Parasite sulphur amino acid metabolism

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 27, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 883-897

  Walker, John ^a,c   Barrett, John ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c Fundación Col de Inglaterra   (Colombia)

Author keywords

Amino acid Metabolism; Chemotherapy; Cysteine; Helminths; Methionine; Parasite; Protozoa; Thiols

Indexed keywords

5' METHYLTHIOADENOSINE; COENZYME A; CYSTATHIONINE BETA SYNTHASE; CYSTATHIONINE GAMMA LYASE; CYSTEINE; CYSTINE; GLUTATHIONE; METHIONINE; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; SULFUR AMINO ACID; TAURINE; THIOL;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; CHEMOTHERAPY; HELMINTH; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; PARASITE; PROTOZOON; REVIEW;

AMINO ACIDS, SULFUR; ANIMALS; CYSTATHIONINE; CYSTEINE; DEOXYADENOSINES; HELMINTHIASIS; HELMINTHS; HUMANS; METHIONINE; PROTOZOA; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; THIONUCLEOSIDES;

MAMMALIA; NEMATODA; PROTOZOA; TRICHOMONADIDA; TRYPANOSOMATIDAE; VERMES;

EID: 0030863159     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00039-8     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Abiko Y. 1975. Metabolism of coenzyme A. In: Metabolic Pathways, Vol. 7; The Metabolism of Sulfur Compounds (Edited by Greenberg D. M.), pp. 1-25. Academic Press, New York.
2. Arrick B. A., Griffith O. W. & Cerami A. 1981. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis as a chemotherapeutic strategy for trypanosomiasis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 153: 720-725.
3. Asawamahasakda W. & Yuthavong Y. 1993. The methionine synthesis cycle and salvage of methyltetrahydrofolate from host red cells in the malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum). Parasitology 107: 1-10.
4. Bacchi C. J., Yarlett N., Goldberg B., Bitonti A. J. & McCann P. P. 1991. Polyamine metabolism in African trypanosomes. In: Biochemical Protozoology (Edited by Coombs G. H. & North M. J.), pp. 469-481. Taylor and Francis, London.
5. Bagnara A. S., Tucker V. E., Minotto L., Howes E. R., Ko G.-A., Edwards M. R. & Dawes I. W. 1996. Molecular characterisation of adenosylhomocysteinase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 81:1-11.
6. Bankov I., Timanova A. & Barrett J. 1996. Methionine and cysteine metabolism in Fasciola hepatica. International Journal for Parasitology 26: 1401-1404.
7. Barrett J. 1981. Biochemistry of Parasitic Helminths. Macmillan, London.
8. Barrett J. 1991. Amino acid metabolism in helminths. Advances in Parasitology 30: 39-105.
9. Bender D. A. 1985. Amino Acid Metabolism, 2nd edition. Wiley, New York.
10. Bitonti A. J., Dumont J. A. & McCann P. P. 1986. Characterization of Trypanosoma brucei brucei S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase and its inhibition by berenil, pentamidine and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). Biochemical Journal 237:685-689.
11. Bitonti A. J., McCann P. P., Bacchi C. J. & Sjoerdsma A. 1991. Polyamine biosynthesis as a target for the chemotherapy of trypanosomatid infections. In: Biochemical Protozoology (Edited by Coombs G. H. & North M. J.), pp. 506-516. Taylor and Francis, London.
12. Brand T. von 1966. Biochemistry of Parasites. Academic Press, New York.
13. Braunstein A. E. & Goryachenkova E. V. 1984. The β-replacement specific pyridoxal phosphate dependent lyases. Advances in Enzymology 56: 1-89.
14. Braunstein A. E., Goryachenkova E. V., Tolosa E. A., Willhardt I. H. & Yefremova L. L. 1971. Specificity and some other properties of liver serine sulphydrase: evidence for its identity with cystathionine β-synthase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 242: 247-260.
15. Brophy P. M. & Pritchard D. I. 1994. Parasitic helminth glutathione S-transferases: an update on their potential as targets for immuno- and chemotherapy. Experimental Parasitology 79: 89-96.
16. Brown D. M., Upcroft J. A. & Upcroft P. 1993. Cysteine is the major low-molecular weight thiol in Giardia duodenalis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitologv 61: 155-158.
