Mortality, morbidity and health selection among metal workers

Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health

Volumn 23, Issue SUPPL. 2, 1997, Pages 1-80

  Koskela, Riitta Sisko ^a  

^a FINNISH INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEALTH RISK; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; METAL WORKERS; MORTALITY RISK; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE;

HUMAN; METAL INDUSTRY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CAUSE OF DEATH; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); FINLAND; HUMANS; MALE; METALLURGY; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE;

ANGINA;

EID: 0030864940     PISSN: 03553140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (212)

1. Koskela R-S. Occupational mortality and morbidity in relation to selective turnover. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982,8 suppl 1:34-9.
2. Koskela R-S, Järvinen E, Korhonen H, Mutanen P. Health selection among metal workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1983;9:155-61.
3. Koskela R-S, Järvinen E, Kolari PJ. Effect of cohort definition and follow-up length on occupational mortality rates Scand J Work Environ Health 1984;10:311-6.
4. Koskela R-S, Korhonen H, Järvinen E, Kolari PJ, Mutanen P. Different stages of disease, changes in heaviness of work and life cycle. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984;10:451-4.
5. Koskela R-S, Kolari PJ, Jarvinen E, Korhonen H. Completeness of occupational history and occurrences of work-related diseases. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984;10:455-9.
6. Buechley R, Dunn JE Jr, Linden G, Breslow L. Death certificate statement of occupation: its usefulness in comparing mortalities. Public Health Rep 1956;71:1105-11.
7. Fox AJ, Collier PF. Low mortality rates in industrial cohort studies due to selection for work and survival in the industry. Br J Prev Soc Med 1976;30.225-30.
8. Alderson MR. Some sources of error in British occupational mortality data. Br J Ind Med 1972;29:245-54.
9. Heasman MA, Liddell FDK, Reid DD. The accuracy of occupational vital statistics. Br J Ind Med 1958;15:141-6.
10. Keams JL. Changes in occupation and in health. Trans Soc Occup Med 1970;20:113-8.
11. Liddell FDK The measurement of occupational mortality. Br J Ind Med 1960;17:228-33.
12. Modan B Some methodological aspects of a retrospective follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 1965;82:297-304.
13. Seal HL. A statistical review of the evidence for the existence of temporary selection J Inst Actuaries 1959;85(Pt II):165-210.
14. Belbin RM. Difficulties of older people in industry. Occup Psychol 1953;27:177-90.
15. Belbin RM. Older people and heavy work Br J Ind Med 1955;12:309-19.
16. Richardson IM Age and work. a study of 489 men in heavy industry. Br J Ind Med 1953;10:269-84.
17. Smith JM. Age and occupation: an examination of 1961 cencus data. Occup Psychol 1968;42:133-8.
18. Smith JM. Age and occupation: The determinants of male occupational age structures - hypothesis H and hypothesis A. J Gerontol 1973;28:484-90.
19. Welford AT. Industrial work suitable for older people: some British studies. Gerontologist 1966;6:4-9.
20. Goldsmith JR What do we expect from an occupational cohort? J Occup Med 1975;17:126-7.
21. Goldsmith JR, Thresh M. Mortality and industrial employment. III Industries with high standard mortality ratios for persons with social security coverage in 1960 and 1965 Am J Epidemiol 1977;106:109-24
22. Goldsmith JR Mortality and industrial employment. II Industries with high mortality among young workers based on a social security sample. J Occup Med 1977;19:249-54
23. Goldsmith JR, Hirschberg DA. Mortality and industrial employment: I Mortality during 1965-1972 among those employed in 1965 and covered by social security - preliminary report. J Occup Med 1976;18:161-4
24. Lundberg O. Methods of estimating morbidity and prevalence of disablement by use of mortality statistics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973;49:324-331.
25. Cornfield J, Haenszel W. Some aspects of retrospective studies. J Chronic Dis 1960;11:523-34.
26. Feinstein AR Sources of 'transition bias' in cohort statistics Clin Pharmacol Ther 1971;12:704-21.
27. Mancuso TF, Coulter EJ. Methods of studying the relation of employment and long-term illness - cohort analysis Am J Public Health 1959;49:1525-36.
