A peri-Gondwanan arc-back arc complex in iapetus: Early-mid Ordovician evolution of the Exploits Group, Newfoundland

American Journal of Science

Volumn 297, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 220-272

  O'Brien, Brian H ^a   Swinden, H Scott ^b   Dunning, Greg R ^c   Williams, S Henry ^c   O'Brien, Felicity H C ^d  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^b NOVA SCOTIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (Canada)

^c MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^d NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXPLOITS GROUP; GONDWANA; IAPETUS; ORDOVICIAN; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

CANADA, NEWFOUNDLAND, DUNNAGE ZONE;

EID: 0030876434     PISSN: 00029599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2475/ajs.297.2.220     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Arculus, R. J., and Powell, R., 1986, Source component mixing in the regions of arc magma generation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 5913-5926.
2. Arnott, R. J., McKerrow, W. S., and Cocks, L. R. M., 1985, The tectonic and depositional history of the Ordovician and Silurian rocks of Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 607-618.
3. Blewett, R. S., ms, 1989, The chronology and kinematics of deformation in the Lower Paleozoic of north-central Newfoundland: Ph.D. thesis, Univeisity of Leicester, United Kingdom, 204 p.
4. Briqueau, L., Bougault, H., and Joron, J.-L., 1984, Quantification of Nb, Ta, Ti and V anomalies in magmas associated with subduction zones: petrogenetic implications: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 68, p. 297-308.
5. Bulman, O. M. B., 1970, Graptolithina (2nd edition), in Teichert, C., editor, Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part V: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, 163 p.
6. Cawood, P. A., and Suhr, G., 1992, Generation and obduction of ophiolites: constraints from the Bay of Islands Complex, western Newfoundland: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 884-897.
7. Colman-Sadd, S. P., 1980, Geology of south-central Newfoundland and evolution of the eastern margin of Iapetus: American Journal of Science, v. 280, p. 991-1017.
8. Colman-Sadd, S. P., Dunning, G. R., and Dec, T., 1992, Dunnage-Gander relationships and Ordovician orogeny in central Newfoundland: a sediment provenance and U/Pb age study: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 317-355.
9. Colman-Sadd, S. P., Hayes, J. P., and Knight, I., compilers, 1990, Geology of the Island of Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Map 90-01.
10. Colman-Sadd, S. P., Stone, P., Swinden, H. S., and Barnes, R. P., 1992, Parallel geological development in the Dunnage Zone of Newfoundland and the Lower Paleozoic terranes of southern Scotland: an assessment: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (Earth Sciences), v. 83, p. 571-594.
11. Currie, K. L., 1994, Reconsidering parts of Comfort Cove and Gander River map areas, Dunnage Zone of Newfoundland: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1994-D, p. 33-40.
12. Currie, K. L., and Williams, H., 1993, Silurian deformation in eastern Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland: Discussion: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 30, p. 1547-1549.
13. Dalziel, I. W. D., 1992, Antarctica; a tale of two supercontinents?: Annual Reviews of the Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 20, p. 501-526.
14. Davis, D. W., 1982, Optimum linear regression and error estimation applied to U/Pb data: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 19, p. 2141-2149.
15. Dean, P. L., 1977, A report on the geology and metallogeny of the Notre Dame Bay area, to accompany metallogenic maps 12H/1, 8, 9 and 2E/3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Report 77-10, 17 p.
16. Dec, T., O'Brien, B. H., Dickson, W. L., and Evans, D. T. W., 1993, Fortune Harbour Peninsula, Notre Dame Bay: Geological Association of Canada - Newfoundland and Labrador Section fieldtrip guidebook series (Autumn 1993), 22 p.
17. Dec, T., Swinden, H. S., and Floyd, J. D., 1992, Sedimentological, geochemical and sediment provenance constraints on stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Strong Island chert (Exploits Subzone, Notre Dame Bay): Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Current Research, Report 92-1, p. 85-96.
18. Dostal, J., 1989, Geochemistry of Ordovician volcanic rocks of the Tetagouche Group of southwestern New Brunswick: Atlantic Geology, v. 25, p. 199-209.
19. Dunning, G. R., O'Brien, S. J., Colman-Sadd, S. P., Blackwood, R. F., Dickson, W. L., O'Neill, P. P., and Krogh, T. E., 1990, Silurian Orogeny in the Newfoundland Appalachians: Journal of Geology, v. 98, p. 895-913.