17. Casara P., Marchal P., Wagner J. & Danzin C. 1989. 5′-{[(Z) - 4 - Amino - 2 - butenyl]methylamino}-5′ - deoxyadenosine: a potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. Journal of the American Chemical Society 111: 9111-9113.
18. Cooper A. J. L. 1983. Biochemistry of sulfur-containing amino acids. Annual Review of Biochemistry 52: 187-222.
19. Creedon K. A., Rathod P. K. & Wellems T. E. 1994. Plasmodium falciparum S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. cDNA identification, predicted protein sequence and expression in Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 16364-16370.
20. Docampo R. 1995. Antioxidant mechanisms. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Parasites (Edited by Marr J. J. & Mliller M.), pp. 147-160. Academic Press, New York.
21. Duszenko M., Muhlstadt K. & Broder A. 1992. Cysteine is an essential growth factor for Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 50: 269-274.
22. Fahey R. C., Newton G. L., Arrick B., Overdank-Bogart T. & Aley S. B. 1984. Entamoeba histolytica: a eukaryote without glutathione metabolism. Science 224: 70-72.
23. Fairlamb A. H. 1989. Novel biochemical pathways in parasitic protozoa. Parasitology 99S: 93-112.
24. Frappier F., Azoulay M. & Leroy J. P. 1988. Effect of oltipraz on the metabolism of glutathione in Schistosoma mansoni. Biochemical Pharmacology 37: 2864-2866.
25. Gillin F. D. & Reiner D. S. 1982. Attachment of the flagellate Giardia lamblia: the role of reducing agents, serum, temperature and ionic composition. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2: 369-377.
26. Gillin F. D., Reiner D. S., Levy R. B. & Henkart P. A. 1984. Thiol groups on the surface of anaerobic parasitic protozoa. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 13: 1-12.
27. Gillin F. D., Hagblom P., Harwood J., Aley S. B., Reiner D. S., McCaffery M., So M. & Guiney D. G. 1990. Isolation and expression of the gene for a major surface protein of Giardia lamblia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 87: 4463-4467.
28. Gomez-Bautista M. & Barrett J. 1988. Cysteine metabolism in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitology 97:149-159.
29. Grantham B. D. & Barrett J. 1986. Amino acid catabolism in the nematodes Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Panagrellus redivivus. 2. Metabolism of the carbon skeleton. Parasitology 93: 495-504.
30. Griffith O. W. 1987. Mammalian sulfur amino acid metabolism: an overview. In: Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 143 (Edited by Jakoby W. B. & Griffith O. W.), pp. 366-376. Academic Press, New York.
31. Gupta S., Shukla O. P. & Walter R. D. 1987. A novel putrescine-activated S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from Acanthamoeba culbertsoni. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 23: 247-252.
32. Henderson D. B., Hanson S., Allen T., Wilson K., Coulter-Karis D. E., Greenberg M. L., Hershfield M. S. & Ullman B. 1992. Cloning of the gene encoding Leishmania donovani S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, a potential target for antiparasitic chemotherapy. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 53: 169-184.
33. Henderson G. B., Yamaguchi M., Novoa L., Fairlamb A. H. & Cerami A. 1990. Biosynthesis of the trypanosomatid metabolite trypanothione: purification and characterization of trypanothione synthetase from Crithidia fasciculata. Biochemistry 29: 3924-3929.
34. Holler T. P. & Hopkins P. B. 1995. Ovothiols. In: Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 252 (Edited by Packer L.), pp. 115-123. Academic Press, New York.
35. Hussein A. S. & Walter R. D. 1995. Purification and characterization of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase from Ascaris suum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 72: 57-64.
36. Jaffe J. J. 1980. Folate related metabolism. In: Report of the Fifth Meeting of the Scientific Working Group on Filariasis, pp. 19-20. World Health Organization, Geneva.
