Diabetic nephropathy: Its relationship to hypertension and means of pharmacological intervention

Drugs

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 197-234

  Baba, Tsuneharu ^a,b   Neugebauer, Sabine ^b   Watanabe, Tsuyoshi ^c  

^a Dohtai Clinic Kajiwara   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^c FUKUSHIMA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; AMINOGUANIDINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN;

AMBULATORY MONITORING; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CATION TRANSPORT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GLYCATION; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VASCULAR RESISTANCE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0030855377     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199754020-00002     Document Type: Review

References (480)

1. Christlieb AR, Warram JH, Krolewski AS, et al. Hypertension: the major risk factor in juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetes 1981; 30 Suppl. 2: 90-6
2. Felicetta JV, Sowers JR. Systemic hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 34-40H
3. Klein BE, Klein R, Moss SE. Blood pressure in a population of diabetic persons diagnosed alter 30 years of age. Am J Public Health 1984; 74: 336-9
4. Lipson LG. Special problems in treatment of hypertension in the patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 1984: 144: 1829-31
5. Sowers JR, Levy J, Zemel MB. Hypertension and diabetes. Med Clin North Am 1988; 72: 1399-414
6. Sowers JR, Zemel MB. Clinical implications of hypertension in the diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 415-24
7. Working Group on Hypertension in Diabetics. Statement on hypertension in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 764-76
8. Working Group on Hypertension in Diabetics. Statement on hypertension in diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 830-42
9. Andersen AR, Christiansen JS, Andersen JK. et al. Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: an epidemiological study. Diabetologia 1983; 25: 496-501
10. Borch-Johnsen K, Andersen PK, Decken A. The effect of proteinuria on relative mortality in type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 590-6
11. Borch-Johnsen K, Nissen H, Henriksen E. et al. The natural history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Denmark. 1. Long-term survival with and without late diabetic complications. Diabetic Med 1987; 4: 201-11
12. Parving H-H, Smidt UM., Frisberg B, et al. A prospective study of glomerular filtration rate and arterial blood pressure in insulin-dependent diabetics with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1981:20:457-61
13. Parving H-H. Impact of blood pressure and antihypertensive treatment on incipient and overt nephropathy. retinopathy. and endothelial permeability in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 260-9
14. Viberti GC, Bilous RW, Mackintosh D. et al. Monitoring glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy: a prospective study. Am J Med 1983; 74: 256-64
15. Dahl-Jorgensen K, Hansen KF, Kierulf P. et al. Reduction of urinary albumin excretion after four years of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Oslo study. Acta Endocrinologica 1994; 117: 19-25
16. Reichard P, Berglund B, Britz A, et al. Intensified conventional insulin treatment retards the microvascular complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study (SDIS) after 5 years. J Intern Med 1991; 230: 101-8
17. Reichard P, Nilsson B-Y, Rosenqvist U. The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 304-9
18. Diabetes Control and Complication Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-86
19. Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the diabetes control and complication trial. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 1703-20
20. Viberti GC, Keen H, Dodds R. et al. Metabolic control and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 82-6
21. Viberti GC, Bilous RW, Mackintosh B. et al. Long-term correction of hyperglycaemia and progression of renal failure in insulin-dependent diabetes. BMJ 1983; 286: 598-602
22. Mogensen CE. Progression of nephropathy in long-term diabetics with proteinuria and effect of initial anti-hypertensive treatment. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1976; 36: 383-8
23. Mogensen CE, Long-term antihypertensive treatment inhibiting progression of diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1982; 285: 685-8
24. Parving H-H, Andersen AR, Smidt UM, et al. Early and aggressive antihypertensive treatment reduces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1983; 1: 1175-8
25. Ciavarella A, Di Mizio GF, Stefoni et al. Reduced albuminuria after dietary protein restriction in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with clinical nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 407-13
26. Evanoff G. Thompson C, Brown J, et al. Prolonged dietary protein restriction in diabetic nephropathy. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1129-33
27. Walker JD, Bending JJ, Dodds RA, et al. Restriction of dietary protein and progression of renal failure in diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1989; 11: 1411-4
28. Zeller K, Whittaker E, Sullivan L, et al. Effect of restricting dietary protein on the regression of renal failure in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 78-84
29. Christlieb AR. Treatment selection considerations for the hypertensive diabetic patients. Arch Int Med 1990; 150: 1167-74
30. Mogensen CE. Management of the diabetic patient with hypertension, early screening and treatment programs In: Laragh JH. Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. New York : Raven Press. 1995; 1717-39
31. Stein PP. Black HR Drug treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 425-48
32. Guidelines Subcommittee of the WHO/ISH Mild Hypertension Liaison Committee. 1993 guidelines for the management of mild hypertension: memorandum from a World Health Organization/lnternational Society of Hypertension meeting. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 905-18
33. Drury PL. Diabetes and arterial hypertension. Diabetologia 1983; 26: 1-9
34. Ebstein M. Sowers JR. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Hypertension 1992; 19: 403-18
35. Panzram G. Mortality and survival in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 123-31
36. Pell S. D'Alonzo CA. Some aspects of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1967; 202: 10-6
37. Baba T, Murabayashi S, Aoyagi K, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in diabetes mellitus: its relation to diabetic nephropathy. Tohoku J Exp Med 1985; 145: 167-73
38. Krolewski AS, Warram JH. Christlieb AR. The changing natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diablets. Am J Med 1985; 78: 785-94
39. Krolewski AS, Warram JH, Cupples A. et al. Hypertension, orthoslatic hypotension and the microvascular complications of diabetes. J Chronic Dis 1985; 38: 319-26
40. Mogensen CE. Diabetes and hypertension. Lancet 1979; 1: 388-9
41. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study. III: prevalence of hypertension and hypotensive therapy in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. Hypertension 1985; 7 Suppl. 2: II-8-13
42. Fuller JH. Epidemiology of hypertension associated with diabetes mellitus. Hypertension 1985; 7 Suppl. II: II-8-13
43. Parving H-H, Andersen AR. Smidt U, et al. Diabetic nephropathy and arterial hypertension. Diabetologia 1983; 24: 10-2
44. Reddi AS, Camerini-Davalos RA. Diabetic nephropathy: an update. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 31-43
45. Tarnow L, Rossing P, Gall M-A, et al. Prevalence of arterial hypertension in diabetic patients before and after the JNC-V. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 1247-51
46. WHO Expert Committee. Arterial Hypertension. Technical Report Series No. 628. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1978
47. Joint National Committee on Detection. Evalualion and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The fifth report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-V). Arch Intern Mad 1993; 153: 154-83
48. Berkman J, Rifkin H. Unilateral nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson). Metabolism 1973; 22: 715-22
49. Beroniade VC, Lefebvre R, Flaradeau P, Unilateral nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis: recurrence of an experiment in nature. Am J Nephrol 1987; 7: 55-9
50. Zatz R, Dunn BR, Meyer TW, et al. Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy by pharmacological amelioration of glomerular capillary hypertension. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 1925-30
51. Björck S, Nyberg G, Mullec H, et al. Beneficial effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1986; 293: 471-4
52. Parving H-H, Andersen AR, Hommel E, et al. Effect of captopril on kidney function in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with nephropathy. BMJ 1987; 294: 1143-7
53. Parving H-H, Andersen JR, Smidt UM, et al. Diabetic nephropathy and arterial hypertension: the effect of antihypertensive treatment. Diabetes 1983; 32 Suppl. 2: 83-7
54. Parving H-H, Andersen AR, Hommel B, et al. Effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 1985; 7 Suppl. 11: 11-114