20. Elliot, C. G., Barnes, C. R., and Williams, P. F., 1989, Southwest New World Island stratigraphy: new fossil data, new implications for the history of the Central Mobile Belt, Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 2062-2074.
21. Elliot, C. G., Dunning, G. R., and Williams, P. F., 1991, New U/Pb zircon age constraints on the timing of deformation in north-central Newfoundland and implications for early Paleozoic Appalachian orogenesis: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 125-135.
22. Evans, D. T. W., Kean, B. F., and Dunning, G. R., 1990, Geological studies, Victoria Lake Group, central Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Current Research, Report 90-1, p. 131-144.
23. Fahraeus, L. E., and Hunter, D. R., 1981, Paleoecology of selected conodontophorid species from the Cobbs Arm Formation (middle Ordovician), New World Island, north-central Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 1653-1665.
24. Fortey, R. A., Beckly, A. J., and Rushton, A. W. A., 1990, International correlation of the base of the Llanvirn Series, Ordovician System: Newsletters in Stratigraphy, No. 22, p. 119-142.
25. Fortey, R. A., and Cocks, L. R. M., 1988, Arenig to Llandovery faunal distributions in the Caledonides, in Harris, A. L., and Fettes, D. J., editors, The Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 38, p. 233-246.
26. Fortey, R. A., Harper, D. A. T., Ingham, J. K., Owen, A. W., and Rushton, A. W. A., 1995, A revision of Ordovician series and stages from the historical type area: Geological Magazine, v. 132, p. 15-30.
27. Fyffe, L. R., and Swinden, H. S., 1991, Paleotectonic setting of Cambro-Ordovician volcanic rocks in the Canadian Appalachians: Geoscience Canada, v. 18, p. 145-157.
28. Gill, J. B., 1981, Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 390 p.
29. Helwig, J. A., ms, 1967, Stratigraphy and structural history of the New Bay area, north-central Newfoundland: Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, New York, 248 p.
30. _ 1969, Redefinition of Exploits Group, Lower Paleozoic, northeast Newfoundland, in Kay, M., editor, North Atlantic - Geology and Continental Drift: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 12, p. 408-413.
31. Hibbard, J. P., Stouge, S., and Skevington, D., 1977, Fossils from the Dunnage Melange, north-central Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 14, p. 1176-1178.
32. Hibbard, J. P., and Williams, H., 1979, The regional setting of the Dunnage Melange in the Newfoundland Appalachians: American Journal of Science, v. 279, p. 993-1021.
33. Hughes, R. A., and O'Brien, B. H., 1994, Syndepositional transport on a deep-marine slope and soft-sediment reworking of detritus from an exhumed Iapetan arc: evidence from the upper New Bay Formation of the Exploits Group: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Current Research, Report 94-1, p. 135-145.
34. Jenner, G. A., Longerich, H. P., Jackson, S. E., and Fryer, B. J., 1990, ICP-MS - a powerful tool for high precision trace element analysis in earth sciences: evidence from analysis of selected USGS reference samples: Chemical Geology, v. 83, p. 133-148.
35. Jenner, G. A., and Swinden, H. S., 1993, The Pipestone Pond Complex, central Newfoundland: complex magmatism in an eastern Dunnage Zone ophiolite: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 434-448.
36. Jenner, G. A., Swinden, H. S., Fryer, B. J., Kean, B. F., and Wilton, D., 1988, Evaluation of the tectonic environment of formation in the Dunnage Zone: implications for sub-zone boundaries and accretion mechanisms: St. John's, Newfoundland, Memorial University, Report of Lithoprobe East Transect Meeting (October 1988), p. 33-36.
37. Johnston, D. H., Williams, H., and Currie, K. L., 1994, The Noggin Cove Formation: a Middle Ordovician back-arc basin deposit in northeastern Newfoundland: Atlantic Geology, v. 30, p. 183-194.
38. Kean, B. F., Dean, P. L., and Strong, D. F., 1981, Regional geology of the central volcanic belt of Newfoundland, in Swanson, E. W., Strong, D. F., and Thurlow, J. G., editors, The Buchans Orebodies: Fifty Years of Geology and Mining: Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 22, p. 65-78.
39. Kean, B. F., and Evans, D. T. W., 1988, Regional metallogeny of the Victoria Lake Group: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Current Research, Report 88-1, p. 319-330.
40. Lafrance, B., and Williams, P. F., 1992, Silurian deformation in eastern Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 29, p. 1899-1914.
