Crotalid snake envenomation

Critical Care Clinics

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 889-921

  Holstege, C P ^a   Miller, M B ^a   Wermuth, M ^a   Furbee, B ^a   Curry, S C ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SNAKE VENOM;

BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; CARDIOTOXICITY; HUMAN; NEUROTOXICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SNAKE; SNAKEBITE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TISSUE INJURY;

EID: 0030863549     PISSN: 07490704     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0749-0704(05)70373-0     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Anonymous Cue/Tips: Points worth passing along: High-voltage shock treatment for snakebite Postgrad Med 82 1987 250
2. B. Baker P. Utaisincharoen A. Tu Structure-function relationship of myotoxin a using peptide fragments Arch Biochem Biophys 298 1991 325
3. J. Barnes J. Trueta Absorption of bacteria, toxins, and snake venoms from the lymphatics: Importance of the lymphatic system Lancet 1 1941 623
4. J. Bjarnason A. Tu Hemorrhagic toxins from western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom: Isolation and characterization of five toxins and the role of zinc in hemorrhagic toxin e Biochemistry 17 1978 3395
5. J.B. Bjarnason J.W. Fox Hemorrhagic metalloproteinases from snake venoms Pharmacol Ther 62 1994 325
6. G.M. Bogdan P. McKinney R.S. Porter Clinical efficacy of two dosing regimens of affinity purified, mixed monospecific crotalid antivenom ovine FAB (CroTAB), [abstract] Acad Emerg Med 4 1997 540
7. C.A. Bonilla O.J. Rammel Comparative biochemistry and pharmacology of salivary gland secretions. III. Chromatographic isolation of a myocardial depressor protein (MDP) from the venom of Crotalus atrox. J Chromatogr A 124 1976 303
8. A.C. Bronstein Negative pressure suction in field treatment of rattlesnake bite Vet Hum Toxicol 1985
9. A.Z. Budzynski B.V. Pandya R.N. Rubin Fibrinogenolytic afibrinogenemia after envenomation by western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Blood 63 1984 1
10. T.H. Bullock F.P.J. Diecke Properties of an infrared receptor J Physiol 134 1956 47
11. S.P. Bush P.W. Jansen Severe rattlesnake envenomation with anaphylaxis and rhabdomyolysis Ann Emerg Med 25 1995 845
12. L. Carawaynnopoulos J.D. Capra Immunoglobulins: Structure and function Paul W.E. Fundamental Immunology 1993 Raven Press New York 283
13. R. Clark B. Selden B. Furbee The incidence of wound infection following crotalid envenomation J Emerg Med 11 1993 583
14. W. Cohen W. Wetzel A. Kadish Local heat and cold application after Eastern Cottonmouth Moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) envenomation in the rat: Effect on tissue injury Toxicon 30 1992 1383
15. P. Consroe N.B. Egen F.E. Russell Comparison of a new ovine antigen binding fragment (Fab) for United States Crotalidae with the commercial antivenin for protection against venom-induced lethality in mice Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 1995 507
16. N.S. Cruz R.G. Alvarez Rattlesnake bite complications in 19 children Pediatr Emerg Care 10 1994 30
17. S. Curry J. Kraner D. Kunkel Noninvasive vascular studies in management of rattlesnake envenomations to extremities Ann Emerg Med 14 1985 1081
18. S.C. Curry D. Horning P. Brady The legitimacy of rattlesnake bites in central Arizona Ann Emerg Med 18 1989 658
19. S.C. Curry D.B. Kunkel Death from a rattlesnake bite Am J Emerg Med 3 1985 227
20. R. Dart R. Gustafson Failure of electric shock treatment for rattlesnake envenomation Ann Emerg Med 20 1991 659
21. R. Dart D. Lindsey A. Schulman Snakebites and shock [letter] Ann Emerg Med 17 1988 1262
22. DeMesquita L.C. H.S. S. Giglio J.R. The hypotensive activity of Crotalus atrox (Western diamondback rattlesnake) venom: Identification of its origin J Trop Med Hyg 44 1991 345
23. C.E. Dempfle R. Kohl J. Harenberg Coagulopathy after snake bite by Bothrops neuwiedi: Case report and results of in vitro experiments Blut 61 1990 369
24. D.R. Dunnihoo B.M. Rush R.B. Wise Snake bite poisoning in pregnancy. A review of the literature J Reprod Med 37 1992 653
25. L. Durand J. Heibert G. Rodeheaver Snake venom poisoning Compr Ther 7 1981 51
