Management of chronic bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 83-93

  Balter, Meyer ^a   Grossman, Ronald F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Bronchodilators; Chronic bronchitis; Infection; Steroids

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; STEROID;

ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; LUNG FUNCTION; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; VACCINATION;

EID: 0030866830     PISSN: 09248579     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0924-8579(97)00034-4     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. US Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States. 114th ed. Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, 1994:95.
2. Woolcock AJ. Epidemiology of chronic airways disease. Chest 1989;96 Suppl 3:302S-306S.
3. Garibaldi RA. Epidemiology of community acquired respiratory tract infections in adults: Incidence, etiology, and impact. Am J Med 1985;78 Suppl 6B:32-37.
4. Verheij TJM, Kaptein AA, Mulder JD. Acute bronchitis: aetiology, symptoms and treatment. J Fam Pract 1989;6:66-9.
5. Morrell DC. Expressions of morbidity in general practice. Br Med J 1971;2:454-8.
6. Turner-Warwick M, Hodson ME, Corrin B, Kerr IH. Clinical Atlas of Respiratory diseases. London: Gower Medical Publishing, 1990.
7. Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS). Ruislip, Middlesex: BPI/MDI, Sept 1993.
8. American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:225-244.
9. Medical Research Council. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. Lancet 1965;1:775-779.
10. Burrows B, Lebowitz MD. Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and chronic productive cough. Int J Epidemiol 1977;6:107-13.
11. Xu X, Christiani DC, Dockery DW, Warg L. Exposure-response relationships between occupational exposures and chronic illness: a community-based study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:413-8.
12. Burge PS. Occupation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1994;7:1032-4.
13. Matsuse T, Hayashi S, Kuwano K, et al. Latent adenoviral infection in the pathogenesis of chronic airways obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:177-84.
14. Fielding JE, Phenow KJ. Health effects of involuntary smoking. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1452-60.
15. Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Hodgkin JE, and the IPPB Trial Group. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:14-20.
16. Traver GA, Cline MG, Burrows B. Predictors of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 15 year follow-up study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;119:895-902.
17. Jamal K, Cooney TP, Fleetham JA, et al. Chronic bronchitis: correlation of morphological findings to sputum production and flow rates. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:719-22.
18. Peto R, Speizer FE, Cochrane AL, et al. The relevance in adults of airflow obstruction but not of mucous hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128:491-500.
19. Fletcher CM, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J 1977;1:1645-8.
20. Bates DV. The fate of the chronic bronchitis: a report of the ten-year follow-up in the Canadian Department of Veterans' Affairs coordinated study of chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;108:1043-65.
21. Burrows B. Predictors of loss of lung function and mortality in obstructive lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 1991;1:340-5.
22. Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Camilli AE, Lyle SK, Lebowitz MD. The 'horse-racing effect' and predicting decline in forced expiratory volume in one second from screening spirometry. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:788-93.
23. Mannino DM, Etzel RA, Flanders WD. Do the medical history and physical examination predict low lung function?. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1892-7.
24. Kesten S, Chapman KR. Physicians' perceptions and management of COPD. Chest 1993;104:254-8.
25. 1. The Lung Health Study. J Am Med Assoc 1994;272:1497-505.
26. Dockery DW, Speizer FE, Ferris BG Jr., et al. Cumulative and reversible effects of lifetime smoking on simple tests of lung function in adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:286-92.
27. Higgins MW, Enright PL, Kronmal RA, et al. Smoking and lung function in elderly men and women: the cardiovascular health study. J Am Med Assoc 1993;269:2741-8.
28. Wynder EL, Kaufman PL, Lesser RL. A short-term follow-up study on ex-cigarette smokers: with special emphasis on persistent cough and weight gain. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967;96:645-55.
29. Jayanthi V, Probert CSJ, Sher KS, et al. Smoking and prevention. Respir Med 1991;85:179-83.
30. The Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline Panel and Staff. The agency for Health Care Policy and Research Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline. J Am Med Assoc 199a;275:1270-1280.