37. Jaffe J. J. & Chrin L. R. 1979. De novo synthesis of methionine in normal and Brugia-infected Aedes aegypti. Journal of Parasitology 65: 550-554.
38. Kabaru J. M. & Njogu R. M. 1988. A survey of aminotransferase activities in bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Acta Tropica 45: 189-190.
39. Kraus J. P., Packman S., Fowler B. & Rosenberg L. E. 1978. Purification and properties of cystathionine β-synthase from human liver: evidence for identical subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry 253: 6523-6528.
40. Krauthsiegel R. L. & Schoneck R. 1995. Flavoprotein structure and mechanism. 5. Trypanothione reductase and lipoamide dehydrogenase as targets for a structure-based drug design. FASEB Journal 12: 1138-1146.
41. Kredich N. M. & Hershfield M. S. 1979. S-Adenosylhomocysteine toxicity in normal and adenosine kinase deficient lymphoblasts of human origin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 77: 2450-2454.
42. Krungkrai J., Webster H. K. & Yuthavong Y. 1989. Characterization of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase purified from the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology Research 75: 512-517.
43. Langer B. W., Smith W. J. & Theodorides V. J. 1971. Conversion of the alpha-hydroxy and alpha-keto analogues of methionine to methionine by cell-free extracts of adult female Ascaris suum. Journal of Parasitology 57: 836-839.
44. Lawrence F. & Robert-Gero M. 1991. S-Adenosylmethionine metabolism in parasitic protozoa. In: Biochemical Protozoology (Edited by Coombs G. H. & North M. J.), pp. 436-449. Taylor and Francis, London.
45. Lawrence F. & Robert-Gero M. 1993. Distribution of macromolecular methylations in promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and impact of sinefungin. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40: 581-589.
46. Lockwood B. C & Coombs G. H. 1989. The catabolism of amino acids by Trichomonas vaginalis. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of "Anaerobic" Protozoa (Edited by Lloyd D., Coombs G. H. & Paget T. A.), pp. 93-111. Harwood Academic, London.
47. Lockwood B. C. & Coombs G. H. 1991. Purification and characterization of methionine γ-lyase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Biochemical Journal 279: 675-682.
48. 12 and folate on biosynthesis of methionine from homocysteine in the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 151: 701-706.
49. Lueder D. V. & Phillips M. A. 1996. Characterization of Trypanosoma brucei γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of trypanothione (diglutathionylspermidine). Journal of Biological Chemistry 271: 17485-17490.
50. Lujan H. D. & Nash T. E. 1994. The uptake and metabolism of cysteine by Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 41: 169-175.
51. Lujan H. D., Mowatt M. R., Helman L. J. & Nash T. E. 1994. Insulin-like growth factors stimulate growth and L-cysteine uptake by the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 13069-13072.
52. McCallum M. J. & Barrett J. 1995. The purification and properties of glutathione reductase from the cestode Moniezia expansa. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 27: 393-401.
53. Morrison D. D., Thompson D. P., Semeyn D. R. & Bennett J. L. 1987. Acute effects of oltipraz on adult Schistosoma mansoni and its antagonism in vitro. Biochemical Pharmacology 36: 1169-1171.
54. Moutiez M., Aumercier M., Schoneck R., Mezianecherif D., Lucas V., Aumercier P., Ouaissi A., Sergheraert C. & Tartar A. 1995. Purification and characterization of a trypanothione-glutathione thioltransferase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochemical Journal 310: 433-437.
55. Müller M. 1991. Energy metabolism of anaerobic protists. In: Biochemical Protozoology (Edited by Coombs G. H. & North M. J.), pp. 80-91. Taylor and Francis, London.
56. North M. J., Lockwood B. C., Bremner A. F. & Coombs G. H. 1986. Polyamine biosynthesis in trichomonads. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 19: 241-249.
57. Papadopoulos A., Walker J. & Barrett J. 1996. A novel cystathionine β-synthase from Panagrellus redivivus (Nematoda). International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 28: 543-549.