26. S.S. Entman K.J. Moise Anaphylaxis in pregnancy South Med J 77 1984 402
27. F. Fischer H. Ramsey J. Simon Antivenom and antitoxin in the treatment of experimental rattlesnake venom intoxication (Crotalus adamanteus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 10 1961 75
28. M. Fisher First aid in envenomation Med J Aust 1 1982 198
29. S. Garfin R. Castilonia S. Mubarak The effect of antivenin on intramuscular pressure elevations induced by rattlesnake venom Toxicon 23 1985 677
30. S. Garfin R. Castilonia S. Mubarak Rattlesnake bites and surgical decompression: Results using a laboratory model Toxicon 22 1984 177
31. A. Gearing P. Beckett M. Christodoulou Processing of tumor necrosis factor-alpha precursor by metalloproteinases Nature 370 1994 555
32. G. Gellert Snake-venom and insect-venom extractors: An unproved therapy N Engl J Med 327 1992 1322
33. R. Gerkin K.C. Sergent S.C. Curry Life-threatening airway obstruction from rattlesnake bite to the tongue Ann Emerg Med 16 1987 813
34. T. Glass Early debridement in pit viper bite Surg Gynecol Obstet 136 1973 774
35. T. Glass Early debridement in pit viper bites JAMA 235 1976 2513
36. J.L. Glenn R.C. Straight M.C. Wolfe Geographical variation in Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake) venom properties Toxicon 21 1983 119
37. E. Goldstein D. Citron H. Gonzalez Bacteriology of rattlesnake venom and implications for therapy J Infect Dis 140 1979 818
38. J. Goodman Immunoglobulin structure and function Stite D.P. Terr A.I. Basic and Clinical Immunology 1991 Appleton and Lange East Norwalk, CT 109
39. P. Gopalakrishnakone B.J. Hawgood S.E. Holbrooke Sites of action of Mojave toxin isolated from the venom of the Mojave rattlesnake Br J Pharmacol 69 1980 421
40. T. Grace G. Omer The management of upper extremity pit viper wounds J Hand Surg 5 1980 168
41. D. Griffen J.W. Donavan Significant envenomation from a preserved rattlesnake head (in a patient with a history of immediate hypersensitivity to antivenin) Ann Emerg Med 15 1986 955
42. A.L. Guan A.D. Retzios G.N. Henderson Purification and characterization of a fibrinolytic enzyme from venom of the southern copperhead snake (Agkidtrodon contortrix contortrix). Arch Biochem Biophys 289 1991 197
43. R. Guderian C. Mackenzie J. Williams High voltage shock treatment for snake bite [letter] Lancet 2 1986 229
44. J.A. Guisto Severe toxicity from Crotalid envenomation after early resolution of symptoms Ann Emerg Med 26 1995 387
45. J. Gurierrez G. Rojas B. Lomonte Comparative study of the edema-forming activity of Costa Rican snake venoms and its neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom Comp Biochem Physiol 85C 1986 171
46. D.L. Hardy Envenomation by the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) in southern Arizona, U.S.A Toxicon 21 1983 111
47. D.L. Hardy Fatal rattlesnake envenomation in Arizona: 1969–1984 J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 24 1986 1
48. A. Hargens S. Garfin S. Mubarak Edema associated with venomous snake bites Bibl Anat 20 1981 267
49. R. Herzberg Shocks for snakebites Outdoor Life June 179 1987 55
50. W.H. Hoback T.W. Green Treatment of snake venom poisoning with cortisone and corticotropin JAMA 182 1953 236
51. D.E. Hogan D.J. Dire Anaphylactic shock secondary to rattlesnake bite Ann Emerg Med 19 1990 814
52. M. Homma A. Tu Morphology of local tissue damage in experimental snake venom envenomation Br J Exp Path 52 1971
53. B. Hong Isolation and identification of a collagenolytic enzyme from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Toxicon 20 1982 535
54. S. Hong C. Chang Electrophysiological studies of myotoxin a, isolated from prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom, on murine skeletal muscles Toxicon 23 1985 927
55. R.S. Horowitz R.C. Dart Antivenins and immunobiologicals: Immunotherapeutics of envenomation Auerbach P.S. Wilderness Medicine: Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies 1995 Mosby St.Louis 731
56. D. Howarth A. Southee I. Whyte Lymphatic flow rates and first-aid in simulated peripheral snake or spider envenomation Med J Aust 161 1994 695
57. N.R. Howe Electric shock does not save snakebitten rats Ann Emerg Med 17 1988 254
58. T. Huang S. Blackwell S. Lewis Tissue necrosis in snakebite Tex Med 77 1981 53