55. Parving H-H, Hommel E, Smidt UM. Protection of kidney function and decrease in albuminuria by captopril in insulin dependent diabetics with nephropathy. BMJ 1988; 297: 1086-91
56. Baba T, Murabayashi S, Tomiyama T, et al. Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with a rapid progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria and preserved renal function. Tohoku J Exp Med 1990; 161: 311-8
57. Hommel E, Jensen B, Parving H-H. Long term effect of captopril on kidney function in normotensive IDDM patients with nephropathy [abstract]. Diabetologia 1995; 38 Suppl. 1: A47
58. Nielsen ES, Rossing P, Gall M-A. et al. Comparison of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1108-130
59. Gall M-A, Nielsen ES, Smidt UM. et al. The course of kidney function in Type 2 (non-insulin-depcndent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 1071-8
60. Hasselacher C, Stech W, Wahl P. et al. Blood pressure and metabolic control as risk factors for nephropathy in type I diabetics. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 6-11
61. Hasselacher C, Wolfrum M, Stech W, et al. Diabetische Nephropathie bei Typ II Diabetes. Deutsche Med Wochenschr 1987; 112: 1445-9
62. Kofoed-Enevoldsen A, Borch-Johnsen K, KreinerS, et al. Declining incidence of persistent proteinuria in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients in Denmark. Diabetes 1987; 36: 205-9
63. Mathieson ER, Oxenboll K, Johansen PA, et al. Incipient nephropathy in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes Diabetologica 1984; 26: 406-10
64. Mogensen CE, Christensen CK. Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 89-93
65. Viberti GC, Hill RD, Jarrett RJ, et al. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1982: I: 1430-2
66. Forsblom CM, Groop P-H, Ekstrand A, et al. Predictive value of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes of long duration. BMJ 1992; 305: 1051-3
67. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss S, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 520-6
68. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss S, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 527-32
69. Agardh E, Torffvit O, Agardh CD. The prevalence of retinopathy and associated medical risk factors in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 1989; 226: 47-52
70. Agardh E, Torffvit O, Agardh CD. Putative risk factors associated with retinopathy in patients with diabetes diagnosed at or after 30 years of age. Diabet Med 1989; 6: 724-7
71. Bodansky HJ, Cudworth AG, Drury PL, et al. Risk factors associated with severe proliferative retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1982; 5: 97-100
72. Cignarelli M, De Cicco ML, Damato et al. High systolic blood pressure increases prevalence and severity of retinopathy in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1002-8
73. Constabel IJ, Knuiman MW, Welborn TA, et al. Assessing the risk of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1984; 97: 53-61
74. Hamman RF, Mayer EJ, Moo-Young GA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics with NIDDM. San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes 1989; 38: 1231-7
75. Hamman RF, Franklin GA, Mayer EJ, et al. Microvascular complications of NIDDM in Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites: San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1991: 14 Suppl. 3: 655-64
76. Joner G, Brinchmann-Hansen O, Torres CG, et al. A nationwide cross-sectional study of retinopathy and microalbuminuria in young Norwegian Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in the Sudan. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 1049-54
77. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss S, et al. Is blood pressure a predictor of the incidence or progression of diabetic retinopathy? Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2427-32
78. Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Ballantine EJ. Increased incidence of retinopathy in diabetics with elevated blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 645-50
79. Kostraha JN, Klein R, Dorman JS, et al. The Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study: IV. Correlates of diabetic background and proliferative retinopathy. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 381-91
80. Lee ET, Lee VS, Kingsley RM, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in Oklahoma Indians with NIDDM: incidence and risk factors. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1620-7
81. Nørgaard K, Feldt-Rasmussen B. Decker T. Is hypertension a major independent risk factor for retinopathy in Type I diabetes? Diabet Med 1991; 8: 334-7
82. West KM, Erdreich LJ, Stober A. A detailed study of risk factors for retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes 1980; 29: 501-8
83. Haffner SM, Fong D, Stern MP, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Diabetes 1988; 37: 878-84
84. Sjølie AK. Ocular complications insulin treated diabetes mellitus: an epidemiological study. Acta Ophthalmol 1985; 63 Suppl. 172: 1-77
85. Cruickshank KJ. Epidemiology and eye disease. In: Marshall SM, Home PD, editors. The Diabetes Annual. Vol. 8. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994: 331-48
86. Vigstrup J, Mogensen CE. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: at risk patients identified by early detection of microalbuminuria. Acta Ophthalmol 1985; 63: 530-4
87. Kannel WB. Diabetes and cardiovascular risk: the Franmingham Study. 18 year follow-up. Cardiol Dig 1976; 5: 11-6
88. Jensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Deckert T. Changes in blood pressure and renal function in patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes prior to clinical diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Res 1987; 4: 159-62
89. Asplund K, Hägg E. Helmers C. et al. The natural history of stroke in diabetic patients. Acta Med Scand 1980; 207: 417-24
90. Palumbo PJ, Elveback LR, Whisnant JP. Neurologic complications of diabetes mellitus: transient ischaemic attack, stroke and peripheral neuropathy. Adv Neurol 1978; 19: 593-601
91. Chan A, Beach KW, Martin DC, et al. Carotid artery disease in NIDDM diabetes. Diabetes Care 1983; 6: 562-9
92. Kuebler TW, Hagg E, Helmers C, et al. Diabetes mellitus and cerebrovascular disease: prevalence of carotid artery occlusive disease and associated risk factors in 482 adult diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1983; 6: 562-9
93. Kawamori R, Yamasaki Y, Matsushima H, et al. Prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: ultrasound high-resolution B-mode imaging on carotid arteries. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1290-4
94. Pignoli P. Ultrasound B-mode imaging for arterial wall thickness measurement. Atherosclerosis Review 1984; 12: 177-84
95. Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, et al. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1986; 74: 1399-406
96. Houston MC. Treatment of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Am Heart J 1989; 118: 819-29
97. Poulsen PL, Hansen KW, Mogensen CE. Ambulatory blood pressure in the transition from normo- to microalbuminuria: a longitudinal study in IDDM patients. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1248-53
98. Jones SL, Close CF, Mattock MB, et al. Plasma lipid and coagulation factor concentrations in insulin-dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria. BMJ 1989; 298: 487-90
99. Modan M, Halkin H, Almog S, et al. Hyperinsulinemia: a link between hypertension, obesity, and glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 809-17
100. Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C. Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of primary hypertension independent of obesity. Metabolism 1990; 39: 167-74
101. Reaven GM, Huffman BB. A role of insulin in the aetiology and course of hypertension ? Lancet 1987; 11: 435-7
102. Shen DC, Shieh SM, Fuh MM, et al. Resistance to insulin-stimulated-glucose uptake in patients with hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 580-3
103. Singer P, Godicke W, Voigt S. et al. Postprandial hyperinsulinemia in patients with mild essential hypertension. Hypertension 1985; 7: 182-6
104. Zavaroni I, Bonora E, Pagliara M, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 702-6
105. Faris I, Agerskov K, Henriksen D, et al. Decreased distensibility of a passive vascular bed in diabetes mellitus: an indicator of microangiopathy. Diabetologica 1982; 23: 411-4
106. Feldt-Rasmussen B, Mathiesen ER, Deckert T, et al. Central role for sodium in the pathogenesis of blood pressure changes independent of angiotensin. aldosterone and catecholamines in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1987; 30: 610-7
107. Kastrup J, Lassen NA, Parving H-H. Diabetic microangiopathy, a factor enhancing the functional significance of peripheral occlusive arteriosclerotic disease. Clin Physiol 1984; 4: 367-9
108. O'Hare JA, Ferris JB. Brady D, et al. Exchangeable sodium and renin in hypertensive diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Hypertension 1985: 7 Suppl. II: 43-8
109. O'Hare JA, Ferris JB, Towmey BM, et al. Changes in blood pressure, body fluids, circulating angiotensin II and aldosterone with improved diabetic control. Clin Sci 1982; 63 Suppl. 8: 415-8S