58. Phelouzat M. A., Basselin M., Lawrence F. & Robert-Gero M. 1995. Sinefungin shares AdoMet-uptake system to enter Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Biochemical Journal 305: 133-137.
59. Phelouzat M. A., Lawrence F., Moulay L., Borot C., Schaeverbeke J., Schaeverbeke M. & Robert-Gero M. 1992. Leishmania donovani: antagonistic effect of S-adenosylmethionine on ultrastructural changes and growth inhibition induced by sinefungin. Experimental Parasitology 74: 177-187.
60. Pieniazek N. J., Stepien P. P. & Paszewski A. 1973. An Aspergillus nidulans mutant lacking cystathionine β-synthase: identity of L-serine sulfhydrylase with cystathionine β-synthase and its distinctness from O-acetyl-L-serine sulfhydrylase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 297: 37-47.
61. Rathaur S. & Walter R. D. 1987. Plasmodium falciparum: S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase. Experimental Parasitology 63: 227-232.
62. Rathaur S., Wittich R. M. & Walter R. D. 1988. Ascaris suum and Onchocerca volvulus: S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. Experimental Parasitology 65: 277-281.
63. Riscoe M. K., Ferro A. J. & Fitchen J. H. 1989. Methionine recycling as a target for antiprotozoal drug development. Parasitology Today 5: 330-333.
64. Riscoe M. K., Tower P. A., Peyton D. H., Ferro A. J. & Fitchen J. H. 1991. Methionine recycling as a target for antiprotozoal drug development. In: Biochemical Protozoology (Edited by Coombs G. H. & North M. J.), pp. 450-457. Taylor and Francis, London.
65. Segal W. & Starkey R. L. 1969. Microbial decomposition of methionine and identity of resulting sulphur products. Journal of Bacteriology 98: 908-913.
66. Sharma V., Visen P. K. S., Katiyar J. C., Wittich R. M., Walter R. D., Ghatak S. & Shukla O. P. 1989. Polyamine metabolism in Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. International Journal for Parasitology 19: 191-198.
67. Shapiro B. M. & Hopkins P. B. 1991. Ovothiols: biological and chemical perspectives. In: Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, Vol. 64 (Edited by Meister A.), pp. 291-316. Wiley, New York.
68. Sherman I. W. 1979. Biochemistry of Plasmodium (malarial parasites). Microbiology Reviews 43: 453-495.
69. Sherman I. W. 1991. The biochemistry of malaria: an overview. In: Biochemical Protozoology (Edited by Coombs G. H. & North M. J.), pp. 6-34. Taylor and Francis, London.
70. Siegal D. A. & Tracy J. W. 1989. Schistosoma mansoni: influence of the female parasite on glutathione biosynthesis in the male. Experimental Parasitology 69: 116-124.
71. Skovby F., Kraus J. P. & Rosenberg L. E. 1984. Biosynthesis and proteolytic activation of cystathionine β-synthase in rat liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259: 588-593.
72. Smith C. C., McCormick G. J. & Canfield C. J. 1976. Plasmodium knowlesi: in vitro biosynthesis of methionine. Experimental Parasitology 40: 432-437.
73. Smith K., Mills A., Thornton J. M. & Fairlamb A. H. 1991. Trypanothione metabolism as a target for drug design: molecular modelling of trypanothione reductase. In: Biochemical Protozoology (Edited by Coombs G. H. & North M. J.), pp. 483-492. Taylor and Francis, London.
74. Smith N. C., Bryant C. & Boreham P. F. L. 1988. Possible roles for pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase and thiol-dependent peroxidase and reductase activities in resistance to nitroheterocyclic drugs in Giardia intestinalis. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 991-997.
75. Spies H. S. C. & Steenkamp D. J. 1994. Thiols of intracellular pathogens: identification of ovothiol A in Leishmania donovani and structural analysis of a novel thiol from Mycobacterium bovis. European Journal of Biochemistry 224: 203-213.
76. Steele R. D. & Benevenga N. J. 1979. The metabolism of 3-methylthiopropionate in rat liver homogenate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254: 8885-8890.