59. T. Huang J. Lynch D. Larson The use of excisional therapy in the management of snakebite Ann Surg 179 1974 598
60. D. Jackson First aid treatment for snake bite Tex State J Med July 23 1927 203
61. P.W. Jansen R.M. Perken Van Stralen D. Mojave rattlesnake envenomation: Prolonged neurotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis Ann Emerg Med 21 1991 322
62. J. Jimenez-Porras Biochemistry of snake venoms Clin Tox 3 1970 389
63. E.K. Johnson K.V. Kardong S.P. Mackessy Electric shocks are ineffective in treatment of lethal effects of rattlesnake envenomation in mice Toxicon 25 1987 1347
64. G.J. Jurkovich A. Luterman K. McCullar Complications of Crotalidae antivenin therapy J Trauma 28 1988 1032
65. D.E. Keyler K. Schwitzer Envenomation from the fang of a freeze-dried prairie rattlesnake head Vet Hum Toxicol 29 1987 440
66. C.S. Kitchens Hemostatic aspects of envenomation by North American snakes Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 6 1992 1189
67. C.S. Kitchens S. Hunter Van Mierop L.H. Severe myonecrosis in a fatal case of envenomation by the canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus). Toxicon 25 1987 455
68. C. Kroboel Biological basis for high voltage shock treatment for snakebite [letter] Lancet 2 1986 1335
69. D. Kunkel Bites of venomous reptiles Emerg Med Clin North Am 2 1984 563
70. T. Kurecki L.F. Kress Purification and partial characterization of the hemorrhagic factor from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus (eastern diamondback rattlesnake) Toxicon 23 1985 657
71. M. Laskowski Phosphodiesterase from rattle-snake venom Nature 180 1957 1181
72. E. Ledbetter A. Kutscher The aerobic and anaerobic flora of rattlesnake fangs and venom Arch Environ Health 19 1969 770
73. C. Leopold G. Huber R. Kathan An evaluation of the mechanical treatment of snake bite Mil Med June 120 1957 414
74. T.L. Litovitz L. Felberg R.A. Skoloway 1994 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System Am J Emerg Med 13 1995 551
75. T.L. Litovitz L. Felberg S. White 1995 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System Am J Emerg Med 14 1996 487
76. T.L. Litovitz K.C. Holm C. Clancy 1992 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers toxic exposure surveillance system Am J Emerg Med 11 1993 494
77. B. Lomonte Short communication: Edema-forming activity of bushmaster (Lachesis muta stenophyrys) and Central American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus durissus) venoms and neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom Toxicon 23 1985 173
78. D.L. Loprinzi J. Hennessee L. Tamsky Snake antivenin administration in a patient allergic to horse serum South Med J 76 1983 501
79. P. Malasit D.A. Warrell P. Chanthavanich Prediction, prevention, and mechanism of early (anaphylactic) antivenom reactions in victims of snake bites BMJ 292 1986 17
80. M. Mars G. Hadley Failure of pulse oximetry in the assessment of raised limb intracompartmental pressure Injury 25 1994 379
81. M. Mars G. Hadley J. Aitchison Direct intracompartmental pressure measurement in the management of snakebites in children S Afr Med J 80 1991 227
82. N. McCollough J. Gennaro Evaluation of venomous snake bite in the southern United States from parallel clinical and laboratory investigations J Fla Med Assoc 49 1963 479
83. N.C. McCullogh J.F. Gennary Treatment of venomous snakebites Snake Venoms and Envenomations 1971 Marcel Dekker New York
84. G. McGeehan J. Becherer B. RC Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha processing by a metalloproteinase inhibitor Nature 370 1994 558
85. B. McLennan B. Lane The chain termini of polynucleotides formed by limited enzymatic fragmentation of wheat embryo ribosomal RNA. Part 2. Studies of a snake venom ribonuclease and pancreas ribonuclease Can J Biochem 46 1968 93
86. J. McPartland Stun-guns and snakebites [letter] Lancet 2 1988 1141
87. D. Mebs Y. Samejima Isolation and characterization of myotoxic phospholipases A2 from crotalid venoms Toxicon 24 1986 161
88. R.A. Miller A.T. Tu Factors in snake venoms that increase capillary permeability J Pharm Pharmacol 41 1989 792
89. S. Minton Polyvalent antivenom in the treatment of experimental snakevenom poisoning Am J Trop Med Hyg 3 1954 1077
90. A. Moura-da-Silva G. Laing M. Paine Processing of pro-tumor necrosis factor-alpha by venom metalloproteinases: A hypothesis explaining local tissue damage following snake bite Eur J Immunol 26 1996 2000
91. G. Murrell The effectiveness of the pressure/immobilization first aid technique in the case of a tiger snake bite Med J Aust 2 1981 295
92. T. Obrig C. Louise T. Moran Direct cytotoxic effects of hemorrhagic toxins from Crotalus ruber ruber and Crotalus atrox on human vascular endothelial cells, in vitro Microvasc Res 46 1993 412
93. C. Ownby J. Bjarnason A. Tu Hemorrhagic toxins from rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom Am J Pathol 93 1978 201
94. C. Ownby D. Cameron A. Tu Isolation of myotoxic component from rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom Am J Pathol 85 1985 149
95. C. Ownby T. Colberg P. Claypool In vivo test of the ability of antiserum to myotoxin from a prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom to neutralize local myonecrosis induced by myotoxin a and homologous crude venom Toxicon 22 1984 99
96. C. Ownby T. Colberg G. Odell Response to letter to the editor by Russell, Ruzic, and Gonzalez [letter] Toxicon 23 1985 205
97. C. Ownby J. Gutierrez T. Colberg Quantitation of myonecrosis induced by myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom Toxicon 20 1982 877
98. C. Ownby G. Odell W. Woods Ability of antiserum to myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom to neutralize local myotoxicity and lethal effects of myotoxin a and homologous crude venom Toxicon 21 1983 35
99. C. Ownby W. Woods G. Odell Antiserum to myotoxin from prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom Toxicon 17 1979 373
100. C.L. Ownby R.A. Kainer A.T. Tu Pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venom Am J Pathol 76 1974 401
101. M. Paine A. Moura-da-Silva R. Theakston Cloning of metalloprotease genes in the carpet viper (Echis pyramidum leakeyi): Further members of the metalloprotease/disintegrin gene family Eur J Biochem 224 1994 483
102. H. Parrish Venomous snakes of Indiana: Treatment of their bites J Ind State Med Assoc 60 1967 665
103. H. Parrish R. Hayes Hospital management of pit viper envenomations Clin Tox 3 1970 501
104. H.M. Parish J.C. Golden S.L. Silverberg Comparison between snakebites in children and adults Pediatrics 36 1965 251
105. H.M. Parrish M.S. Khan Snakebite during pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 27 1966 468
106. C. Partridge J. Jeffrey A. Malik A 96-kDa gelatinase induced by TNF-a contributes to increased microvascular endothelial permeability Am J Physiol 265 1993 L438
107. J. Pearn J. Morrison First-aid for snake bite Med J Aust 2 1981 293
108. D.M. Plowman T.L. Reynolds S.M. Joyce Poisonous snakebite in Utah West J Med 163 1995 547
109. B.B. Rhoten J.F. Gennaro Treatment of the bite of a Mojave rattlesnake J Fla Med Assoc 55 1968 324
110. E. Riffer S.C. Curry R. Gerkin Successful treatment with antivenin of marked thrombocytopenia without significant coagulopathy following rattlesnake bite Ann Emerg Med 16 1987 1297
111. R. Roberts T. Csencsitz C. Heard Upper extremity compartment syndromes following pit viper envenomation Clin Orthop 193 1985 184
112. G. Rosenberg E. Estrada Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced gelatinase B causes deployed opening of the blood-brain barrier: an expanded therapeutic window Brain Res 703 1995 151
113. M. Rossi L. Peres de Paola F. Electron-microscope study of systemic myonecrosis due to poisoning by tropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) in humans Arch Pathol Lab Med 113 1989 169
114. F. Russell A letter on electroshock for snakebite Vet Hum Toxicol 29 1987 320
115. F. Russell Pressure immobilization for snakebite remains speculative Ann Emerg Med 11 1982 701
116. F. Russell Snake Venom Poisoning 1983 Scholium International New York
117. F. Russell F. Buess M. Woo Zootoxicological properties of venom L-amino acid oxidase Toxicon 1 1963 229
118. F. Russell H. Puffer Pharmacology of snake venoms Clin Tox 3 1970 433
119. F. Russell N. Ruzic H. Gonzalez Effectiveness of antivenom (Crotalidae) polyvalent following injection of Crotalus venom Toxicon 11 1973 461
120. F.E. Russell Snake venom poisoning in the United States Ann Rev Med 31 1980 247
121. F.E. Russell R.W. Carlson J. Wainschel Snake venom poisoning in the United States: Experiences with 550 cases JAMA 233 1975 341
122. K. Saito D. Hanahan A study of the purification and properties of the Phospholipase A of Crotalus adamanteus venom Biochemistry 1 1962 521
123. R.C. Schaeffer Cardiovascular failure produced by a peptide from the venom of the southern Pacific rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis helleri. Toxicon 17 1979 447
124. J.G. Seiler Venomous snake bite: Current concepts of treatment Orthopedics 17 1994 707
125. R.L. Sinsheimer R.F. Koerner A purification of phosphodiesterase J Biol Chem 198 1952 293
126. D.C. Smith K.R. Reddi G. Laing An affinity purified ovine antivenom for the treatment of Vipera berus envenoming Toxicon 30 1992 865
127. T.W. Smith B.L. Lloyd N. Spicer Immunogenicity and kinetics of distribution and elimination of sheep digoxin-specific IgG and Fab fragments in the rabbit and baboon Clin Exp Immunol 36 1979 384
128. C. Snyder R. Murdock G. White Electric shock treatment for snakebite [letter] Lancet 1 1989 1022
129. T. Sprenger W. Bailey Snakebite treatment in the United States Int J Dermatol 25 1986 479
130. H. Stahnke The L-C treatment of venomous bites or stings Am J Trop Med Hyg 2 1953 142
131. H. Stahnke F. Allen R. Horan The treatment of snake bite Am J Trop Med 6 1957 323
132. M.E. Stewart S. Greenland J.B. Hoffman First-aid treatment of poisonous snakebite: Are currently recommended procedures justified Ann Emerg Med 10 1981 331
133. R. Stewart C. Page W. Schwesinger Antivenin and fasciotomy/debridement in the treatment of the severe rattlesnake bite Am J Surg 158 1989 543
134. C. Stoud H. Amon T. Wagnor Effect of electric shock therapy on local tissue reaction to poisonous snake venom injection in rabbits Ann Emerg Med 18 1989 447
135. J.B. Sullivan Past, present, and future immunotherapy of snake venom poisoning Ann Emerg Med 16 1987 938
136. S. Sutherland A. Coulter R. Harris Rationalization of first-aid measures for elapid snakebite Lancet 1 1979 183
137. S.K. Sutherland A.R. Coulter Early management of bites by the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus): Studies in monkeys (Macaca faxciularis). Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 1981 497
138. G.M. Swindel K.G. Seaman D.C. Arthur The six hour observation rule for grade I Crotalid envenomation: Is it sufficient J Wilderness Med 3 1992 168
139. D. Talan D. Citron G. Overturf Antibacterial activity of crotalid venoms against oral snake flora and other clinical bacteria J Infect Dis 164 1991 195
140. R. Theakston R. Phillips S. Looareesuwan Bacteriological studies of the venom and mouth cavities of wild Malayan pit vipers (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in southern Thailand Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 1990 875
141. J.J. Valdes R.G. Thompson V.L. Wolff Inhibition of calcium channel dihydropyridine receptor binding by purified Mojave toxin Neurotoxicol Teratol 11 1989 129
142. +−ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Arch Biochem Biophys 246 1986 90
143. H. Weed Nonvenomous snakebite in Massachusetts: Prophylatic antibiotics are unnecessary Ann Emerg Med 22 1993 220
144. W.A. Wingert L.S. Chan Rattlesnake bites in southern California and rationale for recommended treatment West J Med 148 1988 37
145. P. Ya P. JF Experimental evaluation of methods for the early treatment of snake bite Surgery 47 1960 975
146. M. Yudkowsky J. Beech J. Fletcher Myotoxin-a reduces the threshold for calcium-induced calcium release in skeletal muscle Toxicon 32 1994 273
147. Q. Zhou C. Dangelmaier J.B. Smith The hemorrhagin catrocollastatin inhibits collage-induced platelet aggregation by binding to collagen via its disintegrin-like domain Biochem Biophys Res Commun 219 1996 720
148. Q. Zhou J.B. Smith M.H. Grossman Molecular cloning and expression of catrocollastatin, a snake-venom protein from Crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) which inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen Biochem J 307 1995 411
149. Zugaib M. de Barros A.C. R.E. Bittar Abruptio placentae following snake bite Am J Obstet Gynecol 151 1985 754