Determination of nodule coverage parameters using multibeam normal incidence echo characteristics: A study in the Indian Ocean

Marine Georesources and Geotechnology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 33-48

  Chakraborty, Bishwajit ^a   Pathak, Devashish ^a   Sudhakar, Maruthadu ^a   Raju, Y Satyanarayana ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (India)

Author keywords

Echo peak amplitude; Indian Ocean; Multibeam normal incidence; Nodule coverage; Probability density function

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC NOISE; OCEANOGRAPHY; PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION; SCATTERING; SEDIMENTS; STATISTICAL METHODS;

ACOUSTIC RESPONSE; ECHO FLUCTUATION; ECHO PEAK AMPLITUDES; INDIAN OCEAN; MULTIBEAM NORMAL INCIDENCE; NODULE COVERAGE; SIGNAL SCATTERING;

MINERAL EXPLORATION;

COVERAGE; DENSITY; ECHO PEAK AMPLITUDE; ECHO PEAK AMPLITUDES; FERROMANGANESE NODULES; MANGANESE NODULE; MULTIBEAM NORMAL INCIDENCE; MULTIBEAM SONAR; NODULE COVERAGE; PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION; SONAR MULTIBEAM;

INDIAN OCEAN;

EID: 0030865067     PISSN: 1064119X     EISSN: 15210618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10641199709379933     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Alexandrou, D., C. de Moustier, and G. Haralabaus. 1992. Evaluation and verification of bottom acoustic reverberation statistics predicted by the point scattering model. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91: 1403-1413.
2. Berkson, J. M., and J. E. Mathews. 1983. Statistical properties of seafloor roughness. In: N. G. Pace, (ed), Acoustics and the seabed, pp. 215-223. Bath: Bath University Press.
3. Brekhovskikh, L., Y. Y. Zhitkoviskii, A. Y. Zakhleshik, and V. V. Saveleev. 1985. Sound scattering by ferromanganese concretions. Soviet Physics Acoustics 31: 343-344.
4. de Moustier, C. 1985. Inference of manganese nodule coverage from Seabeam acoustic backscattering data. Geophysics 50: 989-1005.
5. de Moustier, C. 1986. Beyond bathymetry: mapping acoustic backscattering from the deep seafloor with Seabeam. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79: 316-331.
6. Debrabant, P., N. Fagel, H. Chamley, V. Bout, and J. P. Caulet, 1993. Neogene to Quaternary clay mineral fluxes in the Central Indian Basin. Palaeogeography Palaeocli-matology Palaeoecology 103: 117-131.
7. Eckart, C. 1953. The scattering of sound from the sea surface. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 25: 566-570.
8. Fox, C. G., and D. E. Hayes. 1985. Quantitative methods for analyzing the roughness of the seafloor. Reviews in Geophysics 23: 1-48.
9. Gorskaya, N. V., I. Y. Gryaznova, S. N. Gurbatov, and G. N. Nikolavev. 1990. Physical modelling of the backscattering of acoustic signals by discrete inhomogeneities. Soviet Physics Acoustics 36: 228-231.
10. Gutberlet, M., and H. W. Schenke. 1989. Hydrosweep: new era in high precision bathymetric surveying in deep and shallow water. Marine Geodesy 13: 1-23.
11. Magnuson, A. H. 1983. Manganese nodule abundance and size for bottom reflectivity measurement. Marine Mining 4: 265-295.
12. Mero, J. L. 1965. The mineral resources of the sea. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
13. Middleton, D. 1967. A statistical theory of reverberation and similar first order scattered field pt. 1-waveforms and general processes. IEEE Transactions Information Theory IT-13: 372-392.
14. Miller, I., and J. E. Freund. 1985. Probability and statistics for engineers. New Delhi: Prentice Hall.
15. Mukhopadhyay, R., and B. N. Nagendemath. 1988. Influence of sediment topography on local facies variation in ferromanganese deposits in the Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Research 35: 1431-1436.
16. Mukhopadhyay, R., and Y. Ramana. 1990. Acoustic properties of Indian Ocean nodules in relation to physical constitution and chemical composition. Deep-Sea Research 37: 337-342.
17. Nath, B. N., V. P. Rao, and K. P. Becker. 1989. Geochemical evidence of terrigeneous influence in deep sea sediments up to 8°S in Central Indian Basin. Marine Geology 87: 301-313.
18. Siddiquie, H. N., and P. S. Rao. 1988. Exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Indian Ocean. Ocean Development and International Law 19: 323-335.
19. Smith, K. D. 1981. Properties of oceanic manganese nodule fields relevant to a remote acoustical sensing system. M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
20. Spiess, F. N., and R. C. Tyce. 1973. Marine Physical Laboratory deep tow instrumentation system. SIO reference 73-4.
21. Stanton, T. K. 1984. Sonar estimates of seafloor microroughness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 75: 809-818.
22. Sudhakar, M. 1989. Ore grade manganese nodules from the Central Indian Basin: an evaluation. Marine Mining 8: 201-214.
23. Sudhakar, M. 1993. Geostatistical analysis of polymetallic nodule data from Indian Ocean and a comparative study with Pacific Ocean deposits. Ph.D thesis, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad.
24. Sudhakar, M., and R. Sharma. 1985. Nodule abundance estimates-a case study, Paper presented on processing of manganese nodules, Bhubhaneshwar.
25. Talukdar, K. K., and R. C. Tyce. 1992. Relation of Seabeam echopeak statistics to the character of bottom topography. Geo-Marine Letters 12: 200-207.
26. Uscinskii, B. J. 1977. The elements of wave propagation in random media. London: McGraw Hill.
27. Weydert, M. 1985. Measurement of acoustic backscattering of the deep seafloor using a deeply towed vehicle. A technique to investigate the physical and geological properties of the deep seafloor and to assess manganese nodule resources. Ph.D thesis, University of California, San Diego.