28. Mancuso TF, Coulter EJ. Methodology in industrial health studies. the cohort approach, with special reference to an asbestos company. Arch Environ Health 1963;6:210-26.
29. Mancuso TF, El-Attar A. Dynamic changes in industrial cohort studies. Ind Med Surg 1966;35:1059-67.
30. Milham S Jr. Methods in occupational mortality studies. J Occup Med 1975;17:581-5.
31. Thompson DJ, Kodlin D. A note on follow-up for survival in the presence of movement. J Am Stat Assoc 1961;56:119-24.
32. Collins JF, Redmond CK. The use of retirees to evaluate occupational hazards. J Occup Med 1976;18:595-602.
33. Collins JF, Redmond CK. The use of retirees to evaluate occupational hazards: II. Comparison of cause specific mortality by work area. J Occup Med 1978;20:260-6.
34. Fox AJ, Collier PF A survey of occupational cancer in the rubber and cablemaking industries: analysis of deaths occurring in 1972-74 Br J Ind Med 1976;33:249-64.
35. Fox AJ, Collier PF. Mortality experience of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride in Great Britain. Br J Ind Med 1977;34:1-10.
36. Hernberg S. Epidemiology in occupational health. In: Zenz C, editor Developments in occupational medicine. Chicago (IL): Year Book Medical Publishers, 1980:4-40.
37. Koskela R-S, Hernberg S, Kärävä R, Järvinen E, Nurminen M A mortality study of foundry workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1976;2 suppl 1:73-89.
38. Rockette HE. Cause specific mortality of coal miners. J Occup Med 1977;19:795-801.
39. Sartwell PE Retrospective studies. A review for the clinician. Ann Intern Med 1974;81:381-6.
40. Taylor PJ. Epidemiology in the design of long term studies, J Soc Occup Med 1974;24 48-53.
41. Chiazze L Jr. Problems of study design and interpretation of industrial mortality experience J Occup Med 1976;18:169-70.
42. Enterline PE. Pitfalls in epidemiological research. An examination of the asbestos litterature J Occup Med 1976;18:150-6.
43. Gaffey WR. A critique of the standardized mortality ratio. J Occup Med 1976;8 157-60
44. Redmond CK, Breslin PP. Comparison of methods for assessing occupational hazards. J Occup Med 1975;17:313-7.
45. McMichael AJ. Standardized mortality ratios and the "healthy worker effect", scratching beneath the surface J Occup Med 1976;18:165-8.
46. Wen CP, Tsai SP Anatomy of the healthy worker effect - a critique of summary statistics employed in occupational epidemiology Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8 suppl 1:48-52.
47. Choi BCK. Definition, sources, magnitude, effect modifiers, and strategies of reduction of the healthy worker effect J Occup Med 1992;34:979-88.
48. Arrighi HM, Hertz-Picciotto I Definitions, sources, magnitude, effect modifiers, and strategies of reduction of the healthy worker, effect [letter] J Occup Med 1993;35:890-1
49. Haines T, Shannon H Sample size in occupational mortality studies. J Occup Med 1983;25:603-8.
50. Osmond C, Gardner MJ. Age, period and cohort models applied to cancer mortality rates. Stat Med 1982;1:245-59.
51. Weiss W. Lung cancer due to chloromethyl ethers: bias in cohort definition. J Occup Med 1989;31:102-5.
52. Pearce N. Methodological problems of time-related variables in occupational cohort studies. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1992;40 suppl 1:S43-54.
53. Steenland K, Deddens J, Salvan A, Stayner L. Negative bias in exposure-response trends in occupational studies: modeling the healthy worker survivor effect. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:202-10.
54. Shindell A, Weisberg RF, defer EE. The "healthy worker effect" - fect or artifact? J Occup Med 1978;20:807-11.
55. Wen CP, Tsai SP, Gibson RL. Anatomy of the healthy worker effect: a critical review. J occup Med 1983;25:283-9.
56. Wang J-D, Miettinen OS. Occupational mortality studies: principles of validity. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8:153-8.
57. Weed DL, Tyroler HA, Shy C. The healthy worker effect in actively working communications workers. J Occup Med 1987;29:335-9.