110. De Châtel R, Weidmann P, Flammer J, et al. Sodium, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1977; 12: 412-21
111. Weidmann P, Beretta-Picolli C, Keusch G, et al. Sodium volume factor, cardiovascular reactivity and hypertensive mechanism of diuretic therapy in mild hypertension associated with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1979; 67: 779-84
112. Weidmann P, Beretta-Picolli C, Trost BN. Pressor factors and responsiveness in hypertension accompanying diabetes mellitus. Hypertension 1985; 7 Suppl. II: 33-42
113. Beretta-Piccoli C, Weidmann P. Body sodium-volume state in nonazotemic diabetes mellitus. Min Elcctrol Met 1982; 7: 36-47
114. Kasiske BL, O'Donnell MP, Keane WF. Glucose-induced increases in renal hemodynamic function: possible modulation by renal proslaglandins. Diabetes 1985; 34: 360-4
115. Wilson TW, Tan LK. Low plasma renin activity in diabetes: relation to urine prostaglandin excretion. Diabetes 1985; 34: 145-50
116. Baba T, Murabayashi S, Ishizaki T, et al. Renal kallikrein in diabetic patients with hypertension associated with nephropathy. Diabetologica 1986; 29: 162-7
117. Murabayashi S, Baba T, Tomiyama T, et al. Urinary dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in Type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Horm Metab Res 1989; 21: 27-32
118. DeFronzo RA. The effect of insulin on renal sodium metabolism: a review with clinical implications. Diabetologia 1981; 21: 165-71
119. Skøtt P, Hother-Nielsen O, Bruun NE, et al. Effects of insulin on kidney function and sodium excretion in healthy subjects. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 694-9
120. Skøtt P, Vaag A, Bruun NE, et al. Effects of insulin on renal sodium handling in hyperinsulinaemic Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with peripheral insulin resistance. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 275-81
121. Beretta-Piccoli C, Weidmann P. Exaggerated pressor responsiveness to norepinephrine in nonazotemic diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1981; 71: 829-36
122. Drury PL, Smith GM, Ferris JB. Increased vasopressor responsiveness to angiotensin II in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients without complications. Diabetologia 1984; 27: 174-9
123. Sawicki PT, Kaiser S, Heinemann L, et al. Prevalence of renal artery stenosis in diabetes mellitus: an autopsy study. J Intern Med 1991; 229: 489-92
124. Consensus Development Conference on the Treatment of Hypertension in Diabetes. Treatment of hypertension in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 1394-401
125. Devereus RB, Pickering TG, Harsfield GA, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension: importance of blood pressure response to regular recurring stress. Circulation 1983; 68: 470-6
126. Kannel WB. Role of blood pressure in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1974; 17: 5-23
127. Opsahl JA. Abraham PA. Halstenson CE. Keane et al. Correlation of office and ambulatory BP measurements with urinary albumin and N-acetyl glucosaminidase excretions in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1989; 1: 117-21
128. Perloff D, Sokolow M. Ambulatory blood pressure: the San Francisco experience. J Hypertens 1990; 8 Suppl. 6: S105-11
129. Savage DD, Drayer JIM, Henry WI., et al. Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac anatomy and function in hypertensive subjects. Circulation 1979; 59: 623-32
130. Sokolow M, Werdegar D, Kain HK, et al. Relationship between level of blood pressure measured casually and by portable recorders and severity of complications in essential hypertension. Circulation 1966; 34: 279-98
131. Benhamou PY, Halimi S, DeGaudemaris R, et al. Early distrbances of ambulatory blood pressure load in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1614-9
132. Hansen KW, Christensen CK, Andersen PH, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure in microalbuminurie type 1 diabetic patients. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 847-54
133. Lurbe A, Redón J, Pascual JM, et al. Altered blood pressure during sleep in normotensive subjects with type 1 diabetes. Hypertension 1993; 21: 227-35
134. Gilbert R, Phillips P, Clarke C, et al. Day-night blood pressure variation in normotensive, normoalbuminuric Type 1 diabetic subjects: dippers and non-dippers. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 824-7
135. Sivieri R, Deandrea M, Gai V, et al. Circadian blood pressure levels in normotensive normoalhuniinuric Type I diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1994; 11: 357-61
136. Moore WV, Donaldson DL, Chonko AM, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure in type I diabetes mellitus: comparison to presence of incipient nephropathy in adolescents and young adults. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1035-41
137. Mulec H, Blohme G, Kullenberg K., et al. Latent overhydration and nocturnal hypertension in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1995: 38: 216-20
138. Berrut G, Hallab M, Bouhanick B, et al. Value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 222-7
139. Fogari R, Zoppi A, Malamani GD, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive and hypertensive type 2 diabetes: prevalence of impaired diurnal blood pressure patterns. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6: 1-7
140. Fogari R, Zoppi A, Domenico G, et al. Urinary albumin excretion and nocturnal blood pressure in hypertensive patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 808-13
141. Hansen KW, Pedersen MM, Marshall SM, et al. Circadian variation of blood pressure in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 1074-9
142. Torffvit O, Agardh C-D. Day and night variations in ambulatory blood pressure in type I diabetes mellitus with nephropathy and autonomic neuropathy. J Intern Med 1993; 233: 131-7
143. SchleifferT, Klooker P, Brass H. 24-hour blood pressure measurement in type-2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Z Kardiol 1992; 81 Suppl. 2: 75-8
144. Littler WA, West MJ, Honour JL, et al. The variability of arterial pressure. Am Heart J 1978; 95: 180-6
145. Millar-Craig MW, Bishop CN, Raftery EB. Circadian variation of blood pressure. Lancet 1978; 1: 795-7
146. Pickering TG, Harshfield GA, Klinert HD. et al. Blood pressure during normal day activities, sleep and exercise: comparison of values in normal and hypertensive subjects. JAMA 1982; 247: 992-6
147. Ikeda T, Matsubara T, Sato Y, et al. Circadian blood pressure variation in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. J Hypetens 1993; 11: 581-7
148. Felici MG, Spallone V, Maillo MR, et al. Twenty-four hours blood pressure and heart rate profiles in diabetics with and without autonomic neuropathy. Funct Neurol 1991; 6: 299-304
149. Liniger C, Favre L, Assal J-Ph. Twenty-four hour blood pressure and heart rate profiles of diabetic patients with abnormal cardiovascular reflexes. Diabet Med 1991; 8: 420-7
150. Rynkiewicz A, Furmanski J, Narkiewicz K, et al. Influence of duration of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate profile [letter]. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 577
151. Chau NP, Bauduceau B, Chanudet X, et al. Ambulatory pressure in diabetic subjects. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 487-91
152. Floras JS, Hassan MO, Sever PS, et al. Cuff and ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with essential hypertension. Lancet 1981; 11: 107-9
153. Perloff D, Sokolow M, Cowan R. The prognostic value of ambulalory blood pressure. JAMA 1983; 249: 2792-8
154. Pickering TG, Devereux R. Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure as a predictor of cardiovascular risk. Am Heart J 1987; 114: 925-8
155. Gosse P, Campello G, Roudaut R, et al. High night blood pressure in treated hypertensive patients: not harmless. Am J Hypertens 1988; 1: 195S-8S
156. Klein W, Zweiker R, Eber B, et al. Circadian blood pressure patterns in patients with treated hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Angiology 1991; 42: 379-86
157. Korbin I, Oigman W, Kumar A, et al. Diurnal variation of blood pressure in elderly patients with essential hypertension. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984; 32: 896-9
158. Lang RM, Borow KM, Weinen L, et al. Circadian blood pressure patterns in hypertensive patients: importance of nocturnal blood pressure [abstract]. Circulation 1988; 78 Suppl. II: 11-517
159. O'Brien E, Sheridan J, O'Malley K. Dippers and non-dippers [letter]. Lancet 1988; 2: 397
160. Palatini P, Penzo M, Racioppa A, et al. Clinical relevance of night-time blood pressure and of day-time blood pressure variability. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1855-60
161. Shimadu K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K, et al. Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 875-8
162. Hansen KW, Klein F, Chrislensen PD, et al. Effects of captopril on ambulatory blood pressure, renal and cardiac function in microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients. Diabete Metab 1994; 20: 485-93
163. Pedersen MM, Hansen KW, Schmitz A, et al. Effects of ACE inhibition supplementary to beta Blockers and diuretics in early diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 883-90
164. Wiegmann TB, Herron KG, Chonko AM, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on renal function and albuminuria in normotensive type I diabetic patients. Diabetes 1992; 41: 62-7
