial neoplasia in sex partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. N. Engl. J. Med., 317, 916-923.
49. Schneider, A., Kirchmayr, R., de-Villiers, E.M. & Gissmann, L. (1988), Sub-clinical human papillomavirus infection in male sexual partners of female carriers. J. Urol., 140, 1431-1434.
50. Ho, L., Tay, S.K., Chan, S.Y. & Bernard, H.U. (1993), Sequence variants of human papillomavirus type 16 from couples suggest sexual transmission with low infectivity and polyclonality in genital neoplasia. J. Infect. Dis., 168, 803-809.
51. Xi, L.F., Demers, G.W., Kiviat, N.B., Kuypers, J., Beckmann, A.M. & Galloway, D.A. (1993), Sequence variation in the noncoding region of human papillomavirus type 16 detected by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. J. Infect. Dis., 168, 610-617.
52. Sedlacek, S.A., Lindheim, S., Eder, C., Hasty, L., Woodland, M., Ludomirsky, A. & Rando, A. (1989), Mechanism for human papillomavirus transmission at birth. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 161, 55-59.
53. Armbruster-Moraes, E., Ioshimoto, L.M., Leao, E. & Zugaib, M. (1994), Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in amniotic fluids of pregnant women with cervical lesions. Gynecol. Oncol., 54, 152-158.
54. Xu, S., Liu, L. & Lu, S. (1995), Clinical observation on vertical transmission of human papillomavirus. Chung-Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih, 30, 457-459.
55. Smith, E.M., Johnson, S.R., Cripe, T., Perlman, S., McGuinness, G., Jiang, D., Cripe, L. & Turek, L.P. (1995), Perinatal transmission and maternal risks of human papillomavirus infections. Cancer Detect. Prev., 19, 196-205.
56. Tang, C.K., Shermeta, D.W. & Wood, C. (1978), Congenital condylomata acuminata. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 131, 912-913.
57. Cohen, B.A., Honig, P. & Androphy, E. (1990), Anogenital warts in children: clinical and virologic evaluation for sexual abuse. Arch. Dermatol., 23, 1575-1580.
58. Obalek, S., Misiewicz, J., Jablonska, S., Favre, M. & Orth, G. (1993), Childhood condyloma acuminatum: association with genital and cutaneous human papillomaviruses. Pediatrie. Dermatology, 10, 101-106.
59. Sundararaj, A.S., Williams, J., Deivam, S., Gopinath, R., Jesudoss, A., Karuppasamy, S. & Ragupathy, R. (1991), Anal and laryngeal papillomata in an 8month-old child. Int. STD. AIDS, 2, 213-214.
60. Kaye, J.N., Cason, J., Pakarian, F.B., Jewers, R.J., Kell, B., Bible, J., Raju, K.S. & Best, J.M. (1994), Viral load as a determinant for transmission of human papillomavirus type 16 from mother to child. J. Med. Virol., 44, 415-421.
61. Kashima, H.K., Shah, F., Lyles, A., Glackin, R., Muhammad, N., Turner, L., van-Zandt, S., Whitt, S. & Shah, K. (1992), A comparison of risk factors in juvenile-onset and adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Laryngoscope, 102, 9-13.
62. Shah, K., Kashima, H., Polk, B.F., Shah, F., Abbey, H. & Abramson, A. (1986), Rarity of cesarean delivery in cases of juvenile-onset respiratory papillomatosis. Obstet. Gynecol., 68, 795-799.
63. Smith, E.M., Johnson, S.R., Cripe, T.P., Pignatari, S. & Turek, L. (1991), Perinatal vertical transmission of human papillomavirus and subsequent development of respiratory tract papillomatosis. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 100, 4479-4483.
64. Ley, C., Bauer, H.M., Reingold, A., Schiffman, M.H., Chambers, J.C., Tashiro, C.J. & Manos, M.M. (1991), Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 83, 997-1003.
65. Reed, B.D., Zazove, P., Gregoire, L., Gorenflo, D.W., Lancaster, W.D. & Ruffin, M.T., IV (1993), Factors associated with human papillomavirus infection in women encountered in community-based offices. Arch. Fam. Med., 2, 1239-1248.
66. Fairley, C.K., Chen, S., Ugoni, A., Tabrizi, S.N., Forbes, A. & Garland, S.M. (1994), Human papillomavirus infection and its relationship to recent and distant sexual partners. Obstet. Gynecol., 84, 755-759.