58. Fox AJ, Goldblatt PO, Adelstein AM Selection and mortality differentials. J Epidemiol Community Health 1982;36:69-79
59. Fox AJ, Goldblatt PO. Longitudinal study: sociodemographic mortality differentials. London: Government Statistical Service, 1982. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, series LS no 1.
60. Vinni K, Hakama M. Healthy worker effect in the total Finnish population. Br J Ind Med 1980;37:180-4.
61. Sterling TD, Weinkam JJ. Extent, persistence, and constancy of the healthy worker or healthy person effect by all and selected causes of death. J Occup Med 1986;28:348-53.
62. Gilbert ES Some confounding factors in the study of mortality and occupational exposures Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:177-88
63. Decoufle P, Wood DJ. Mortality patterns among workers in a gray iron foundry Am J Epidemiol 1979;109 667-75.
64. Lloyd JW, Ciocco A. Long-term mortality study of steelworkers. I Methodology. J Occup Med 1969;11:299-310.
65. Seltzer CC, Jablon S, Effects of selection on mortality Am J Epidemiol 1974;100 367-72.
66. Anderson F, Cowan NR. Survival of healthy older people, Br J Prev Soc Med 1976;30:231-2
67. Roupe S, Svanborg A Previous job and health at age of 70 Scand J Soc Med 1981;9:25-31
68. Pukkala E, Teppo L, Hakulinen T Keuhkosyopasairastavuus eri ammattialoilla Suomessa [Lung cancer incidence in different occupations in Finland]. Sosiaaliläak Aikak 1979;16:363-71
69. Valkonen T. Socioeconomic mortality differentials in Finland. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Department of Sociology; 1982 Working papers no 28, 1982
70. Fox AJ, Adelstein AM. Occupational mortality. work or way of life J Epidemiol Community Health 1978;32 73-8
71. Jeune B. Mortality of male members of the danish semiskilled and unskilled workers' union in 1973. Int J Epidemiol 1977;6:247-57.
72. Kitagawa GM, Hauser PM. Differential mortality in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973
73. Nagi MH, Stockwell EG. Socioecnomic differentials in mortality by cause of death. Health Serv Rep 1973;88:449-56.
74. Olsen J, Sabroe S Health selection among members of a Danish trade union. Int J Epidemiol 1979;8:155-9.
75. Sauli H. Mortality. Occupational mortality in 1971-75. Helsinki: Statistics Finland, 1979. Studies no. 54.
76. Stockwell EG. A critical examination of the relationship between socioeconomic status and mortality. Am J Public Health 1963;53:956-64.
77. Yeracaris CA, Kim JH. Socioeconomic differentials in selected causes of death. Am J Public Helth 1978;68:342-51.
78. Ott MG, Holder BB, Langner RR. Determinants of mortality in an industrial population. J Occup Med 1976;18 171-7.
79. Valkonen T. Sosioekonomiset terveyserot Suomessa ja niiden selittämisen ongelmia [Socioeconomic differences in health in Finland and problems in explaining them]. J Soc Med 1995;32:311-20. English summary.
80. Lichtenstein P, Harris JR, Pedersen NL, McClearn GE. Socioeconomic status and physical health, how are they related? An empirical study based on twins reared apart and twins reared together. Soc Sci Med 1993;36:441-50.
81. Holme I, Helgeland A, Hjermann I, Leren P, Lund-Larsen PG. Coronary risk factors in various occupational groups: the Oslo study. Br J Prev Soc Med 1977;31:96-100.
82. Lynch P, Oelman BJ Mortality from coronary heart disease in the British army compared with the civil population Br Med J 1981;283:405-7.
83. Ackerman JH, Vaeth MF. The relationship between unemployment and health. Ohio State Med J 1978;74:639-41.
84. Moser KA, Fox AJ, Jones DR. Unemployment and mortality in the OPCS longitudinal study. Lancet 1984;2:1324-9.
85. Martikainen PT Unemployment and mortality among Finnish men, 1981-5 BMJ 1990;301:407-11.
86. Jarvinen E Ammattia, kuolleisuutta ja keuhkosyopasairastavuutta kasittelevien tutkimusten ongelmia [Problems arising in research on occupational mortality and lung cancer morbidity]. Sosiaalilääk Aikak 1981;18:82-5
87. Blohmke M, Depner R, Koschorreck B, Stelzer O Soziale Faktoren und Krankheit bei Arbeitnehmern. Fortschr Med 1974;92 445-6.