165. Rasmussen OW, Thomsen C, Hansen KW, et al. Effects on blood pressure, glucose and lipid levels of a high-monounsaturated fat diet compared with a high-carbohydrate diet in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 1565-71
166. Mallion JM, Maitre A, de Gaudemaris et al. Use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the management of antihypertensive therapy. Drugs 1992; 44 Suppl. 1: 12-6
167. White WB. Diurnal blood pressure and blood pressure variability in diabetic normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 1992; 10 Suppl.: S35-41
168. 1988 Joint National Committee. The 1988 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 1023-38
169. Mogensen CE, Keane WF, Bennett PH. et al. Prevention of diabetic renal disease with special reference to microalbuminuria. Lancet 1995; 346: 1080-4
170. Deckert T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage: the Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 219-26
171. Fabre J, Balant LP, Dayer PG, et al. The kidney in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus: a clinical study of 510 patients. Kidney Int 1982; 21: 730-8
172. Jarrett RJ, Viberti GC. Argyropoulos A, et al. Microalbuminuria predicts mortality in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabet Med 1984; 1: 17-9
173. Cruikshank JM, Thorp JM, Zacharias FJ, Benefits and potential harm of lowering high blood pressure. Lancet 1996; 1: 581-4
174. Editorial. How far to lower blood pressure? Lancet 1987; 11: 251-2
175. MRC Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension. The MRC Mild Hypertension Trial: some subgroup results. In: Strasser T, Ganten D, editors. Mild hypertension: from drug trials to practice. New York: Raven Press. 1987: 9-20
176. Rodby RA, Rohde R, Evans J, et al. The study of the effect of intensity of blood pressure management on the progression of type 1 diabetic nephropathy: study design and baseline patient characteristics. Collaborative Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5: 1775-81
177. Schrier RW, Savage S. Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Type II Diabetes (ABCD Trial): implications for complications. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 20: 653-7
178. Deckert T, Poulsen JE, Diabetic nephropathy: fault or destiny ? Diabetologia 1981; 21: 178-83
179. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss S, et al. Proteinuria in diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 181-6
180. Nelson RG, Kunzelmann CL, Pettit DJ, et al. Albuminuria in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Pima Indians. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 870-6
181. Sasaki A, Horiuchi N, Hasegawa K, et al. Risk factors related to the development of persistent albuminuria among diabetic patients observed in a long-term follow-up. J Jpn Diabetes Soc 1993; 29: 1017-23
182. World Health Organization. World Health Organization multinational study of vascular diseases in diabetes: prevalence of small vessel and large vessel disease in diabetic patients lrom 14 centers. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 615-40
183. Borch-Johnsen K, Nøgaard K, Hommel E. et al. Is diabetic nephropathy an inherited complication? Kidney Int 1992; 41: 719-22
184. McCance DR, Hanson RL, Pettitt DJ, et al. Diabetic nephropathy: a risk factor for diabetes mellitus in offspring. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 221-6
185. Seaquist ER, Gioetz FC, Rich S, Barbosa J, Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease . N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1160-5
186. Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PM, et al. Familial predisposition to renal disease in two generations of Pima Indians with type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 438-43
187. Kappel D, Van Tuinen M, Trends in the incidence of treated end-stage renal disease secondary to diabetic nephropathy: 1975-1984. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 8: 234-8
188. Kunzelman CL, Knowler WC. Pettitt DJ, et al. Incidence of proteinuria in Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians. Kidney Int 1989; 35: 681-7
189. Miller JM. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension in black and white populations. South Med J 1986; 79: 12-29
190. Tierney WM, Harris LF, Copley JB, et al. Effect of hypertension and Type II diabetes on renal function in an urban population. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 69-75
191. Krolewski AS, Canessa M, Warram JH, et al. Predisposition of hypertension and susceptibility to renal disease in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 140-5
192. Mangili R, Bending JJ, Scott G, et al. Increased sodium-lithium counter transport activity in red cells of patients with insulin dependent diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 145-50
193. Viberti GC, Keen H, Wiseman MJ, Raised arterial pressure in parents of proteinuric insulin dependent patients. BMJ 1987; 195: 575-7
194. Jensen JS, Mathiesen ER, Nøgaard K, et al. Increased blood pressure and erythrocyte sodium/lithium counteitransport activity are not inherited in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 619-24
195. Rudberg S, Persson B, Dahlquist G. Increased glomerular filtration rate as a predictor of diabetic nephropathy: an 8-year prospective study. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 822-8
196. Walker JD, Tariq T, Viberti GC. Sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells of patients with insulin dependent diabetes and nephropathy and their parents. BMJ 1990; 301: 635-8
197. Borwindle E, Turner ST, Weishihourm R, et al. Analysis of the distribution of erythrocyte sodium lithium countertiansport in a sample representative of the general population, Gen Epidemiol 1986; 3: 365-78
198. Canessa M, Adragna N, Solomon HS, et al. Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in red cells of patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 772-6
199. Clegg G, Morgan DB, Davidson C. The heterogencity of essential hypertension. Relation between lithium efflux and sodium content of erythrocytes and a family history of hypertension. Lancet 1982; 2: 891-4
200. Hasstedt SJ, Wu LL, Ash KO, et al. Hypertension and sodium-lithium countertransporl in Utah pedigrees: evidenee for major locus inheritance. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 43: 14-22
201. Woods JW, Falk RJ, Pittman AW. et al. Increased red-cell sodium-lithium countertransport in normotensive sons of hypertensive parents. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 593-5
202. Jones SL, Trevisan R, Tariq T, et al. Sodium-lithium countertransport in microalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Hypertension 1990; 15: 570-5
203. Rutherford PA, Thomas TH, Carr SJ, et al. Changes in erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport kinetics in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Sci 1992; 82: 301-7
204. Mangili R, Bending JJ, Scott G, et al. A marker for diabetic nephropathy: increased RBC Na+/Li+ exchanger activity [abstract]. Diabetes 1987; 36 Suppl. 1: 43A
205. Elving LD, Wetzels JFM, de Nobel E, et al. Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport is not different in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 126-8
206. Carr S, Mbanya J-C, Thomas T, et al. Increase in glomerular filtration rate in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and elevated erythrocyte sodium-lilhium countertransport. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 500-4
207. Doi Y, Yoshizumi H, Yoshinari M, et al. Association between a polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzymc gene and microvascular complications in Japanese patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 97-102
208. Doria A, Warram JH, Krolewski AS, Genetic predisposition to diabetic nephropathy: evidence for a role of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene. Diabetes 1994; 43: 690-5
209. Fujisawa T, Ikegami H, Shen CQ, et al. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated wilh myocardial infarction. but not with retinopathy or nephropathy. in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 983-5
210. Marre M, Bernadet P, Gallois Y, et al. Relationships between angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism, plasma levels, and diabetic retinal and renal complications. Diabetes 1994; 43: 384-8
211. Panagiotopoulos S, Smith TJ. Aldred GP, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism in Type II diabetic patients with increased albumin excretion rate. J Diabetes Complications 1995; 9: 272-6
212. Powrie JK, Watts GF, Ingham JN, et al. Role of glycaemic control in development of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin dependent diabetes. BMJ 1994; 309: 1608-12
213. Ringel J, Beige J. Kunz R, et al. Genetic variants of the reninangiotensin system, diabetic nephropathy and hypertension. Diabetologica 1997; 40: 193-9
214. Schmidt S, Schöne N, Ritz E, et al. Association of ACE gene polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy? Kidney Int 1995; 47: 1176-81
215. Tarnow L, Cambien F, Rossing P, et al. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme gene is associated with coronary heart disease in IDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 798-803