67. Franco, E.L., Villa, L.L., Ruiz, A. & Costa, M.C. (1995), Transmission of cervical human papillomavirus infection by sexual activity: difference between low and high oncogenic risk types. J. Infect. Dis., 172, 756-763.
68. Karlsson, R., Jonsson, M., Edlund, K., Evander, M., Gustavsson, A., Boden, E., Rylander, E. & Wadell, G. (1995), Lifetime number of partners as the only independent risk factor for human papillomavirus infection: a population-based study. Sex. Transm. Dis., 22, 119-127.
69. Rohan, T., Mann, V., Mclaughlin, J., Harnish, D.G., Yu, H., Smith, D., Davis, R., Shier, R.M. & Rawls, W. (1991), PCR-detected genital papillomavirus infection: prevalence and association with risk factors for cervical cancer. Int. J. Cancer., 49, 856-860.
70. Fisher, M., Rosenfeld, W.D. & Burk, R.D. (1991), Cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection in suburban adolescents and young adults. J. Pediatr., 119, 821-825.
71. Meekin, G.E., Sparrow, M.J., Fenwicke, R.J. & Tobias, M. (1992), Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus infection in Wellington women. Genitourin. Med., 68, 228-232.
72. Davidson, M., Schnitzer, P.O., Bulkow, L.R., Parkinson, A.J., Schloss, M.L., Fitzgerald, M.A., Knight, J.A., Murphy, C.M., Kiviat, N.B., Toomey, K.E., Reeves, W.C., Schmid, D.S. & Stamm, W.E. (1994), The prevalence of cervical infection with human papillomaviruses and cervical dysplasia in Alaska Native women. J. Infect. Dis., 169, 792-800.
73. Venuti, A., Badaracco, G., Sedati, A., Carbini, R. & Marcante, M.L. (1994), Determinants of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 infections in the lower female genital tract in an Italian population. Eur. J. Gynaec. Oncol., 15, 205-210.
74. Reeves, W.C., Gary, H.H. Jr., Johnson, P.R., Icenogle, J.P., Brenes, M.M., de-Britton, R.M., Dobbins, J.G. & Schmid, D.S. (1994), Risk factors for genital papillomavirus infection in populations at high and low risk for cervical cancer. J. Infect. Dis., 170, 753-758.
75. Rosenfeld, W.D., Vermund, S.H., Wentz, S.J. & Burk, R.D. (1989), High prevalence rate of human papillomavirus infection and association with abnormal Papanicolaou smears in sexually active adolescents. Am. J. Dis. Child, 143, 1443-1447.
76. Moscicki, A.B., Palefsky, J., Gonzales, J. & Schoolnik, O.K. (1990), Human papillomavirus infection in sexually active adolescent females: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatr. Res., 28, 507-513.
77. Marrero, M., Valdes, O., Alvarez, M., Penate, G., Morales, E., Roges, G., Otero, A. & Cuite, E. (1994), Detection of human papillomavirus by nonradioactive hybridization. Diagn. Microbiol. Dis., 18, 95-100.
78. Kjaer, S.K., Engholm, G., Teisen, C., Haugaard, B.J., Lynge, E., Christensen, R.B., Moller, K.A., Jensen, H., Poll, P., Vestergaard, B.F., de-Villiers, E.M. & Jensen, O.M. (1990), Risk factors for cervical human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus infections in Greenland and Denmark: a population-based study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 131, 669-682.
79. Villa, L.L. & Franco, E.L. (1989), Epidemiologie correlates of cervical neoplasia and risk of human papillomavirus infection in asymptomatic women in Brazil. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 81, 332-340.
80. Muckerman, D.R. (1994), Sub-clinical human papillomavirus infection in a high-risk population. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc., 94, 545-550.
81. de-Villiers, E.M., Wagner, D., Schneider, A., Wesch, H., Miklaw, H., Wahrendorf, J., Papendick, U. & zur-Hausen, H. (1987), Human papillomavirus infection in women with and without abnormal cervical cytology. Lancet, 2, 703-706.
82. Fairley, C.K., Chen, S., Tabrizi, S.Z., Leeton, K., Quinn, M.A. & Garland, S.M. (1992), The absence of genital human papillomavirus DNA in virginal women. Int. J. STD AIDS, 3, 414-417.
