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Varni JW, Rapoff MA, Waldron SA, Gragg RA, Bernstein BH, Lindsley CB: Chronic pain and emotional distress in children and adolescents. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996, 17:154-161. This study involved 160 children with rheumatic diseases and found a significant relationship between the level of pain and depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and behavior problems. A model for pediatric pain is proposed and suggestions regarding psychologic treatment are offered.
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Takei S, Imanaka H, Maeno N, Shigemori M, Masuda K, Hokonohara M, Miyata K: Serum levels of hyaluronic acid indicate the severity of joint symptoms in patients with systemic and polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1956-1962.
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Hollingworth P: Back pain in children. Br J Rheumatol 1996, 35:1022-1028. A complete discussion of back pain for the rheumatologist (with 64 references).
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Sponseller PD: Evaluating the child with back pain. Am Fam Physician 1996, 54:1933-1941. Contains an algorithm for the evaluation of a child with back pain in children.
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Parker APJ, Robinson RO, Bullock P: Difficulties in diagnosing intrinsic spinal cord tumours. Arch Dis Child 1996, 75:204-207. This report describes the presentations of spinal cord tumors in 13 children to illustrate the spectrum of this entity and emphasize the diagnostic pitfalls.
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Abu-Arafeh I, Russell G: Recurrent limb pain in schoolchildren. Arch Dis Child 1996, 74:336-339. These authors found 9% of 2165 schoolchildren to have limb pains, mostly due to trauma. They excluded those with hypermobility, arthritis, enthesopathy, psychogenic pain, and other known illness and found that 2.6% had recurrent limb pain. Half of these reported that tiredness triggered the pain and most were better with rest.
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Abu-Arafeh, I.1
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Mikkelsson M, Salminen JJ, Kautiainen H: Joint hypermobility is not a contributing factor to musculoskeletal pain in pre-adolescents. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1963-1967. Weekly nontraumatic pain was present in 29.9% of hypermobile children and in 32.3% of nonhypermobile children. These percentages increased to 62.2% and 70.5%, respectively, in those with at least monthly musculoskeletal pain. Contrary to other studies, there was no relationship between hypermobility and musculoskeletal pain.
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Martin JC, Desoysa R, O'Sullivan MM, Silverstone E, Williams H: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: spinal involvement and radiological appearances. Br J Rheumatol 1996, 35:1019-1021.
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Verma UN, Misra R, Radhakrisnan S, Maitra SC, Agarwal SS, Singh RR: A syndrome of fibrosing pleuritis, pericarditis, and synovitis with infantile contractures of fingers and toes in 2 sisters: "familial fibrosing serositis." J Rheumatol 1995, 22:2349-2355.
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Okifuji A, Turk DC, Sinclair JD, Starz TW, Marcus DA: A standardized manual tender point survey: I: development and determination of a threshold point for the identification of positive tender points in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:377-383. An excellent resource for those not sure where and how to elicit fibromyalgic tender points.
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Okifuji, A.1
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Schanberg LE, Keefe FJ, Lefebvre JC, Kredich DW, Gil KM: Pain coping strategies in children with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome: correlation with pain, physical function, and psychological distress. Arthritis Care Res 1996, 9:89-96. The coping strategies of 16 children with fibromyalgia were studied and related to degree of pain, disability, psychologic distress, and pain behavior. They found a significant correlation between high "pain control" and "rational thinking" scores and lower levels of pain, disability, and psychologic distress.
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Arthritis Care Res
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Buckelew SP, Huyser B, Hewett JE, Parker JC, Johnson JC, Conway R, Kay DR: Self-efficacy predicting outcome among fibromyalgia subjects. Arthritis Care Res 1996, 9:97-10. In this 6-week training program study involving 109 subjects, improved self-efficacy (belief that one can cope with difficult situations) predicted increased physical activity and a decrease in tender point index, disease severity, and pain score.
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Arthritis Care Res
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Vlaeyen JWS, Teeken-Gruben NJG, Goossens MEJB, Rutten-van Mölken MPMH, Pelt RAGB, van Eek H, Heuts PHTG: Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial: I: clinical effects. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1237-1245.
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Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: A randomized clinical trial: II: economic evaluation
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Goossens MEJB, Rutten-van Mölken MPMH, Leidl RM, Bos SGPM, Vlaeyen JWS, Teeken-Gruben NJG: Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial: II: economic evaluation. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1246-1254.
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Martin L, Nutting A, Macintosh BR, Edworthy SM, Butterwick D, Cook J: An exercise program in the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1050-1053. This program was 1 hour, three times a week, for 6 weeks for supervised exercise or relaxation training. Exercise training was superior.
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J Rheumatol
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