216. Tarnow L, Cambien F, Rossing P, et al. Lack of relalionship between an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and diabetic nephropathy and proliferative retinopathy in IDDM patients. Diabetes 1995; 44: 489-94
217. Tarnow L, Cambien F, Rossing P, et al. Angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms in IDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 1996; 45: 367-9
218. Neugebauer S, Baha T, Watanabe T, et al. The N-acctyl-translerase (NAT) gene: an early risk marker for diabetic nephropathy in Japanese Type 2 diabetic patients? Diabet Med 1994; 11: 783-8
219. Horita K, Eto M, Makino I. Apolipoprotein E2, renal failure and lipid abnormalities in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 1994; 107: 203-11
220. Dubouix A, Jamrozik S, Fauvel J, et al. Search for variants in NHE-I gene in diabetic nephropathy (abstract). Abstract Book of the 9th Meeting of the European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group; 1996 May 3-4; Parma, 20
221. Hansen PM, Chen J-W, Tarnow E, et al. Genetic variability in the collagen IV alpha 1 chain gene: lack of association to diabetic nephropathy or retinopathy [abstract]. Abstract Book of the 9th Meeting of the European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group; 1996 May 3-4; Parma, 21
222. Tarnow L, Pociot F, Hansen PM, et al. Polymorphism in the interleukin-1 gene cluster and diabetic nephropathy [abstract). Abstract Book of the 9th Meeting of the European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group: 1996 May 3-4; Parma, 22
223. Kicic E, Warren-Perry M, Cull VS, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the human aldose reductase gene: a preliminary report. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1993; 20: 165-8
224. Patel A, Ratanachaiyavong S, Millward BA, et al. Polymorphisms of the aldose reductase locus (ALR2) and susceptibility to diabetic microvascular complications. In Weiner H, editor. Enzymology and molecular biology of carbonyl metabolism 4. New York: Plenum Press. 1993; 325-31
225. Ruiz J, Blanché H, Cohen N. et al. Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is strongly associated with coronary heart disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 3662-5
226. Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L, et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin converting enzyme is a potential risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 1992; 359: 641-4
227. Hallab M, Bled F, Ebran JM, et al. Elevated serum angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in type 1, insulin-dependent diabetic subjects with persistent microalbuminuria. Acta Diabetologica 1992; 29: 82-5
228. Lieberman J, Sastre A, Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme: elevations in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 825-6
229. van Dyk J, Erman A, Erman E, et al. Increased serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity in type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: its relation to metabolic control and diabetic complications. Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24: 463-7
230. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456-62
231. Marre M, Chatellier G, Leblanc H, et al. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy with enalapril in normotensive diabetics with microalbuminuria. BMJ 1988; 297: 1092-5
232. Mathiesen ER, Hommel E, Giese J, et al. Efficacy of captopril in postponing nephropathy in normotensive insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. BMJ 1991; 303: 81-7
233. Viberti G, Mogensen CE, Groop LC, et al. Effect of captopril on progression to clinical proteinuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria. JAMA 1994; 271: 275-9
234. Barnus U, Schmidt A, Illievich A, et al. Evaluation of risk lactors for the development of nephropathy in patients with IDDM: insertion/deletion angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism, hypertension and metabolic control. Diabetologica 1997; 40: 327-31
235. Nakajima S, Baba T, Matoba K, et al. Relationship between a mutation in the β3-adrenergic receptor gene and hypertension in Japanese NIDDM patients [abstract]. Abstract Book of the First Scientific Meeting of the European Hypertension in diabetes Study Group: 1996 Mar 3-9: Padua
236. van Essen GG, Rensma PL, de Zeeuw D, et al. Association between angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism and failure of renoprotective therapy. Lancet 1996; 347: 94-5
237. Yoshida H, Mitarai T, Kawamura T, et al. Role of the deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in the progression and therapeutic responsiveness of IgA nephropathy. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 2126-69
238. Yoshida H, Kuriyama S, Atsumi Y, et al. Angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 657-64
239. Parving H-H, Jacobson P, Tarnow L, et al. Effect of deletion polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene on progression of diabetic nephropathy during inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme: observational follow up study. BMJ 1996; 313: 591-4
240. Hinchliffe SA, Lynch MRJ, Sargent PH, et al. The effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the development of renal nephrons. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 296-301
241. Brenner BM, Garcia DL, Anderson S, Glomeruli and blood pressure: less of one, more the other? Am J Hypertens 1988; 1: 335-47
242. Rossing P, Tarnow L, Nielsen FS, et al. Low birth weight: a risk factor for development of diabetic nephropathy ? Diabetes 1995; 44: 1405-7
243. Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF, Mogensen CE. Low birth weight - is it associated with few and small glomeruli in normal subjects and NIDDM patients.? Diabetologica 1996; 39: 1634-7
244. Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Stern MP. et al. High blood pressure and insulin resistance: influence of ethnic background. Eur J Clin Invest 1991; 21: 280-7
245. Jarrett RJ, In defense of insulin: a critique of syndrome X. Lancet 1992; 340: 469-71
246. Baba T, Neugebauer S. The link between insulin resistance and hypertension: effects of antihypertensive and antihyperlipidaemic drugs on insulin sensitivity. Drugs 1994; 47: 383-404
247. DeFronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R, et al. The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest 1975; 58: 845-55
248. Gans ROB, Bilo HJG, Nauta JJP, et al. Renal and cardiovascular effects of exogenous insulin in healthy volunteers. Clin Sci 1991; 80: 219-25
249. Stenvinkel P, Bolinder J, Alvestrand A, Effects of insulin on renal haemodynamics and the proximal and distal tubular sodium handling in healthy subjects. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 1042-8
250. Rocchini AP, Katch V, Kveselis D, et al. Insulin and renal sodium retention in obese adolescents. Hypertension 1989; 14: 367-74
251. Rowe JW, Young JB, Minaker KL, et al. Effect of insulin and glucose infusions on sympathetic nervous system activity in normal man. Diabetes 1981; 30: 219-25
252. Anderson EA, Hoffman RP, Balon TW, et al. Hyperinsulinemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilatation in normal humans. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 2246-52
253. Anderson EA, Balon TW, Hoffman RP, et al. Insulin increases sympathetic activity hut not blood pressure in borderline hypertensive humans. Hypertension 1992; 19: 621-7
254. King GL, Goodman D, Buzney S, et al. Receptors and growth promoting effects of insulin and insulin like growth factors on cells from bovine retinal capillaries ad aorta. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 1028-36
255. Kleinman KS, Fine LG. Prognostic implications of real hypertrophy in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988; 4: 179-89
256. Larson DM, Haudeshcild CC. Activation of smooth muscle cell outgrowth from BB/Wor rat aortas. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1380-5
257. Stout RW. Insulin and atheroma: 20-year perspective. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 1595-607
258. Stout RW, Bierman EL, Ross A. Effect of insulin on the proliferation of cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1975; 36: 319-27
259. Banskota NK, Taub R, Zellner K, et al. Characterization of induction of protogene c-myc and cellular growth in human vascular smooth muscle cells by insulin and IGF-I. Diabetes 1989; 38: 123-9
260. Capron L, Jarnet J, Kazandjian S, et al. Growth-promoting effects of diabetes and insulin on arteries. Diabetes 1986; 35: 973-8
261. Froesch LR, Schmid C, Schwander J, et al. Actions of insulin-like growth factors. Ann Rev Physiol 1985; 47: 443-67
262. Jaub R, Roy A, Dietes R, et al. Insulin as growth factor in rat hepatoma cells: stimulation of proto-oncogene expression. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 10893-7
263. Pfeifle B, Ditchuneit H, Effect of insulin on the cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Diabetologia 1981; 20: 155-8
264. Salamon EA, Luo J, Murphy LJ. The effect of acute and chronic insulin administration on insulin-like growth factor-1 expression in the pituitary-intact and hypophysectomised rat. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 348-53