83. de-Villiers, E.M., Wagner, D., Schneider, A., Wesch, H., Munz, F., Miklaw, H. & zur-Hausen, H. (1992), Human papillomavirus DNA in women with and without cytological abnormalities: results of a fiveyear follow up study. Gynecol. Oncol., 44, 33-39.
84. Mitrani-Rosenbaum, S., Tsvieli, R. & Tur-Kaspa, R. (1989), Oestrogen stimulates differential transcription of human papillomavirus type 16 in SiHa cervical carcinoma cells. J. Gen. Virol., 70, 2227-2232.
85. Schneider, A. & Koutsky, L.A. (1992), Natural history and epidemiological features of genital HPV infection, in "Epidemiology of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus" (N. Munoz, F.X. Bosch, K.V. Shah & Meheus, A.) (pp. 25-52). IARC. Scientific Publ. No. 119, IARC. Lyon.
86. Fife, K.H., Rogers, R.E. & Zwickl, B.W. (1987), Symptomatic and asymptomatic cervical infections with human papillomavirus during pregnancy. J. Infect. Dis., 156, 904-911.
87. Lorincz, A.T., Schiffman, M.H., Jaffurs, W.J., Marlow, J., Quinn, A.P. & Temple, G.F. (1990), Temporal associations of human papillomavirus infection with cervical cytologie abnormalities. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 162, 645-651.
88. Negrini, B.P., Schiffman, M.H., Kurman, R.J., Barnes, W., Lannom, L., Malley, K., Brinton, L.A., Delgado, G., Jones, S., Tchabo, J.G. & Lancaster, W. (1990), Oral contraceptive use, human papillomavirus infection, and risk of early cytological abnormalities of the cervix. Cancer Res., 50, 4670-4675.
89. Saito, J., Fukuda, T., Nakatani, H., Sumiyoshi, M., Kinoshita, M., Ikeda, M. & Noda, K. (1992), Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in the normal cervices of Japanese women by the dot-blot (Vipa Pap) method. Asia Oceania J. Obstet. Gynecol., 18, 283-287.
90. Czegledy, J., Gergely, L. & Endroedi L. (1989), Detection of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid by filter in situ hybridization during pregnancy. J. Med. Virol., 28, 250-254.
91. Schneider, A., Hotz, M. & Gissmann L. (1987), Increased prevalence of human papillomaviruses in the low genital tract of pregnant women. Int. J. Cancer, 40, 198-201.
92. Rando, R.F., Lindheim, S., Hasty, L., Sedlacek, T.V., Woodland, M. & Eder, C. (1989), Increased frequency of detection of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid in exfoliated cervical cells during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 16, 150-155.
93. Gopalkrishna, V., Murthy, N.S., Sharma, J.K., Roy, M., Das, O.K., Luthra, U.K. & Das, B.C. (1995), Increased human papillomavirus infection with the increasing number of pregnancies in Indian women. J. Infect. Dis., 171, 254-255.
94. Basta, A., Strama, M., Pity'nski, K., Kielar, B. & Gudynudis, E. (1994), Human papillomavirus virus (HPV) infections of the uterine cervix, vagina and vulva in women of childbearing age. Ginekol. Pol., 65, 563-569.
95. Delvenne, P., Engellenner, W.J., Ma, S.L., Mann, W.J., Chalas, E. & Nuovo, G.J. (1992), Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in biopsy-proven cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in pregnant women. J. Reprod. Med., 37, 829-833.
96. de-Roda-Husman, A.M., Walboomers, J.M., Hopman, E., Bleker, O.P., Helmerhorst, T.M., Rozendaal, L., Voorhorst, F.J. & Meijer, C.J. (1995), HPV prevalence in cytomorphologically normal cervical scrapes of pregnant women as determined by PCR; the age-related pattern. J. Med. Virol., 46, 97-102.
97. Freitag, P., Drazd'akov'a, M. & Zivn'y, J. (1996), Prevalence of HPV infection and histologie correlations. Ceska Gynecol, 61, 150-153.
98. Kemp, E.A., Hakenewerth, A.M., Laurent, S.L., Gravitt, P.E. & Stoerker, J. (1992), Human papillomavirus prevalence in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 79, 649-656.
99. Kuhler-Obbarius, C., Milde-Langosch, K., Helling-Giese, G., Salfelder, A., Peimann, C. & Loning, T. (1994), Polymerase chain reaction-assisted papillomavirus detection in cervicovaginal smears: stratification by clinical risk and cytology reports. Virchows Arch., 425, 157-163.