88. Cobb S, Brooks GW, Kasl SV, Connelly WE. The health of people changing jobs. a description of a longitudinal study Am J Public Health 1966, 56 1476-81.
89. Cobb S, McFarland D, Kasl SV, Brooks GW. On the relationship among variables in a longitudinal study of people changing jobs In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Meeting of the Internationl Epidemiological Association Belgrade Savremena Administracija Publishing House, 1970:260-4
90. Kasl SV, Cobb S, Gore S. Changes in reported illness and illness behavior related to termination of employment a preliminary report Int J Epidemiol 1972;1:111-8
91. Knutsson A, Akerstedt T. The healthy worker effect: self-selection among Swedish shift workers. Work Stress 1992;6 163-7.
92. Ahlman K, Backman A-L, Hannunkari I, Järvinen E, Koponen M, Koskela R-S, Partanen T, Seppäläinen AM, Starck J. Kiviryöntekijöiden ryöolosuhteet ja terveydentila [Work conditions and health of granite workers], Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1975. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution AL: 4/1975. English summary.
93. Ahlman K, Backman A-L, Koskela R-S , Luoma K Satamatyöntekijöiden työolot ja terveydentia [The health and work conditions of dock workers] Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1975. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health study reports no. 105. English summary.
94. Koskela R-S, Luoma K, Hernberg S. Turnover and health selection among foundry workers Scand J Work Environ Health 1976;2 suppl 1:90-105
95. Menotti A, Puddu V Ten-year mortality from coronary heart disease among 172,000 men classified by occupational physical activity. Scand J Work Environ Health 1979;5:100-8.
96. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hale WE, Brand RJ, Hyde RT. Work-energy level, personal characteristics, and fatal heart attack: a birth-cohort effect. Am J Epidemiol 1977;105:200-13
97. Yu T, Roht LH, Wise RA, Kilian DJ, Weir FW. Low-pack pain in industry J Occup Med 1984;26:517-24
98. Ostlin P. Occupational career and health. Methodological considerations on the healthy worker effect. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive summaries of Uppsala dissertations from University of Upsala, the Faculty of Medicine 224. Uppsala: University of Uppsala, 1989.
99. 1) and chronic exposure to granite dust Int J Epidemiol 1995;24:1154-62.
100. Hemberg S. Fact and fiction in occupational epidemiology: the Lucas Lecture 1982. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1983;17:139-43.
101. Melkas T. Tuki- ja liikuntaelinten vaivat ja työkyvyttömyys. Tuki- ja liikuntaelinten rappeutumistaudit ja reumaattiset kiputilat pysyvän työkyvyttömyyden syynä Suomessa. [Musculoskeletal disorders and work disability]. Helsinki: Social Insurance Institution, 1980. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution AL:14 English summary.
102. Broder I, Corey P, Davies G, Hutcheon M, Mintz S, Inouye T, Hyland R, Leznoff A, Thomas P. Longitudinal study of grain elevator and control workers with demonstration of healthy worker effect J Occup Med 1985;27:873-80.
103. Chan-Yeung M, Enarson DA, MacLean L, Irving D. Longitudinal study of workers in an aluminum smelter. Arch Environ Health 1989;44:134-9.
104. Ernst P, Dales RE, Nunes F, Becklake MR. Relation of airway responsiveness to duration of work in a dusty environment Thorax 1989;44 116-20.
105. Knox EG Computer simulation of industrial hazards Br J Ind Med 1973;30:54-63.
106. Bunn AR Ischaemic heart disease mortality and the business cycle in Australia. Am J Public Health 1979;69:772-81.
107. Bunn AR. II. IHD mortality and the business cycle in Australia. Am J Public Health 1980;70:409-11.
108. Kasl SV. Mortality and the business cycle: some questions about research strategies when utilizing macro-social and ecological data. Am J Public Health 1979;69:784-8.
109. Lew EA. Mortality and the business cycle: how far can we push an association? Am J Public Health 1979;69:782-3.
110. Menken JA, Sheps MC. On relationships between longitudinal characteristics and cross-sectional data Am J Public Health 1970;60:1506-14.