265. Sinha MK, Buchanan C, Leggett N, et al. Mechanisms of IGF-I-stimulated glucose transport in human adipocytes: demonstration of specific IGF-I receptors not involved in stimulation of glucose transport. Diabetes 1989; 38: 1217-25
266. Cooper ME, McNally PG, Phillips PA, et al. Amylin stimulates plasma renin concentration in humans. Hypertension 1995; 26: 460-4
267. Wookey PJ, Tikellis C, Du HC, et al. Amylin binding in rat renal cortex, stimulation of adenyl cyclase, and activation of plasma renin. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: F289-94
268. Hall JE, Brands MW, Kivlighn SD, et al. Chronic hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure: interactions with catecholamine? Hypertension 1990; 15: 519-27
269. Fujita N, Baba T, Tomiyama T, et al. Hyperinsulinaemia and blood pressure in patients with insulinoma. BMJ 1992; 304: 1157
270. O'Brien T, Young WF, Palumbo PJ, et al. Hypertension and dyslipidemia in patients with insulinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68: 141-6
271. Pontiroli AE, Alberetto M. Pozza G. Patients with insulinoma show insulin resistance in the absence of arterial hypertension [letter]. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 294-5
272. Sawicki PT, Heinemann L, Starke A, et al. Hyperinsulinaemia is not linked with blood pressure elevation in patients with insulinoma. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 649-52
273. Tsutsu N, Nunoi K, Kodama T, et al. Lack of association between blood pressure and insulin in patients with insulinoma. J Hypertens 1990; 8: 479-82
274. Conway GS, Agrawal R, Betteridge DJ, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 1992; 37: 119-25
275. Zimmerman S, Phillips RA, Dunaif A, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: lack of hypertension despite profound insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 508-13
276. Nankervis A, Proietto J, Aiken P, et al. Hyperinsulinaemia and insulin insensitivily: studies in subjects with insulinoma. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 427-31
277. Sawicki PT, Baba T, Berger M, et al. Normal blood pressure in patients with insulinoma despite hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 3: S64-8
278. Burghen GL, Givens JR, Kitabuchi AE. Correlation of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1980; 50: 113-5
279. Dunaif A, Segal K, Futterweit W, et al. Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 1989; 38: 1165-74
280. Ogihara T, Rakugi H, Ikegami H, et al. Enhancement of insulin sensitivity by troglitazone lowers blood pressure in diabetic hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 316-20
281. Yoshioka S, Nishino H, Shiraki T, et al. Antihypertensive effects of CS-045 treatment in obese Zucker rats. Metabolism 1993; 42: 75-80
282. Groop LC, Kankuri M, Schalm-Janth C, et al. Association between polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 10-4
283. Orho M, Nikula-ljäs P, Schalin-Jäntli C, et al. Isolation and characterization of the human muscle glycogen synthase gene. Diabetes 1995; 44: 1099-105
284. 3-adrenergic receptor and an increased capacity to gain weight in patients with morbid obesity. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 352-4
285. 3-adrenergic receptor with NIDDM and body weight gain. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 349-52
286. 3-adrenergic receptor gene is associated with obesity and hyperinsulinemia in Japanese subjects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 215: 555-60
287. 3-adrenergic receptor gene. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 343-7
288. 3-adrenergic receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 348-51
289. Nakajima S, Baba T, Yajima Y. Is angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism a useful marker for diabetic albuminuria in Japanese NIDDM patients? Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 1420-2
290. Marigliano A, Tedde R, Sechi LA, et al. Insulinemia and blood pressure: relationships in patients with primary and secondary hypertension, and with or without glucose metabolism impairment. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 521-6
291. Shamiss A, Carroll J, Rosenthal T. Insulin resistance in secondary hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 26-8
292. Welborn TA, Breckenridge A, Rubinstein AH, et al. Serum-insulin in essential hypertension and in peripheral vascular disease. Lancet 1966; 1: 1336-7
293. Allemann Y, Horber FF, Colombo M, et al. Insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Lancet 1993; 341: 327-31
294. Ferrari P, Weidmann P, Shaw S, et al. Altered insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia in individuals with a hypertensive parent. Ann Intern Med 1991; 91: 589-96
295. Ferrari P. Abstract book of International Society of Hypertension; 1996: Glasgow
296. Kaplan NM. Hyperinsulinemia in diabetes and hypertension. Clin Diabetes 1991; 9: 1-14
297. Ganrot PO. Insulin resistance syndrome: possible key role of blood flow in resting muscle. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 876-9
298. Lillioja S, Young A A, Culter CL, et al. Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 415-24
299. Halmäng A, Brazezinska Z, Björntop P. Effects of hyperinsulinaemia on muscle fiber composition and capillarization in rats. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1973-81
300. Lind L, Lithell H. Decreased peripheral blood flow in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome comprising hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1494-7
301. Pollare T, Lithell H, Selinus I, et al. Application of prazosin is associated with an increase of insulin sensitivity in obese patients with hypertension. Diabetologia 1988; 31: 415-20
302. Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C. A comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 868-73
303. Jauch K-W, Hartl W, Günther B, et al. Captopril enhances insulin responsiveness of forearm muscle tissue in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 1987; 17: 448-54
304. Rett K, Wicklmayr M, Tschollar G, et al. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in early antihypertensive treatment in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med J 1988; 64 Suppl. 3: 69-73
305. Kodama J, Katayama S, Tanaka K, et al. Effect of captopril on glucose concentration: possible role of augmented postprandial forearm blood flow. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 1109-11
306. Allermann Y, Baumann S, Jost M, et al. Insulin sensitivity in normotensive subjects during angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with fosinopril. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 42: 275-80
307. Baba T, Kodama T, Ishizaki T. Effect of chronic treatment with enalapril on glucose tolerance and serum insulin response to glucose load in non-insulin-resistant Japanese patients with essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45: 23-7
308. Chan JCN, Cockram CS, Nicholls MG, et al. Comparison of enalapril and nifedipine in treating non-insulin dependent diabetes associated with hypertension: one year analysis. BMJ 1992; 305: 981-5
309. Heise T, Heinemann L, Kristahn K, et al. No influence to enalapril and nitrendipine on insulin sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension [abstract]. Abstract book of the 1st Meeting of European Hypertension in Diabetes Study Group; 1996 Mar 8-9; Padua
310. Leblanc H, Thote A, Billault B, et al. Absence d'effet de l'enalapril sur le contrôle glycémique et la sensibilité périphérique à l'insuline chez 10 diabéques insulino-dépendants traités par infusion continue sous-cutanée d'insuline. Presse Med 1988; 17: 903-10
311. Passa P, Leblanc H, Marre M. Effects of enalapril in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects with mild and moderate uncomplicated hypertension. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 200-4
312. Santoro D, Natali A, Palombo C, et al. Effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1992; 20: 181-91
313. Seefeldt T, Orskow L, Mengel A, et al. Lack of effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 1990; 7: 700-4
314. Seghieri G, Yin W, Boni C, et al. Effect of chronic ACE inhibition on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1992; 9: 732-8
315. Barker DJP, Hales CN, Fall CHD, et al. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. hypertension and hyperlipidemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologica 1993; 36: 62-7
316. Law CM, Barker DJ, Richardson WW, et al. Thinness at birth in a northern industrial town. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993; 47: 255-9
317. McCance DR, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, et al. Birth weight and non-insulin dependent diabetes: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype? BMJ 1994; 308: 942-5
318. Phipps K, Barker DJ, Hales CN, et al. Fetal growth and impaired glucose tolerance in men and women. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 225-8
319. Vestbo, E. Damsgaard EM, Frøland A, et al. Birth weight and cardiovascular risk factors in an epidemiolgical study. Diabetologica 1996; 39: 1598-602
320. Barker DJ. Fetal growth and adult disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 275-6