100. Nishikawa, A., Fukushima, M., Shimada, M., Yamakawa, Y., Shimano, S., Kato, I. & Fujinaga, K. (1991), Relatively low prevalence of human papillomavirus 16, 18, and 33 DNA in the normal cervices of Japanese women shown by polymerase chain reaction. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 82, 532-538.
101. Peng, T.C., Searle, C.P. 3d., Shah, K.V., Repke, J.T. & Johnson, T.R.B. (1990), Prevalence of human papillomavirus infections in term pregnancy. Am. J. Perinatal., 7, 189-192.
102. Soares, V.R., Nieminen, P., Aho, M., Vesterinen, E., Vaheri, A. & Paavonen, J. (1990), Human papillomavirus DNA in unselected pregnant and nonpregnant women. Int. J. STD AIDS, 1, 276-278.
103. Cs'ang'o, P.A., Skuland, J., Nilsen, A., Pedersen, B.S. & Jagars, G. (1992), Papillomavirus infection among abortion applicants and patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex. Transm. Dis., 19, 149-153.
104. Kataja, V., Syrjanen, S., Yliskoski, M., Hippenlinen, M., Vayrynen, M., Saarikoski, S., Mantyjarvi, R., Jokela, V., Salonen, J.T. & Syrjanen, K. (1993), Risk factors associated with cervical human papillomavirus infection: a case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 138, 735-745.
105. Evander, M., Edlund, K., Gustafsson, A., Jonsson, M., Karlsson, R., Rylander, E. & Wadell, G. (1995), Human papillomavirus infection is transient in young women: a population-based cohort study. J. Infect. Dis., 171, 1026-1030.
106. Apple, R.J., Erlich, H.A., Klitz, H.A., Manos, M.M., Becker, T.M. & Wheeler, C.M. (1994), HLA DR-DQ associations with cervical carcinoma show papillomavirus-type specificity. Nat. Genet., 6, 157-162.
107. Apple, R.J., Becker, T.M., Wheeler, C.M. & Erlich, H.A. (1995), Comparison of human leukocyte antigen DR-DQ disease associations found with cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87, 427-436.
108. Honma, S., Tsukada, S., Honda, S., Nakamura, M., Takakuwa, K., Maruhashi, T., Kodama, S., Kanazawa, K., Takahashi, T. & Tanaka, K. (1994), Biological-clinical significance of selective loss of HLA-class-I allelic product expression in squamous-cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. Int. J. Cancer, 57, 650-655.
109. Ellis, J.R.M., Keating, P.J., Baird, J., Hounsell, E.F., Renouf, D.V., Rowe, M., Hopkins, D., DugganKeen, M.F., Bartholomew, J.S., Young, L.S. & Stern, P.L. (1995), The association of an HPV16 oncogene variant with HLA-B7 has implications for vaccine design in cervical cancer. Nature Med., 1, 464-470.
110. Kiviat, N.B., Critchlow, C.W., Holmes, K.K., Kuypers, J., Sayer, J., Dunphy, C., Surawicz, C., Kirby, P., Wood, R. & Baling J.R. (1993), Association of anal dysplasia and human papillomavirus with immunosuppression and HIV infection among homosexual men. AIDS, 7, 43-49.
111. Law, C.L.H, Qassim, M., Thompson, C.H., Rose, B.R., Grace, J., Morris, B.J. & Cossart, Y.E. (1991), Factors associated with clinical and sub-clinical anal human papillomavirus infection in homosexual men. Genitourin. Med., 67, 92-98.
112. Critchlow, C.W., Holmes, K.K., Wood, R., Krueger, L., Dunphy, C., Vernon, D. & Kiviat N.B. (1992), Association of HIV and HPV infection among homosexual men presenting to a public health department HIV antibody screening clinic. Arch. Int. Med., 152, 1673-1676.
113. Palefsky, J.M., Shiboski, S. & Moss, A. (1994), Risk factors for anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cytologie abnormalities in HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J. AIDS, 1, 599-606.
114. Breese, P.L., Judson, F.N., Penley, K.A. & Douglas, J.M., Jr. (1995), Anal human papillomavirus infection among homosexual and bisexual men: prevalence of type-specific infection and association with human immunodeficiency virus. Sex. Transm. Dis., 22, 7-14.