41. Liss, M. J., van der Pluijm, B. A., and van der Voo, R., 1993, Avalonian proximity of the Ordovician Miramichi Terrane, northern New Brunswick, northern Appalachians: paleomagnetic evidence for rifting and back-arc basin formation at the southern margin of Iapetus: Tectonophysics, v. 227, p. 17-30.
42. Lorenz, B. E., and Fountain, J. C., 1982, The South Lake Igneous Complex, Newfoundland: a marginal basin-island arc association: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 19, p. 490-503.
43. McLeod, M. J., Winchester, J. A., and Ruitenberg, A. A., 1994, Geochemistry of the Annidale Group: implications for the tectonic setting of Lower Ordovician volcanism in southwestern New Brunswick: Atlantic Geology, v. 30, p. 87-95.
44. Merriman, R. J., Bevins, R. E., and Ball, T. K., 1986, Petrological and geological variations within the Tal y Fan intrusion: a study of element mobility during low grade metamorphism with implications for petrogenetic modelling: Journal of Petrology, v. 27, p. 1409-1436.
45. Mitchell, C. E., 1992, Evolution of the Diplograptacea and the international correlation of the Arenig-Llanvirn boundary, in Webby, B. D., and Laurie, J. R., Global perspectives on Ordovician geology: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, A. A. Balkema, p. 171-183.
46. _ 1994, Astogeny and rhabdosome architecture of the graptolites of Undulograptus austrodentatus species group, in Xu Chen, Erdtmann, B.-D., and Yu-nan Ni, editors, Graptolite Research Today: China, Nanjing University Press, p 49-60.
47. Mitchell, C. E., and Maletz, J., 1995, Proposal for adoption of the base of the Undulograptus austrodentatus biozone as a global Ordovician stage and series boundary level: Lethaia, v. 28, p. 317-331.
48. Miyashiro, A., and Shido, F., 1975, Tholeiitic and calc-alkali series in relation to the behaviour of titanium, vanadium, chromium and nickel: American Journal of Science, v. 275, p. 265-277.
49. Neuman, R. B., 1988, Palaeontological evidence bearing on the Arenig-Caradoc development of the Iapetus Ocean basin, in Harris, A. L. and Fettes, D. J., editors, The Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 38, p. 269-274.
50. O'Brien, B. H., 1990, Geology of the New Bay area (parts of 2E/6 and 2E/11), Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Open File Map 90-124, scale 1:50 000.
51. _ 1992a, Internal and external relationships of the South Lake Igneous Complex, north-central Newfoundland (NTS 2E/5, 6): Ordovician and later tectonism in the Exploits Subzone?: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Current Research, Report 92-1, p. 159-169.
52. _ 1992b, Geology of the region around Lewisporte (parts of 2E/2,3,6,7), north-central Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Open File Map 92-25, scale 1:50 000.
53. _ 1993a, Geology of the region around Botwood (parts of 2E/3,4,6), north-central Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Open File Map 93-168, scale 1:50 000.
54. _ 1993b, A mapper's guide to Notre Dame Bay's folded thrust faults: evolution and regional development: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Current Research, Report 93-1, p. 279-291.
55. O'Brien, B. H., Dec, T., and Swinden, H. S., 1994, Origin and accretion of Ordovician rocks near an intra-Dunnage Zone suture - the Fortune Harbour Peninsula transect across the Red Indian Line, in Williams, H., and O'Brien, B. H., compilers, Fieldtrip Guide for Geological Association of Canada 1994 NUNA Conference (Grand Falls, Newfoundland), 82 p.
56. O'Brien, B. H., O'Brien, S. J., Dunning, G. R., and Tucker, R. D., 1993, Episodic reactivation of a Late Precambrian mylonite zone on the Gondwanan margin of the Appalachians, southern Newfoundland: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 1043-1055.
57. O'Brien, F. H. C., and Szybinski, Z. A., 1989, Conodont faunas from the Catchers Pond and Cutwell groups, central Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Current Research, Report 89-1, p. 121-125.
58. O'Connor, J. T., 1965, A classification of quartz-rich igneous rocks based on feldspar ratios: United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 525B, p. 79-84.
59. O'Neill, P. P., 1991, Geology of the Weir's Pond area (NTS 2E/1), Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Report 91-3, 144 pages.
60. Pickering, K. T., Bassett, M. G., and Siveter, D. J., 1988, Late Ordovician-Early Silurian destruction of the Iapetus Ocean: Newfoundland, British Isles and Scandinavia - a discussion: Royal Society of Edinburgh (Earth Sciences) Transactions, v. 79, p. 361-382.