321. Barker DJ. The fetal origins of adult hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10 Suppl.: S39-44
322. Law CM, de Swiet M, Osmond C, et al. Initiation of hypertension in utero and its amplification through life. BMJ 1993; 306: 24-7
323. Martyn CN, Barker DJ, Jespersen S, et al. Growth in utero, adult blood pressure, and arterial compliance. Br Heart J 1995; 73: 116-21
324. Barker DJ, Martyn CN, Osmond C, et al. Growth in utero and serum cholesterol concentrations in adult life. BMJ 1993; 11: 307: 1524-7
325. Law CM, Gordon GS, Shiell AW, et al. Thinness at birth and glucose tolerance in seven-year-old children. Diabet Med 1995; 12: 24-9
326. Yajnik CS, Fall CH, Vaidya U, et al. Fetal growth and glucose and insulin metabolism in four-year-old Indian children. Diabet Med 1995; 12: 330-6
327. Robinson S, Walton RJ, Clark PM, et al. The relation of fetal growth to plasma glucose in young men. Diahelologia 1992; 35: 444-6
328. Barker DJ, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, et al. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 1993; 341: 938-41
329. Phillips DI, Barker DJ, Hales CN, et al. Thinness at birth and insulin resistance in adult life. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 150-4
330. Fall CH, Osmond C, Barker DJ, et al. Fetal and infant growth and cardiovascular risk factors in women. BMJ 1995; 310: 428-32
331. Law CM, Barker DJ, Osond C, et al. Early growth and abdominal fatness in adult life. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 26: 184-6
332. Valdez R, Athens MA. Thompson GH, et al. Birth weight and adult health outcomes in a biethnic population in the USA. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 624-31
333. Barker DJ. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ 1995; 311: 171-4
334. Fall CH, Barker DJ, Osmond C, et al. Relation of infant feeding to adult serum cholesterol concentration and death from ischaemic heart disease. BMJ 1992; .304: 801-5
335. Barker DJ, Meade TW, Fall CH, et al. Relation of fetal and infant growth to plasma fibrinogen and factor VII concentrations in adult life. BMJ 1992; 304: 148-52
336. Barker DJ, Osmond C, Simmonds SJ, et al. The relation of small head circumference and thinness at birth to death from cardiovascular disease in adult life. BMJ 1993; 306: 422-6
337. Fall CH, Vijavakumar M, Barker DJ, et al. Weight in infancy and prevalence of coronary heart disease in adult life. BMJ 1995; 310: 17-9
338. Osmond C, Barker DJ, Winter PD, et al. Early growth and death from cardiovascular disease in women. BMJ 1993; 307: 1519-24
339. Björck S, Mullec H, Aage Johnsen S, et al. Renal protective effect of enalapril in diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1992; 304: 339-43
340. Sawicki PT. No progression of diabetic nephropathy over two years in patients following intensified insulin treatment and intensified antihypertensive care [abstract|. Diabetologia 1995; 38 Suppl. 1: A208
341. Nielsen FS, Rossing P, Gall M-A, et al. Long-term impact of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy [abstract]. Abstract Book of the 9th Meeting of the European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group; 1996 May 3-4; Parma
342. Crepaldi G, Deferrari G, Mangili R, et al. Effects of lisinopril and nifedipine 'slow-release' on the progression of albumin excretion rate in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria [abstract]. Abstract Book of the 9th Meeting of the European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group; 1996 May 3-4: Parma, 47
343. Mathiesen ER, Hommel F, Smith U, et al. Efficacy of captopril in normotensive diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: 8 years follow up [abstract]. Diabetologia 1995; 38 Suppl. I: A46
344. Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, et al. Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma ereatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 577-81
345. Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, et al. Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a 7-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 286-9
346. Microalbuminuria Captopril Study Group. Captopril reduces the risk of nephropathy in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetologiaa 1996; 39: 587-93
347. Velussi M, Brocco E, Frigato F, et al. Effects of cilazapril and amlodipine on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1946; 45: 216-22
348. Sawicki PT, Berger M. Measuring progression of diabetic nephropathy. Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24: 651-5
349. Bjötck S, Mullec H, Johnsen SA, et al. Contrasting effects of enalapril and metoprolol on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. BMJ 1990; 300: 904-7
350. Walser M. Progression of renal failure in man. Kidney Int 1990; 37: 1195-210
351. Bauer JH, Reams GP, Hewett J, et al. A randomized. double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of enalapril in patients with clinical diabetic nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 20: 443-57
352. Berg KJ, Holdaas H, Djoseland O, et al. Short-term effects of lisinopril and nifedipine in diabetic nephropathy [abstract]. 2nd Meeting of the European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group, Aarhus, May 12-13, 1989
353. Hommel E, Parving H-H, Mathiesen E, et al. Effect of captopril on kidney function in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with nephropathy. BMJ 1986; 293: 467-70
354. Mimran A, Insua A, Ribstein J, et al. Contrasting effects of captopril and nifedipine in normotensive patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy. J Hypertens 1988; 6: 919-23
355. Taguma Y, Kitamoto Y, Futaki G, et al. Effect of captopril on heavy proteinuria in azotemic diabetics. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1617-20
356. Valvo E, Bedogna V, Casagrande P, et al. Caplopril in patients with Type II diabetes and renal insufficiency: systemic and renal hemodynamic alterations. Am J Med 1988; 85: 344-8
357. Parving H-H, Hommel E, Nielsen MG, et al. Effect of captopril on blood pressure and kidney function in normotensive insulin dependent diabetics with nephropathy. BMJ 1989; 299: 533-6
358. Gambaro G, Morbiato F, Ciceello E, et al. Captopril in the treatment of hypertension in Type I and Type II diabetic patients. J Hypertens 1985; 3 Suppl. 2: S149-51
359. Kelleher CC, Ferriss JB, Cole M, et al. Enalapril and microalbuminuria in diabetic and non-diabetic hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1987; 1: 181-3
360. Marre M, Leblanc H, Suarez L, et al. Converting enzyme inhibition and kidney function in normotensive diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria. BMJ 1987; 294: 1448-52
361. Rudberg S, Aperia A, Freyschuss U, et al. Enalapril reduces microalbuminuria in young normotensive Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients irrespective of its hypotensive effect. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 470-6
362. Bakris GL, Effects of diltiazem or lisinopril on massive proteinuria associated with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1990: 112: 707-8
363. Slataper R, Vicknair N, Sadler R, et al. Comparative effects of different antihypertensive treatments on progression of diabetic renal disease. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 973-80
364. Stornello M, Valvo EV, Scapellato L, Hemodynamic, renal, and humoral effects of the calcium entry blocker nicardipine and converting enzyme inhibitor captopril in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with nephropathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 14: 851-5
365. Stornello M, Valvo EV, Vasques E, et al. Systemic and renal effects of chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with captopril in hypertensive diabetic patients. J Hypertens 1989; 7 Suppl. 7: S65-7
366. Stornello M, Valvo EV, Scapellato L, Comparative effects of enalapril, atenolol and chlorthalidone on blood pressure and kidney function of diabetic patients affected by arterial hypertension and persistent proteinuria. Nephron 1991; 58: 52-7
367. Stornello M, Valvo EV, Puglia N, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with a low dose of enalapril in normotensive diabetics with persistent proteinuria. J Hypertens 1988; 6 Suppl. 4: S464-6
368. Stornello M, Valvo EV, Scapellato L, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in normotensive type II diabetics with persistent mild proteinuria. J Hypertens 1989; 7 Suppl. 6: S65-7
369. Hostetter TH, Rennke HG. Brenner BM. The case for intrarenal hypertension in the initiation and progression of diabetic and other glomerulopathies. Am J Med 1982; 72: 375-80
370. Andersen AR, Rennke HG, Garcia DL, et al. Short and long term effects of antihypertensive therapy in the diabetic rat. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 526-36
371. Zats R, Meyer TW, Rennke HG, et al. Predominance of hemodynamic rather than metabolic factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 5963-7
372. Amery A, Birkenhäger W, Brixko P, et al. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Trial. Lancet 1985; 1: 1349-54
373. Helgeland A, Treatment of mild hypertension: a five-year controlled drug trial. The Oslo Study. Am J Med 1980; 69: 725-32
374. MRC Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. BMJ 1985; 291: 97-104