115. Halpert, R., Butt, K.M., Sedlis, A., Fruchter, R.G., Hong, J.H., Brandon, P., Hanson, P., Emmett, L. & Sillman, F. (1985), Human papillomavirus infection and low genital neoplasia in female renal allograft recipients. Transplant. Proc., 17, 93-95.
116. Ogunbiyi, O.A., Scholefield, J.H., Reftery, A.T., Smith, J.H., Duffy, S., Sharp, F. & Rogers, K. (1994), Prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in renal allograft recipients. Br. J. Surg., 81, 365-367.
117. Fairley, C.K., Chen, S., Tabrizi, S.N., McNeil, J., Becker, G., Walker, R., Atkins, R.C., Thomson, N., Allan, P. & Woodbum, C. (1994), Prevalence of HPV DNA in cervical specimens in women with renal transplants: a comparison with dialysis-dependent patients and patients with renal impairment. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 9, 416-420.
118. Alloub, M.I., Barr, B.B.B., McLaren, K.M., Smith, M.L., I.W., Bunney, M.H. & Smart, G.E. (1989), Papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with rental allografts. Br. Med. J., 298, 153-156.
119. Wheeler, C.M., Greer, C.E., Becker, T.M., Hunt, W.C., Anderson, S.M. & Monas, M.M. (1996), Short-term fluctuations in the detection of cervical human papillomavirus DNA. Obstet. Gynecol., 88, 261-268.
120. Schneider, A., Kirchhoff, T., Meinhardt, G. & Gissmann, L. (1992), Repeated evaluation of human papillomavirus 16 status in cervical swabs of young women with a history of normal Papanicolaou smears. Obstet. Gynecol., 79, 683-688.
121. Reeves, W.C., Brinton, L.A., Garcia, M., Brenes, M.M., Herrero, R., Gaitan, E., Tenorio, F., de-Britton, R.C. & Rawls, E.W. (1989), Human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer in Latin America. N. Engl. J. Med., 320, 1437-1441.
122. Rosenfeld, W.D., Rose, E., Vermund, S.H., Schreiber, K. & Burk, R.D. (1992), Follow up evaluation of cervical vaginal human papillomavirus infection in adolescents. J. Pediatr., 121, 301-311.
123. Moscicki, A.B., Palefsky, J., Smith, G., Siboshski, S. & Schoolnik, G. (1993), Variability of human papillomavirus DNA testing in a longitudinal cohort of young women. Obstet. Gynecol., 82, 578-585.
124. Hildesheim, A., Schiffman, M.H., Gravitt, P.E., Glass, A.G., Greer, C.E., Zhang, T., Scott, D.R., Rush, B.B., Lawler, P., Sherman, M.E., Kurman, R.J. & Manos, M.M. (1994), Persistence of type specific human papillomavirus infection among cytologically normal women. J. Infect. Dis., 169, 235-240.
125. Vernon, S.D., Reeves, W.C., Clancy, K.A., Laga, M, St-Louis, M., Gary, H.E., Jr., Ryder, R.W., Manoka, A.T. & Icenogle, J.P. (1994), A longitudinal study of human papillomavirus DNA detection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive and seronegative women. J. Infect. Dis., 169, 1108-1112.
126. Brotman, B., Prince, A.M., Huima, T., Richardson, L., van-den-Ende, M.C. & Pfeifer, U. (1983), Interference between non-A, non-B and hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees. J. Med. Virol., 11, 191-205.
127. Bradley, D.W., Maynard, J.E., McCausland, K.A., Murphy, B.L., Cook, E.H. & Ebert, J.W. (1983), Non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees: interference with acute hepatitis A and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J. Med. Virol., 11, 207-213.
128. Sheen, I.S., Liaw, Y.F., Chu, C.M. & Pao, C.C. (1992), Role of hepatitis C virus infection in spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen clearance during chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 165, 831-834.
129. Pastore, G., Monno, L., Santantonio, T., Angarno, G., Milella, M., Giannelli, A. & Fiore, J.R. (1990), Hepatitis B virus clearance from serum and liver after acute hepatitis delta virus superinfection in chronic HBsAg carriers. J. Med. Virol., 31, 284-290.
130. Xi, L.F., Demers, G.W., Koutsky, L.A., Kiviat, N.B., Kuypers, J., Watts, D.H., Holmes, K.K. & Galloway, D.A. (1995), Analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 variants indicates establishment of persistent infection. J. Infect. Dis., 172, 747-755.