61. Saunders, A. D., Tarney, J., Marsh, N. G., and Wood, D. A., 1980, Ophiolites as ocean crust of marginal basin crust: a geochemical approach, in Panayioutou, A., editor, Ophiolites: Proceedings of the International Ophiolite Symposium, Cyprus, p. 261-272.
62. Shervais, J. W., 1982, Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 59, p. 101-118.
63. Skevington, D., 1965, Graptolites from the Ontikan limestones (Ordovician) of Öland, Sweden. II. Graptoloidea and Graptovermida: University of Uppsala, Geological Institution Bulletin, v. 43, p. 1-74.
64. Stacey, J. S. and Kramers, J. D., 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, p. 207-221.
65. Stockmal, G. S., Colman-Sadd, S. P., Marillier, F., O'Brien, S. J., and Quinlan, G. M., 1990, Deep seismic structure and plate tectonic evolution of the Canadian Appalachians: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 45-62.
66. Stouge, S. S., 1982, Preliminary conodont biostratigraphy and correlation of Lower to Middle Ordovician carbonates of the St. George Group, Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Report 82-3, 57 p.
67. _ 1984, Conodonts of the Middle Ordovician Table Head Formation, western Newfoundland: Fossils and Strata, v. 16, p. 89-179.
68. Sun, S-S., 1980, Lead isotope study of young volcanic rocks from mid ocean ridges, ocean islands and island arcs: Royal Society of London Philosophical Translations, v. A297, p. 409-445.
69. Swinden, H. S., ms, 1987, Ordovician volcanism and mineralization in the Wild Bight Group, Central Newfoundland: a geological, petrological, geochemical and isotopic study: Ph.D. thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, 452 p.
70. _ 1988, Geology and economic potential of the Pipestone Pond area (12A/8E, 12A/1NE), Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Report 88-2, 88 p.
71. Swinden, H. S., and Jenner, G. A., 1992, Volcanic stratigraphy northwest of New Bay Pond, central Newfoundland, and the strike-extent of the Point Leamington massive sulfide horizon: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Current Research, Report 92-1, p. 267-279.
72. Swinden, H. S., Jenner, G. A., Fryer, B. J., Hertogen, J., and Roddick, J. C. M., 1990, Petrogenesis and paleotectonic history of the Wild Bight Group: an Ordovician rifted island arc in central Newfoundland: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 85, p. 253-271.
73. Swinden, H. S., Jenner, G. A., Kean, B. F., and Evans, D. T. W., 1989, Volcanic rock geochemistry as a guide for massive sulfide exploration in central Newfoundland: Newfoundland Department of Mines, Current Research, Report 89-1, p. 201-219.
74. Swinden, H. S., Jenner, G. A., and Szybinski, Z. A., 1996, Magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Cambrian-Ordovician Laurentian margin of Iapetus: geochemical and isotopic constraints from the Notre Dame Subzone, Newfoundland, in Sinha, K. and Whalen, J. B., editors, Nature of Magmatism in the Appalachian Orogen: Geological Society of America, Memoir (in press).
75. Swinden, H. S., and Thorpe, R. I., 1984, Variations in style of volcanism and massive sulphide deposition in island arc sequences of the Newfoundland Central Mobile Belt: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 1596-1619.
76. Torsvik, T. H., and Trench, A., 1991, The Ordovician history of the lapetus Ocean in Britain: new paleomagnetic constraints: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 148, p. 423-425.
77. Tremblay, A., 1992, Tectonic and accretionary history of Taconian oceanic rocks of the Quebec Appalachians: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 229-252.
78. Tucker, R. D., and McKerrow, W. S., 1995, Early Paleozoic chronology: a review in light of new U-Pb zircon ages from Newfoundland and Britain: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 368-379.
79. Tucker, R. D., O'Brien, S. J., and O'Brien, B. H., 1994, Age and implications of Early Ordovician (Arenig) plutonism in the type area of the Bay du Nord Group, Dunnage Zone, southern Newfoundland Appalachians: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, p. 351-357.
80. van der Pluijm, B. A., Johnson, R. J., and van der Voo, R., 1993, Paleogeography, accretionary history, and tectonic scenario: A working hypothesis for the Ordovician and Silurian evolution of the northern Appalachians, in Roy, D. C. and Skehan, J. W., editors, The Acadian Orogeny: Recent Studies in New England, Maritime Canada, and the Autochthonous Foreland: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 275, p. 27-40.
81. van der Voo, R., Johnson, R. J., van der Pluijm, B. A., and Knutson, L. C., 1991, Paleogeography of some vestiges of lapetus: paleomagnetism of the Ordovician Robert's Arm, Summerford, and Chanceport groups, central Newfoundland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 1564-1575.
82. van Staal, C. R., 1994, Brunswick subduction complex in the Canadian Appalachians: Record of the Late Ordovician to Late Silurian collision between Laurentia and the Gander margin of Avalon: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 946-962.
83. van Staal, C. R., and Fyffe, L. R., 1995, Dunnage Zone - New Brunswick, in Williams, H., editor, Geology of the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen in Canada and Greenland: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada No. 6, p. 166-178.
84. van Staal, C. R., Winchester, J. A., and Bedard, J. H., 1991. Geochemical variations in Middle Ordovician volcanic rocks of the northern Miramichi Highlands and their tectonic significance: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 1031-1049.
85. Wasowski, J. J., ms, 1986, Geology and plate tectonic significance of rock units in the New Bay-Bay of Exploits area, north-central Newfoundland: Ph.D. thesis, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, 219 pp.
86. Wasowski, J. J., and Jacobi, R. D., 1985, Geochemistry and tectonic significance of mafic volcanic blocks in the Dunnage Melange, north-central Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 1248-1256.
87. Webby, B. D., 1994, Towards establishing globally applicable boundaries for the Ordovician System: major international divisions and criteria for definitions, in, Williams, S. H., editor, Ordovician News 11: International Subcommission on the Ordovician System, International Union of the Geological Sciences, 62 pages.
88. Williams, H., Colman-Sadd, S. P., and Swinden, H. S., 1988, Tectonic-stratigraphic subdivisions of central Newfoundland: Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, Paper 88-1B, p. 91-98.
89. Williams, H., Currie, K. L., and Piasecki, M. A. J., 1993, The Dog Bay Line: a major Silurian tectonic boundary in northeast Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 2481-2494.
90. Williams, H., and Hatcher, R. D., 1982, Suspect terranes and accretionary history of the Appalachian orogen: Geology, v. 10, p. 530-536.
91. Williams, H., and Piasecki, M. A. J., 1990, The Cold Spring Melange and a possible model for Dunnage-Gander zone interaction in central Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 1126-1134.
92. Williams, S. H., 1995, Middle Ordovician graptolites from the Lawrence Harbour Formation, central Newfoundland, Canada in, Palaeontographica, Pal. A. Bd. 235: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Stuttgart, Germany), p. 21-77.
93. Williams, S. H., Barnes, C. R., O'Brien, F. H. C., and Boyce, W. D., 1994, A proposed global stratotype for the second series of the Ordovician System: Cow Head peninsula, western Newfoundland: Canadian Petroleum Geology Bulletin, v. 42, p. 219-231.
94. Williams, S. H., Boyce, W. D., and Colman-Sadd, S. P., 1992, A new Lower Ordovician (Arenig) faunule from the Coy Pond Complex, central Newfoundland, and a refined understanding of the closure of the Iapetus Ocean: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 2046-2057.
95. Williams, S. H., Harper, D. A. T., Neuman, R. B., Boyce, W. D., and MacNiocaill, C., 1995, Lower Paleozoic fossils from Newfoundland and their importance in understanding the history of the Iapetus Ocean, in Hibbard, J., van Staal, C., and Cawood, P., editors, Current Perspectives in the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen: Geological Association of Canada Special Publication 41 (in press).
96. Williams, S. H., and Stevens, R. K., 1988, The Lower Ordovician (Arenig) graptolites of the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland: Palaeontographica Canadiana, No. 5, 167 p.
97. Williams, S. H., and Tallman, P., 1995, Graptolite-based evidence for a revised stratigraphic and structural setting of the Szechuan, Hunan and Xingchang antimony prospects, Exploits Subzone, central Newfoundland: Atlantic Geology, v. 31, p. 87-93.
98. Winchester, J. A., and Floyd, P. A., 1977, Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements: Chemical Geology, v. 20, p. 325-343.
99. Winchester, J. A., van Staal, C. R., and Fyffe, L. R., 1992, Ordovician volcanic and hypabyssal rocks in the central and southern Miramichi Highlands: their tectonic setting and relationship to contemporary volcanic rocks in northern New Brunswick: Atlantic Geology, v. 28, p. 171-179.
100. Wood, D. A., Joron, J. L., and Treuil, M., 1979, A re-appraisal of the use of trace elements to classify and discriminate between magma series erupted in different tectonic settings: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 50, p. 326-336.