111. Schulte PA, Singal M, Stringer WT, Kominsky JR, Landrigan PJ The efficacy of a population-based comparison group in cross-sectional occupational health studies. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:981-9.
112. Vanhoorne MH, De Smet FP, De Fruyt FK, Seghers KE, De Bacquer DA. A mailed-questionnaire survey of exworkers: a tool to evaluate the healthy-worker effect in cross-sectional studies. Int J Occup Environ Health 1995;1:252-6.
113. Wong O. Further criticisms on epidemiological methodology in occupational studies J Occup Med 1977;19:220-2.
114. Goldblatt P, Fox J, Leon D Mortality of employed men and women. Am J Ind Med 1991;20:285-306.
115. Howe GR, Chiarelli AM, Lindsay JP Components and modifiers of the healthy worker effect: evidence from three occupational cohorts and implications for industrial compensation. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:1364-75.
116. Monson RR. Observations on the healthy worker effect. J Occup Med 1986;28:425-33.
117. Burack TS, Burack WR, Knowlden NF. Cancer: II. Distortions in standardized rates. J Occup Med 1983;25:737-44.
118. Rothman KJ. Induction and latent periods . Am J Epidemiol 1981;114:253-9.
119. Whittemore AS. The age distribution of human cancer for carcinogenic exposures of varying intensity. Am J Epidemiol 1977;106:418-27.
120. Stewart W, Hunting K. Mortality odds ratio, proportionate mortality ratio, and healthy worker effect. Am J Ind Med 1988;14:345-53.
121. Gamble J, Spirtas R. Job classification and utilization of complete work histories in occupational epidemiology. J Occup Med 1976;18:399-404
122. Schneider S. Past approaches to retrospective epidemiological occpational exposure assessment: the use and misuse of exposure assessment. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 1991;6:547-9.
123. Post WK, Heederik D, Kromhout H, Kromhout D Occupational exposures estimated by a population specific job exposure matrix and 25 year incidence rate of chronic nonspecific job exposure matrix. Eur Respir J 1994;7:1048-55.
124. Stewart PA, Stewart WF. Occupational case-control studies: II. Recommendations for exposure assessment Am J Ind Med 1994;26 311-26.
125. Belson WA. The design and understanding of survey questions Aldershot, Hants: Gower Publishing Co. Ltd., 1981
126. Jyrinki E. Kysely ja haastattelu tutkimuksessa [Questionnaires and interviews in research]. Helsinki: Oy Gaudeamus Ab, 1974.
127. Kübler-Ross E Raportti kuolemisesta [On death and dying], Helsinki: Otava, 1970
128. Pershagen G, Axelson O. A validation of questionnaire information on occupational exposure and smoking. Scand J Work Environ Health 1982;8:24-8.
129. Uhlenhuth EH, Haberman SJ, Balter MD, Lipman RS Remembering life events In Strauss JS, Babigian HM, Roff M, editors The origins and course of psychopathology New York (NY): Plenum Press, 1977 117-34.
130. Baumgarten M, Siemiatycki J, Gibbs GW. Validity of work histories obtained by interview for epidemiologic purposes. Am J Epidemiol 1983;118.583-91.
131. Rosenstock L, Logerfo J, Heyer NJ, Carter WB Development and validation of a self-administered occupational health history questionnaire. J Occup Med 1984;26:50-4.
132. Tockman MS. Epidemiology in the workplace: The problem of misclassification. J Occup Med 1982;24:21-4
133. Axelson O, A note on observational bias in case-reference in occupational health epidemiology. Scand J Work Environ Health 1980;6:80-2.
134. Gaffy WR. Epidemiological studies in industry. J Occup Med 1973;15:782-5.
135. Smedby B. The role of sociologist in medical care research. Acta Sosio-Medica Scand 1971;3:187-96.
136. Social Insurance Institution. Statistical yearbook of the Social Insurance Institution, Finland, 1979. Helsinki: Social Insurance Institution. 1980. Publications by the Social Insurance Institution T1:15.
137. Kaplan GA, Camacho T, Perceived health and mortality: a nine-year follow-up of the Human Population Laboratory cohort. Am J Epidemiol 1983;117:292-304.
138. Aneshensel CS, Frerichs RR, Clark VA, Yokopenic PA Telephone versus in-person surveys of community health status Am J Public Health 1982;72:1017-21.
139. d'Houtand A, Field MG. The image of health: variations in perception by social class in a French population. Sociol Health Illness 1984;6:30-60.
140. Siemiatycki J, Campbell S, Richardson L, Aubert D. Quality of response in different population groups in mail and telephone surveys. Am J Epidemiol 1984;120:302-14
141. Colvez A, Blanchet M. Potential gains in life expectancy free of disability: a tool for health planning, Int J Epidemiol 1983;12:224-9.
142. Hadler NM. Occupational illness: the issue of causality. J Occup Med 1984;26:587-93.
143. National Board of Health. Tauti- ja kuolinsyyluokitus. [The WHO international statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death]. Helsinki. National Board of Health, 1969.
144. Pyorala K, Punsar S, Reunanen A, Heinonen OP, Puro K, Aromaa A. Kansaneläkelaitoksen sepelvaltimotautitutkimus Rintakipuoireiden ja EKG-löydösten esiintyvyys alkututkimuksessa. [Social Insurance Institution's coronary heart disease study prevalence of chest pain symptoms and ECG findings in nine Finnish population groups]. Helsinki. Social Insurance Institution, 1974 Publications of the Social Insurance Institution AL.1 English summary.
145. Koskela R-S, Luoma K, Hakkinen I Puuvillaryontekijoiden kuolleisuus, työkyvyttömyys ja vaihtuvuus. [Mortality, disability and turnover of cotton mill workers] Helsinki Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1979. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health study reports no 150 English summary
146. Backman A-L. Moniseulontatutkimuksen hyödysta. [The feasibility of multiphasic screening]. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1976 Reviews no 8 English summary
147. Arp EW Jr, Wolf PH, Checkoway H. Lymphocytic leukemia and exposures to benzene and other solvents in the rubber industry. J Occup Med 1983;25:598-602
148. Statistics Finland. Standard industrial classification. Helsinki: Statistics Finland, 1972. Handbooks no 4.
149. Sinmen kirja XII Directory of the economic life of Finland Helsinki: Sininen kirja Oy, 1974.
150. Statistics Finland. Liikevaihtoverolliset yritykset vuonna 1974. [Statistics on enterprises liable to pay turnover tax]. Helsinki: Statistics Finland, 1974. Statistical report YR1977 13
151. Hernberg S. The Finnish foundry project. background and general methodology. Scand J Work Environ Health 1976;2 suppl 1:8-12.
152. Tola S, Koskela R-S, Hernberg S, Järvinen E. Lung cancer mortality among iron foundry workers. J Occup Med 1979;21:753-60.
153. Rose GA, Blackburn H. Cardiovascular survey methods. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1968.
154. Huhti E. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema in a Finnish rural population. Acta Tuberc Scand 1965;61 Suppl LXI.
155. Suomen Metalliteollisuuden Työnantajaliitto, Ohjeita palkkatilastoilmoitusta varten, [Instructions for reporting salary statistics]. Helsinki, Suomen Metalliteollisuuden Työnantajaliitto, 1979.
156. Statistics Finland. Classification of occupations. Helsinki: Statistics Finland, 1981. Handbooks no. 14.
157. Vihma T, Launis M, Stambej U. Pienteollisuuden työolojen kartoitus. Osa 1. Työolojen ergonominen kartoitusohje [A survey of working conditions in small industrial enterprises: I Ergonomic manual constructed for the survey]. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1977. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health study reports no 133. English summary.
158. Siltanen E, Koponen M, Kokko A, Engström B, Reponen J. Dust exposure in Finnish foundries. Scand J Work Environ Health 1976;2 suppl 1:19-31.
159. Virtamo M, Tossavainen A, Ruishalme J. Valimoaineet [Exposure to chemicals in Finnish foundries]. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1975. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health study reports no. 109. English summary.
160. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Tilasto työhygienisistä mittauksista v. 1977-1980 [Statistics on industrial hygienic measurements in 1977-1980]. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1982. Reviews no. 59.
161. Miettinen O. Confounding and effect-modification. Am J Epidemiol 1974;100 350-3
162. Asp S. Confounding by variable smoking habits in different occupational groups. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984;10:325-6.
163. Axelson O, Sundell L. Mining, lung cancer and smoking. Scand J Work Environ Health 1978;4 46-52
164. Axelson O Aspects of confounding in occupational health epidemiology [letter]. Scand J Work Environ Health 1978;4:85-9.
165. Steenland K, Beaumont J, Halpenn W Methods of control for smoking in occupational cohort mortality studies. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984;10 143-9
166. WHO. World health statistics annual 1965 vital statistics and causes of death Geneva World Health Organization, 1968
167. WHO. World health statistics annual 1970 vital statistics and causes of death. Geneva World Health Organization, 1973
168. Social Insurance Institution of Finland Kansaneläkelaitoksen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1974 [Statistical yearbook of the Social Insurance Institution, Finland, 1974]. Helsinki: Social Insurance Institution, 1975 Publications by the Social Insurance Institution T1.10
169. Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Kansanelakelaitoksen tilastollisia vuosikatsauksia 1974 [Social Insurance Institution's statistical review 1974]. Helsinki: Social Insurance Institution, 1975 Publications of the Social Insurance Institution T3.3C.
170. Central Pension Security Institute Tilastotietqja työeläkkeen saajista vuodelta 1976 [Statistics about persons receiving employment pensions 1976] Helsinki: Central Pension Security Institute, 1977.
171. Pressat R. Demographic analysis Chicago (IL). Aldine-Atherton Inc. 1972
172. Central Pension Security Institute. Tilastotietoja tyoeläkkeen saajista vuodelta 1979 [Statistics on persons receiving employment pensions 1979] Helsinki Central Pension Security Institute, 1980.
173. Geigy scientific tables; vol. 2 8th ed. Basel: Ciba-Geigy Limited, 1982.
174. Rothman KJ, Boice JD Jr. Epidemiologic analysis with a programmable calculator. Boston (MA): Epidemiology Resources, Inc, 1982.
175. Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. JNCI 1959;22:719-48
176. Karävä R, Hernberg S, Koskela R-S, Luoma K. Prevalence of pneumoconiosis and chronic bronchitis in foundry workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1976;2 Suppl 1:64-72
177. Medical Research Council's Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis. Standardized questionnaires on respiratory symptoms. BMJ 1960;2:1665 (a).
178. Medical Research Council's Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis: instructions for the use of the questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. London, British Research Council, 1960.
179. Medical Research Council's Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1965;1:775-9.
180. Laurila EH. Suomen kansantulo vuosina 1926-1949 [National accounting in Finland in 1926-1949 ]. Helsinki: Statistics Finland, 1950. Bulletin statistics 1950:11-12.
181. Lindberg V. Suomen kansantulo vuosina 1926-1938. [National accounting in Finland in 1926-1938]. Helsinki: Bank of Finland, 1943. Suomen Pankin suhdannetutkimusosaston julkaisuja B:1.
182. Statistics Finland. Kansantalouden tilinpito [National accounting 1964-1974/I-II]. Helsinki: Statistics Finland, 1974.
183. Statistics Finland. Suomen kansantalouden tilinpito vuosina 1948-1964: taulut. [National accounting in Finland in 1948-1965: tables]. Helsinki: Statistics Finland, 1968.
184. Winslow JJB. Time and causation in studies of long-term exposure to environmental factors Arch Environ Health 1975;30:417-22.
185. Blot WJ, Brown LM, Pottern LM, Stone BJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Lung cancer among long-term steel workers. Am J Epidemiol 1983;117:706-16.
186. Fletcher AC, Ades A. Lung cancer mortality in a cohort of English foundry workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984;10:7-16.
187. Gibson ES, McCalla DR, Kaiser-Farrell C, Kerr AA, Lockmgton JN, Hertzman C, Rosenfeld JM. Lung cancer in a steel foundry: a search for causation. J Occup Med 1983;25:573-8.
188. Ames RG, Gamble JF. Lung cancer, stomach cancer, and smoking status among coal miners: a preliminary test of a hypothesis. Scand J Work Environ Health 1983;9:443-8.
189. Meyer MB, Luk GD, Sotelo JM, Cohen BH, Menkes HA. Hypothesis: the role of the lung in stomach carcinogenesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;121:887-92
190. Dolan BP, Levine AM, Capman Dolan D Small cleaved follicular center cell Iymphoma: seven cases in California plumbers. J Occup Med 1983;25:613-5.
191. Flodin U, Andersson L, Anjou C-G, Palm U-B, Vikrot O, Axelson O. A case-referent study on acute myeloid leukemia, background radiation and exposure to solvents and other agents. Scand J Work Environ Health 1981;7:169-78.
192. Hilt B, Heldaas SS, Langȧrd S. Can occupational exposure contribute to the development of malignant melanoma of the skin? Scand J Work Environ Health 1983;9:52-3.
193. Jàrvholm B, Lillienberg L, Säusten G, Thiringer G, Axelson O. Cancer morbidity among men exposed to oil mist in the metal industry. J Occup Med 1981;23:333-7
194. Beaumont JJ, Weiss NS. Lung cancer among welders. J Occup Med 1981;23:839-44
195. Hirayama T. Metal-matenal workers and lung cancer in Japan. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1976;271:269-72.
196. Stern RM. Assessment of risk of lung cancer for welders Arch Environ Health 1983;38:148-55.
197. Tokudome S, Kuratsune M. A cohort study on mortality from cancer and other causes among workers at a metal refinery. Int J Cancer 1976;17:310-7.
198. Tokudome S, Kuratsune M. Mortality from cancer and other causes among workers at a metal refinery. J UOEH 1983;Suppl 5 101-8.
199. Morton WE, Treyve EL. Histologic differences in occupational risk of lung cancer incidence Am J Ind Med J 1982;3:441-57.
200. Sorahan T, Waterhouse JAH. Mortality study of nickelcadmium battery workers by the method of regression models in life tables. Br J Ind Med 1983;40:293-300.
201. Hernberg S, Kärävä R, Koskela R-S, Luoma K Angina pectons, ECG findings and blood pressure of foundry workers in relation to carbon monoxide exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health 1976;2 Suppl 1:54-63.
202. Aromaa A, Hefiövaara M, Impivaara O, Knekt P, Maatela J, Joukamaa M et al. Terveys, toimintakyky ja hoidontarve Suomessa: Mini-Suomi -terveystutkimuksen perustulokset. [Health, functional limitations and need for care in Finland: basic results from the Mini-Finland health survey]. Helsinki and Turku: Social Insurance Institution, 1989. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution AL:32. English summary.
203. Svensson H-O Low back pain in forty to fortyseven year old men. a retrospective cross-sectional study [dissertation] Göteborg: University of Göteborg, 1981
204. World Health Organization (WHO). World health statistics annual 1977: vital statistics and causes of death. Geneva. WHO, 1981.
205. World Health Organization (WHO) World health statistics annual 1974: vital statistics and causes of death. Geneva. WHO, 1977.
206. Becher H, Jedrychowski W, Flak E, Gomola K, Wahrendorf J Lung cancer, smoking, and employment in foundries. Scand J Work Environ Health 1989;15:38-42.
207. Sorahan T, Faux AM, Cooke M. Mortality among a cohort of United Kingdom steel foundry workers with special reference to cancers of the stomch and lung, 1946-90 Occup Environ Med 1994;51:316-22.
208. Koskela R-S. Cardiovascular diseases among foundry workers exposed to carbon monoxide. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20:286-93.
209. Eisen EA, Tolbert PE, Monson RR, Smith TJ. Mortality studies of machining fluid exposure in the automobile industry: I A standardized mortality ratio analysis. Am J Ind Med 1992;22:809-24
210. Sjogren B, Hansen KS, Kjuus H, Persson P-G Exposure to stainless steel welding fumes and lung cancer: a metaanalysis. Occup Environ Med 1994;51:335-6.
211. Pearce N, Reif J, Fraser J. Case-control studies of cancer in New Zealand electrical workers. Int J Epidemiol 1989;18:55-9
212. Beall C, Delzell E, Cole P, Brill I. Brain tumors among electronics industry workers. Epidemiology 1996;7 125-30.