77. Steenkamp D. J. & Spies H. S. C. 1994. Identification of a major low-molecular-mass thiol of the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata as ovothiol A: facile isolation and structural analysis of the bimane derivative. European Journal of Biochemistry 223: 43-50.
78. 6, Pyridoxal Phosphate: Chemical, Biochemical and Medical Aspects (Edited by Dolphin D., Poulson R. & Avramovic O.), part B, pp. 507-572. Wiley, New York.
79. Tanaka H., Esaki N. & Soda K. 1977. Properties of L-methionine β-lyase from Pseudomonas ovalis. Biochemistry 16: 100-106.
80. Tang L., Gounaris K., Griffiths C. M. & Selkirk M. E. 1995. Heterologous expression and enzymatic properties of a selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase from the parasitic nematode Brugia pahangi. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270: 18313-18318.
81. Thong K.-W. & Coombs G. H. 1985a. Homocysteine desulphurase activity in trichomonads. IRCS Medical Science 13: 493-494.
82. Thong K.-W. & Coombs G. H. 1985b. L-Serine sulphydrase activity in trichomonads. IRCS Medical Science 13: 495-496.
83. Thong K.-W. & Coombs G. H. 1987a. The effects of inhibitors of sulphur-containing amino acid metabolism on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 19: 429-437.
84. Thong K.-W. & Coombs G. H. 1987b. Trichomonas species: homocysteine desulphurase and serine sulphydrase activities. Experimental Parasitology 63: 143-151.
85. Thong K.-W., Coombs G. H. & Sanderson B. E. 1985. S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity in Trichomonas vaginalis and other trichomonads. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 17: 35-44.
86. Thong K.-W., Coombs G. H. & Sanderson B. E. 1987a. S-Adenosylmethionine and transmethylation reactions in trichomonads. Parasitology Research 73: 193-198.
87. Thong K.-W., Coombs G. H. & Sanderson B. E. 1987b. L-Methionine catabolism in trichomonads. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 23: 223-231.
88. Ullu E. & Tschudi C. 1991. Trans splicing in trypanosomes requires methylation of the 5′ end of the spliced leader RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 88: 10074-10078.
89. Walker J. & Barrett J. 1991a. Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate dependent enzymes in the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. International Journal for Parasitology 21: 641-649.
90. Walker J. & Barrett J. 1991b. Cystathionine β-synthase and α-cystathionase in helminths. Parasitology Research 77: 709-713.
91. Walker J. & Barrett J. 1992. Biochemical characterisation of the enzyme responsible for "activated L-serine sulphydrase" activity in nematodes. Experimental Parasitology 74: 205-215.
92. Walker J., Barrett J. & Thong K.-W. 1992. The identification of a variant form of cystathionine β-synthase in nematodes. Experimental Parasitology 75: 415-424.
93. Walsh C, Bradley M. & Nadeau K. 1992. Molecular studies on trypanothione reductase, an antiparasitic target enzyme. Current Topics in Cellular Regulation 33: 409-417.
94. Walter R. D. 1988. Polyamine metabolism of filaria and allied parasites. Parasitology Today 4: 18-20.
95. Wittich R. M., Kilian H. D. & Walter R. D. 1987. Polyamine metabolism in filarial worms. Molecular and Biochemical Parasilology 24: 155-162.
96. Yarlett N. & Bacchi C. J. 1988a. Effect of D,L-α-difluoromethylornithine on methionine cycle intermediates in Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 27: 1-10.
97. Yarlett N. & Bacchi C. J. 1988b. Effect of D,L-α-difluoro-methylornithine on polyamine synthesis and interconversion in Trichomonas vaginalis grown in a semi-defined medium. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 31: 1-10.
98. Yarlett N. & Bacchi C. J. 1989. DNA and protein methyltransferase activities in Trichomonas vaginalis. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of "Anaerobic" Protozoa (Edited by Lloyd D., Coombs G. H. & Paget T. A.), pp. 112-122. Harwood, London.
99. Yarlett N. & Bacchi C. J. 1991. Polyamine metabolism in anaerobic protozoa. In: Biochemical Protozoology (Edited by Coombs G. H. & North M. J.), pp. 458-468. Taylor and Francis, London.