31. Fiscella K, Franks P. Cost-effectiveness of the transdermal nicotine patch as an adjunct to physicians' smoking cessation counseling. J Am Med Assoc 1996;275:1247-51.
32. Douglas RG Jr. Prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. N Engl J Med 1990;322:443-50.
33. Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wuorenma J, von Sternberg G. The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1994;331:778-84.
34. Butler JC, Breinan RF, Campbell JF, et al. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy: an evaluation of current recommendations. J Am Med Assoc 1993;270:1826-31.
35. Immunization Practices Advisory Committee: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MMWR 1989;38:64-68, 73-76.
36. Orcel B, Delclaux B, Baud M, et al. Oral immunization with bacterial extracts for protection against acute bronchitis in elderly institutionalized patients with chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 1994;7:446-52.
37. Clausen JL. The diagnosis of emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asthma. Clin Chest Med 1990;11:405-16.
38. Ramsdell JW, Nachtwey FJ, Moser KM. Bronchial hyperreactivity in chronic obstructive bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;126:829-32.
39. Tashkin DP, Altose MD, Bleecker ER, et al. for the Lung Health Study Research Group. The lung health study: airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in smokers with mild to moderate airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:301-310.
40. Kanner RE, Renzetti AD Jr., Stanish WM, et al. Predictors of survival in subjects with chronic airflow limitation. Am J Med 1983;74:249-55.
41. O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. The role of allergy and nonspecific airway hyper-responsiveness in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:225-52.
42. Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, and the IPPB Trial Group. Bronchodilator response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:814-819.
43. Hay JG, Stone P, Carter J, et al. Bronchodilator reversibility, exercise performance and breathlessness in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1992;5:659-64.
44. Guyatt G, Townsend M, Nogradi S, et al. Acute response to bronchodilator: An imperfect guide for bronchodilator therapy in chronic airflow limitation. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:1949-52.
45. Gross NJ, Shorodin MS. Anticholinergic antimuscarinic bronchodilators. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:856-70.
46. Rennard SI, Serby C, Ghafouri M, Johnson PA, Friedman M. Extended therapy with ipratropium is associated with improved lung function in patients with COPD: A retrospective analysis of data from seven clinical trials. Chest 1996;110:62-70.
47. COMBIVENT Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone. Chest 1994;105:1411-1419.
48. Ulrik CS. Efficacy of inhaled salmeterol in the management of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single centre randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Thorax 1995;50:750-4.
49. Grove A, Lipworth BJ, Reid P, et al. Effects of regular salmeterol on lung function and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1996;51:689-93.
50. Cazzola M, Santangelo G, Piccolo A, et al. Effect of salmeterol and formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary Pharmacol 1994;4:103-7.
51. Guyatt GH, Townsend M, Pugsley SO, et al. Bronchodilators in chronic airflow limitation: effects on airway function, exercise capacity, and quality of life. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:1069-74.
52. Miller MA, Fragoso CAV. Review of the clinical efficacy of theophylline in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:S40-7.
53. Mahon J, Laupacis A, Donner A, Wood T. Randomised study of n of 1 trials versus standard practice. Br Med J 1996;312:1069-74.
54. Thompson AB, Daughton D, Robbins RA, et al. Intraluminal airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis: characterization and correlation with clinical parameters. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:1527-37.
55. Martin TR, Raghu G, Maunder RJ, et al. The effects of chronic bronchitis and chronic airflow obstruction on lung cell populations recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:254-60.
56. Postma D, Steenhuis EJ, van der Weele LT, et al. Severe chronic airflow obstruction: can corticosteroids slow down progression?. Eur J Respir Dis 1985;67:56-64.
57. Postma D, Peters I, Steenhuis EJ, et al. Moderately severe chronic airflow obstruction: can corticosteroids slow down obstruction?. Eur Respir J 1988;1:22-6.
58. van Schayck CP, van Grunsven PM, Dekhuijzen PNR. Do patients with COPD benefit from treatment with inhaled corticosteroids?. Eur Respir J 1996;9:1969-72.
59. Callahan CM, Dittus RE, Katz BP. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:216-23.
60. Shim CS, Williams MH Jr. Aerosol beclomethasrone in patients with steroid responsive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 1985;78:655-8.
61. Petty TL. The National Mucolytic Study: results of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study of iodinated glycerol in chronic obstructive bronchitis. Chest 1990;97:75-83.
62. Multicentre Study Group. Long-term oral acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis, a double-blind controlled study. Eur J Respir Dis 1980;61 Suppl. 111:93-108.
63. Rubin BK, Ramirez O, Ohar JA. Iodinated glycerol has no effect on pulmonary function, symptom score or sputum properties in patients with stable chronic bronchitis. Chest 1996;109:348-52.
64. Mohsenifar Z, Rosenberg N, Goldberg HS, et al. Mechanical vibration and conventional chest physiotherapy in outpatients with stable chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1985;87:483-5.
65. Shim C, King M, Williams MH Jr. Lack of effect of hydration on sputum production in chronic bronchitis. Chest 1987;92:679-82.
66. Medical Research Council Working Party: Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet 1981;1:681-686.
67. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group: Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:391-398.
68. Levi-Valensi P, Weitzenblum E, Pedinielli JL, et al. Three months' follow up of arterial blood gas determination in candidates for long-term oxygen therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:547-51.
69. Cooper CB, Waterhouse J, Howard P. Twelve-year clinical study of patients with hypoxic cor pulmonale given long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy. Thorax 1987;42:105-10.
70. Goldstein RS, Gort EH, Stubbing D, Avendano MA, Guyatt GH. Randomised controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation. Lancet 1994;344:394-7.
71. Light RW, Muro JR, Sato R, et al. Effects of oral morphine on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:126-33.
72. Leung R, Hill P, Burden J. Effect of inhaled morphine on the development of breathlessness during exercise in patients with chronic lung disease. Thorax 1996;51:596-600.
73. Light RW, Stansbury DW, Webster JS. Effect of 30 mg of morphine alone or with promethazine or prochlorperazine on the exercise capacity of patients with COPD. Chest 1996;109:975-81.
74. Schmidt GA, Hall JB. Acute or chronic respiratory failure: assessment and management of patients with COPD in the emergent setting. J Am Med Assoc 1989;261:3444-53.
75. Connors AF Jr., Dawson NV, Thomas C, et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbations of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:959-67.
76. O'Driscoll BR, Horsley MG, Taylor RJ, Chambers DK, Bernstein A. Nebulised salbutamol with and without ipratropium bromide in acute airflow obstruction. Lancet 1989;1:1418-20.
77. Moayyedi P, Congleton J, Page RL, Pearson SB, Muers MF. Comparison of nebulised salbutamol and ipratropium bromide with salbutamol alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1995;50:834-7.
78. Karpel JF. Bronchodilator responses to anticholinergic and beta-adrenergic agents in acute and stable COPD. Chest 1991;99:871-6.
79. Rice KL, Leatherman JW, Duane PG, et al. Aminophylline for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:305-9.
80. Albert RK, Martin TR, Lewis SW. Controlled trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 1980;92:753-8.
81. Emerman CC, Connors AF, Lukens TW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of methyl-prednisolone in the emergency treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 1989;95:563-7.
82. Murata GH, Gorby MS, Chick TW, et al. Intravenous and oral corticosteroids for the prevention of relapse after treatment of decompensated COPD: Effect on patients with a history of multiple relapses. Chest 1990;98:845-9.
83. Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML. Systemic corticosteroids in COPD: an unresolved clinical dilemma. Chest 1996;110:867-9.
84. Tager I, Speizer FE. Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. N Engl J Med 1975;292:563-71.
85. Fisher M, Akhtar AJ, Calder MA, et al. Pilot study of factors associated with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J 1969;4:187-92.
86. Medici TC, Chodosh S. The reticuloendothelial system in chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972;105:792-804.
87. Musher DM, Kubutschek KR, Crennon J, Baughn RE. Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:444-50.
88. Stockley RA, Burnett D. Serum derived protease inhibitors and leucocyte elastase in sputum and the effect of infections. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1980;16:261-71.
89. Murphy TF, Seithi S. State of the art. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive lung disease. Amer Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:1067-83.
90. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CPW, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:196-204.
91. Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 1995;273:957-60.
92. Elmes PC, Fletcher CM, Dutton AAC. Prophylactic use of oxytetracycline for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J 1957;2:1272-5.
93. Berry DG, Fry J, Hindley CP, et al. Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis treatment with oxytetracycline. Lancet 1960;1:137-9.
94. Elmes PC, King TKC, Langlands JHM, et al. Value of ampicillin in the hospital treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J 1965;2:904-8.
95. Peterson ES, Esmann V, Honcke P, Munkner C. A controlled trial of the effect of treatment on chronic bronchitis: an evaluation using pulmonary function tests. Acta Med Scand 1967;182:293-305.
96. Pines A, Raafat H, Greenfield JSB, et al. Antibiotic regimens in moderately ill patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br J Dis Chest 1972;66:107-15.
97. Nicotra MB, Rivera M, Awe RJ. Antibiotic therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:18-21.
98. Allegra L, Grassi C, Grossi E, Pozzi E. Ruolo degli antibiotici nel trattamento delle riacutizza della bronchite cronica. Ital J Chest Dis 1991;45:138-48.
99. Gump DW, Phillips CA, Forsyth BR, et al. Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976;113:465-73.
100. Davies BI, Maesen FPV, Teengs JP, Baur C. The quinolones in chronic bronchitis. Pharm Weekbl (Sci) 1986;8:53-9.
101. Basran GS, Joseph J, Abbas AMA, et al. Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive airways disease - a comparison of amoxycillin and ciprofloxacin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990;26 Suppl. F:19-24.
102. Chodosh S. Bronchitis and asthma. In: Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR, editors. Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1992:476-485.
103. Aidons PM. A comparison of clarithromycin with ampicillin in the treatment of outpatients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991;27 Suppl. A:101-108.
104. Bachand RT. Comparative study of clarithromycin and ampicillin in the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991;27 Suppl. A:91-100.
105. Lindsay G, Scorer HJN, Carnegie CMD. Safety and efficacy of temafloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections: a randomised, double-blind trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992;30:89-100.
106. Neu HC, Chick TW. Efficacy and safety of clarithromycin compared to cefixime as outpatient treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Chest 1993;104:1393-9.
107. Chodosh S. Acute bacterial exacerbations in bronchitis and asthma. Am J Med 1987;82 Suppl. 4A:154-163.
108. Fagon J-Y, Chastre J, Trouillet J-L, et al. Characterization of the distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:1004-8.
109. Monso E, Ruiz J, Resell A, et al. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1316-20.
110. Groeneveld K, van Alphen L, Eijk PP, et al. Endogenous and exogenous reinfections with Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the effect of antibiotic treatment on persistence. J Infect Dis 1990;161:512-7.
111. Kayser FH, Morenzoni G, Santanam P. The second European collaborative study on the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;9:810-7.
112. Jorgensen JH. Update on mechanisms and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:1119-23.
113. Doern GV. Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens of the respiratory tract. Am J Med 1995;99 Suppl 6B:3S-7S.
114. Barry AL, Pfaller MA, Fuchs PC, Packer RR. In vitro activities of 12 orally administered antimicrobial agents against four species of bacterial respiratory pathogens from US medical centers in 1992 and 1993. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 1994;38:2419-25.
115. Sherrill DL, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 1990;11:375-7.
116. Newhouse M, Sanchis J, Bienenstock J. Lung defence mechanisms. N Engl J Med 1976;295:990-8.
117. Stanley PJ, Wilson R, Greenstone MA, MacWilliam L, Cole PJ. Effect of cigarette smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance and ciliary beat frequency. Thorax 1986;41:519-23.
118. Wilson R, Alton E, Rutman A, et al. Upper respiratory tract viral infection and mucociliary clearance. Eur J Respir Dis 1987;70:272-9.
119. Camner P, Jarstrand C, Philipson K. Tracheobronchial clearance in patients with influenza. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;108:131-5.
120. Sakakura Y. Changes of mucociliary function during colds. Eur J Respir Dis 1983;64(S128):348-54.
121. Proud D, Naclerio RM, Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO. Kinins are generated in nasal secretions during natural rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis 1990;161:120-3.
122. Walsh JJ, Dietlein LF, Low FN, Burch GE, Mogabgab WJ. Bronchotracheal response in human influenza. Arch Intern Med 1961;108:98-110.
123. Hers JFP. Disturbances of the ciliated epithelium due to influenza virus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1966;93:162-71.
124. Vishwanath S, Ramphal R. Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human tracheobronchial mucin. Infect Immun 1984;85:197-202.
125. Apicella MA, Shero M, Dudas KC, et al. Fimbriation of Haemophilus species isolated from the respiratory tract of adults. J Infect Dis 1984;150:40-3.
126. Bakaletz LO, Tallan BM, Hoepf T, et al. Frequency of fimbriation of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae and its ability to adhere to chinchilla and human respiratory epithelium. Infect Immun 1988;56:331-5.
127. Wilson R, Pitt T, Taylor G, et al. Pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine produce by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit the beating of human respiratory cilia in vitro. J Clin Invest 1987;79:221-9.
128. Adler KB, Hendley DD, Davis GS. Bacteria associated with obstructive pulmonary disease elaborate extracellular products that stimulate mucin secretion by explants of guinea pig airways. Am J Pathol 1986;125:501-14.
129. 1 protease-producing and non-producing Haemophilus influenzae in human nasopharyngeal organ cultures. J Infect Dis 1986;154:752-9.
130. Paton JC, Ferrante A. Inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst, bactericidal activity, and migration by pneumolysin. Infect Immun 1983;41:1212-6.
131. Steinfort C, Wilson R, Mitchell T, et al. Effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae on human respiratory epithelium in vitro. Infect Immun 1989;57:2006-13.
132. Sheinman BD, Devalia JL, Davies RJ, et al. Synthesis of histamine by Haemophilus influenzae. Br Med J 1986;292:857-8.
133. Cundell DR, Devalia JL, Wilks M, et al. Generation of compounds inhibiting human neutrophil migration in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:A620.
134. Currie DC, Saverymuttu SH, Peters AM, et al. Indium-111-labelled granulocyte accumulation in respiratory tract of patients with bronchiectasis. Lancet 1987;1:1335-9.
135. Amitani R, Wilson R, Rutman R, et al. Effects of human neutrophil elastase and Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteinases on human respiratory epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991;4:26-32.
136. Ras G, Wilson R, Todd H, et al. Effect of bacterial products on neutrophil migration in vitro. Thorax 1990;45:276-80.
137. Cole P, Wilson R. Host-microbial interrelationships in respiratory infection. Chest 1989;95 Suppl:217S-221S.
138. American Thoracic Society: Guidelines for initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity and initial antimicrobial therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1418-1426.
139. Derenne JP, Fleury B, Pariente R. Acute respiratory failure of chronic obstructive lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:1006-33.
140. Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP, et al. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease. J Am Med Assoc 1995;274:1852-7.
141. Ström K. Survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:585-91.
142. Ball P, Harris JM, Lowson D, et al. Acute infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Q J Med 1995;88:61-8.
143. MacFarlane JT, Colville A, Guion A, et al. Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory tract infections in the community. Lancet 1993;341:511-4.
144. Balter MS, Hyland RH, Low DE, et al. Recommendations on the management of chronic bronchitis. CMAJ 1994;151 Suppl:7-23.
145. Lode H. Respiratory tract infections: when is antibiotic therapy indicated?. Clinical therapeutics 1991;13:149-56.
146. Wilson R. Outcome predictors in bronchitis. Chest 1995;108 Suppl:53S-57S.
147. Wilson R, Tillotson G, Ball P. Clinical studies in chronic bronchitis: A need for better definition and classification of severity. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;37:205-7.