375. Smith EW. Treatment of mild hypertension: results of a ten-year intervention trial. Circ Res 1977; 40: 198-105
376. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program: 1. Reduction of mortality in persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. II. Mortality by race, sex and age. JAMA 1979; 242: 2562-77
377. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA 1982; 248: 1465-77
378. IPPPSH Collaborative Group. Cardiovascular risk factor and risk factors in a randomized trial of treatment based on the beta-blocker oxprenolol. J Hypertens 1985; 3: 379-92
379. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease: Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765-74
380. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease: Part 2. Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335. 827-38
381. Cooper ME, Allen TJ, Macmillan PA. et al. Enalapril retards glomerular basement membrane thickening and albuminuria in the diabetic rat. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 326-8
382. Berk BC, Vekshtein V, Gordon HM, et al. Angiotensin II-stimulated protein synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1989; 13: 305-14
383. Fago A, Ichikawa I. Evidence for the central role of glomerular growth promoters in the development of sclerosis. Semin Nephrol 1989; 9: 329-42
384. Fago A, Yoshida Y. Yared A. et al. Importance of angiogenic action of angiotensin II in the glomerular growth of maturing kidneys. Kidney Int 1990; 38: 1068-74
385. Remuzzi A, Puntorieri S, Battaglia C, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition ameliorates glomerular filtration of macromolecules and water and lessens glomerular injury in the rat. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 541-9
386. Morelli E, Loon N, Meyer T, et al. Effects of converting-enzyme inhibition on barrier function in diabetic glomerulopathy. Diabetes 1990; 39: 76-82
387. Komers R, Cooper ME. Acute renal hemodynamic effects of ACE inhibition in diabetic hyperfiltration: role of kinins. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: F588-94
388. Kasiske BL, Kalil RS, Ma JZ, et al. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on the kidney in patients with diabetes: a meta-regression analysis. Ann Int Med 1993; 118: 129-38
389. Weidmann P. Boehlen LM, de Courte M. Effects of different anti-hypertensive drugs on human diabetic proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant
390. Melbourne Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group. Comparison between perindopril and nifedipine in hypertensive and normotensive diabetic patients with microalhuminuria. BMJ 1991; 302: 210-6
391. Jerums G, Allen TJ,Tsalamandris C, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockade in incipient diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 904-11
392. Mosconi L, Ruggenenti P, Blanchi L, et al. Twenty seven-month antihypertensive therapy with nitrendipine or enalapril prevents macroalbuminuria and increases glomerular filtration rale in non-insulin dependent diabetics with incipient nephropathy [abstract]. 8th Meeting of the European diabetic Nephropathy Study Group; 1995 May 18-20; Heidelberg
393. Jarrett RJ. The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and related factors in the contest of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. In: Jarrett RJ, editor. Diabetes and heart disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984; 1-23
394. Baba T, Boku A, Ishizaki T, et al. Renal effects of nicardipine in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Am Heart J 1986; 111: 552-7
395. Baba T, Ishizaki T, Ido Y, et al. Renal effects of nicardipine, a calcium entry blocker, in hypertensive Type II diabetic patients with nephropathy. Diabetes 1986; 35: 1206-14
396. Baba T, Ishizaki T, Murabayashi S, et al. A multiple oral dose of nicardipine: effects on renal function, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 42: 232-9
397. Pedrinelli R, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, et al. Nitrendipine, a calcium-entry blocker: renal and humoral effects in human arterial hypertension. Arch Int Med 1986; 146: 62-5
398. Reams G, Hamory A, Lau A, et al. Effect of nifedipine on renal function in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1988; 11: 452-6
399. Romero JC, Raij L, Granger JP, et al. Multiple effects of calcium entry blockers on renal function in hypertension. Hypertension 1987; 10: 140-51
400. Sunderraja S, Reams G, Bauer JH. Long-term effects of diltiazem in essential hypertension. Am Heart J 1987; 114: 383-8
401. Baba T, Murabayashi S, Takebe K. Comparison of the renal effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and calcium antagonist in hypertensive type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetologica 1989; 32: 40-4
402. Demaire BK, Bakris GL. Effects of different calcium antagonists on proteinuria associated with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 987-8
403. Bretzel RG, Bollen CC, Maeser E, et al. Nephroprotective effect of nitrendipine in hypertensive type I and type II diabetic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 21: 53-64
404. Brouhard BH. Anti-hypertensive therapy for patients wilh diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 919-23
405. Ruggenenti P, Mosconi L, Bianchi L, et al. Long-term treatment with either enalapril or nitrendipine stabilizes albuminuria and increases glomerular filtration rate in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 24: 753-61
406. Corcoran JS, Perkins JE, Hoffbrand BI, et al. Treating hypertension in non-insulin-dependent diabetics: a comparison of atenolol, nifedipine, and captopril combined with hendrofluazide. Diabet Med 1987; 4: 164-72
407. Cruickshank JK, Anderson NM, Wadsworth J, et al. Treating hypertension in black compared with white non-insulin dependent diabetics: a double blind trial of verapamil ad metoprolol. BMJ 1988; 297: 1155-64
408. Ferder L, Daccordi H, Panzalis M, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors versus calcium antagonists in the treatment of diabetic hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1992; 19 Suppl. 2. 11-237-42
409. Holdaas H, Hartmann A, Lien MG, et al. Contrasting effects of lisinopril and nifedipine on albuminuria and tubular transport functions in insulin dependent diabetics with nephropathy. J Intern Med 1991; 229: 163-70
410. Josefsberg Z, Ross SA, Lev-Ran A, et al. Effects of enalapril and nitrendipine on the excretion of epidermal growth factor and albumin in hypertensive NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 690-3
411. Slataper R, Vicknair N, Sadler R, et al. Comparative effects of different antihypertensive treatments on progression of diabetic renal disease. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 59
412. Bakris GL, Barnhill BW, Sadler R. Treatment of arterial hypertension in diabetic man: importance of therapeutic selection. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 912-20
413. Gansevoort RT, Apperloo AJ, Heeg JE, et al. The antiproteinuric effect of anti-hypertensive agents in diabetic nephropathy. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 2137-8
414. Loutzenhiser R, Epstein M. Effects of calcium antagonists on renal hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: F619-29
415. Ichikawa I, Miele JF, Brenner BM. Reversal of renal cortical actions of angiotensin II by verapamil and manganese. Kidney Int 1979; 16: 137-47
416. Yoshioka T, Shiraga H, Yoshida T, et al. Intact nephrons as the primary origin of proteinuria in chronic renal disease. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 1614-23
417. Baha T, Murabayashi S, Tomiyama T, et al. Renal effects of calcium entry blocker, nicardipine, in hypertensive type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 38: 425-9
418. Bauer JH, Brooks CS. The long term effect of propranolol therapy on renal function. Am J Med 1979; 66: 405-10
419. Warren SE, O'Connor DT, Cohen IM, et al. Renal hemodynamic changes during long-term antihypertensive therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 29: 310-7
420. Wilkinson R, Stevens IM, Pickering M, et al. A study of the effects of atenolol and propranolol on renal function in patients with essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980; 10: 51-9
421. Cooper ME, Allen TJ, O'Brien RC, et al. Nephropathy in model combining genetic hypertension with experimental diabetes: enalapril versus hydralazine and metoprolol therapy. Diabetes 1990; 39: 1575-9
422. Christensen CK, Mogensen CE. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on progression of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 1985; 7 Suppl. 2: 109-13
423. Friedmann PJ, Dunn PJ, Jury DR. Metoprolol and albumin excretion in diabetes [correspondence]. Lancet 1986; 11: 1042-3
424. Hartford M, Wendelhag I, Berglund G, et al. Cardiovascular and renal effects of long-term anti-hypertensive treatment. JAMA 1988; 259: 2553-7
425. Trocha AK, Sawicki PT. Normal course of glomerular filtration rate over two years in patients with impaired renal function and diabetic nephropathy following intensified antihypertensive treatment [abstract]. Abstract hook of the 9th Meeting of the European Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group; 1996 May 3-4: Parma, 46
426. Gall M-A, Borch-Johnsen K, Hougaard P, et al. