Tradition and experiment in New Zealand AIDS policy

AIDS and Public Policy Journal

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 79-88

  Lichtenstein, Bronwen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NEW ZEALAND; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CULTURE; FEMALE; FINANCING, GOVERNMENT; HEALTH POLICY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; MALE; NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS; NEW ZEALAND; POLIOMYELITIS; SYPHILIS;

EID: 0030875359     PISSN: 08873852     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. P. Fleming, "'Shadow Over New Zealand': The Response to Venereal Disease in New Zealand 1910-1945" (PhD diss., Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 1989).
2. For the purposes of this article, "social progressive" refers to the social and health policies adopted by successive New Zealand governments after New Zealand became a British colony in 1840. The early tradition of the government's intervention in social-welfare, economic, and public health policy established New Zealand's reputation as a "a brave social pioneer in the fields of welfare and the government's intervention," P. Fleming, "Fighting the 'Red Plague': Observations on the Response to Venereal Disease in New Zealand 1910-1945," New Zealand Journal of History 22, no. 1 (April 1988): 56-63. According to one author, the country's commitment to free education, comprehensive medical care, pensions, and other benefits for all citizens by 1938 made New Zealand "one of the most progressive nations in terms of social policy: only the Scandinavian countries developed similar schemes." T. Brooking, Milestones: Turning Points in New Zealand History (Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Mills Publications, 1988): 160. This tradition continues today, although the "social-progressiveness" has lately taken the form of sweeping economic (i.e., free-market) changes that have effectively undermined the social-welfare policies of earlier governments.
3. For the purposes of this article, "social progressive" refers to the social and health policies adopted by successive New Zealand governments after New Zealand became a British colony in 1840. The early tradition of the government's intervention in social-welfare, economic, and public health policy established New Zealand's reputation as a "a brave social pioneer in the fields of welfare and the government's intervention," P. Fleming, "Fighting the 'Red Plague': Observations on the Response to Venereal Disease in New Zealand 1910-1945," New Zealand Journal of History 22, no. 1 (April 1988): 56-63. According to one author, the country's commitment to free education, comprehensive medical care, pensions, and other benefits for all citizens by 1938 made New Zealand "one of the most progressive nations in terms of social policy: only the Scandinavian countries developed similar schemes." T. Brooking, Milestones: Turning Points in New Zealand History (Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Mills Publications, 1988): 160. This tradition continues today, although the "social-progressiveness" has lately taken the form of sweeping economic (i.e., free-market) changes that have effectively undermined the social-welfare policies of earlier governments.
4. J. Tolerton, Ettie: A Life of Ettie Rout (Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books, 1992).
5. AIDS New Zealand (newsletter published by University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand) no. 30 (August 1996): 3.
6. AIDS New Zealand no. 29 (May 1996): 1.
7. P. Davis and B. Lichtenstein, "Conclusion: A Viable Partnership?" in Intimate Details and Vital Statistics: AIDS, Sexuality and the Social Order in New Zealand, P. Davis, ed. (Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press, 1996): 221-27.
8. P. Parkinson and T. Hughes, "The Gay Community and the Response to AIDS in New Zealand," New Zealand Medical Journal 100, no. 817 (1987): 77-79; E. Plumridge and J. Chetwynd, "AIDS Policy Response in New Zealand: Consensus in Crisis," Health Care Analysis no. 2 (1994): 287-95 .
9. P. Parkinson and T. Hughes, "The Gay Community and the Response to AIDS in New Zealand," New Zealand Medical Journal 100, no. 817 (1987): 77-79; E. Plumridge and J. Chetwynd, "AIDS Policy Response in New Zealand: Consensus in Crisis," Health Care Analysis no. 2 (1994): 287-95 .
10. Parkinson and Hughes, "The Gay Community,"
11. Plumridge and Chetwynd, "AIDS Policy Response," see note 7 above.
12. Parkinson, as quoted in Plumridge and Chetwynd, "AIDS Policy Response," 288.
13. G. Rice, Black November: The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in New Zealand (Wellington, New Zealand: Allen & Unwin, 1988).
14. J.C. Ross, "A History of Poliomyelitis in New Zealand" (MA thesis, Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1993).
15. See note 1 above.
16. See note 3 above.
17. Ibid., 93.
18. B. Lichtenstein, "The Iconography of Eve: Epidemiologie Discourse in New Zealand's Response to AIDS" (PhD diss., Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1996).
19. J. Kehoe, "Medicine, Sexuality and Imperialism: British Medical Discourses Surrounding Venereal Disease in New Zealand and Japan: A SocioHistorical and Comparative Study" (PhD diss., Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, 1992).
20. New Zealand Department of Health position paper, cited in Plumridge and Chetwynd, "AIDS Policy Response," see note 7 above.
21. An International Conference on Health Promotion, The Ottawa Chaner (Ottawa, Ont., Canada: International Conference on Health Promotion sponsored the WHO, Welfare Canada, and the Canadian Public Health Association in November 1986).
22. H. Worth, research officer, New Zealand AIDS Foundation (NZAF), personal communication, 14 July 1995.
23. P. Davis and B. Lichtenstein, "Introduction: AIDS, Sexuality and the Social Order in New Zealand," in Intimate Details, see note 6 above, pp. 1-10.
24. Geraldine Taylor, manager, Christchurch Intravenous Drug Users Group (CIVDURG), interview, 8 December, 1993.
25. J. Jordan, Working Girls (Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books, 1991).
26. Peggy Koopman-Boyden, Chair, National Council on AIDS (NCA), interview, 9 March 1992.
27. NCA, The New Zealand Strategy on HIV/ AIDS, 1990. A copy of this publication may be obtained from Information Services, Ministry of Health, 133 Molesworth St., P.O. Box 5013, Wellington, New Zealand. Phone: (04) 34962340, FAX: (04) 34962340.
28. See note 16 above.
29. Specifically, the 1993 Amendment to the Human Rights Act made it unlawful to discriminate against an individual on the basis of sexual orientation, disability, or "presence in the body of organisms capable of causing illness." It also guaranteed rights of employment to such individuals (i.e., they could not be refused employment or be harassed or fired from a job on the basis of their sexual orientation, disability, or antibody status), and their "equal access to places and facilities, education, the provision of goods and services, land, housing and other accommodation."
30. Reported by community organizers Geraldine Taylor of the Christchurch Intravenous Drug Users Group, interview, 8 December 1993; and Phil Parkinson of the New Zealand AIDS Foundation, interview, 17 November 1993.
31. See note 22 above. An Amendment to the Misuse of Drugs Act permitted needle exchange after 1987. Needle-exchange sites exist in major cities and towns throughout New Zealand either as dedicated units or as pharmacy outlets. Outreach in the form of "risk-reduction" techniques and health-promotion programs are pro" vided by the dedicated needle exchanges, and are pro" vided by government-supported community workers.
32. See note 16 above.
33. Legalize? Decriminalize? What's the Difference Anyway?" Siren 13 (September 1995): 7.
34. AIDS New Zealand no. 31 (November 1996): 4.
35. R. Shew et al., "Human Immunodeficiency in Women in Auckland: An Evolving Epidemic," New Zealand Medical Journal 108, no. 1003 (1995): 263-65.
36. New Zealand Public Health Commission, Factsheet, 29 November 1995, 2.
37. AIDS New Zealand no. 27 (November 1995): 2.
38. See note 24 above.
39. Jane Cheeks, Director, Division of HFV/ AIDS Prevention and Control, Bureau of Disease Control, Alabama Department of Public Health: personal communication, 30 November 1995; C. Healy and A. Reed, "The Healthy Hooker," New Internationalist 252 (February 1994): 16-17.
40. Jane Cheeks, Director, Division of HFV/ AIDS Prevention and Control, Bureau of Disease Control, Alabama Department of Public Health: personal communication, 30 November 1995; C. Healy and A. Reed, "The Healthy Hooker," New Internationalist 252 (February 1994): 16-17.
41. Jane Chetwynd, Chair, Sub-Committee on AIDS Research, Health Research Council of New Zealand, interview, 2 April 1996; Peggy Koopman-Boyden, Chair, National Council on AIDS, interview, 20 August 1992. New Zealand was described as "a culturally flexible society" in the first interview; the quote "collective action between groups is a feature of New Zealand society" was made in the second interview.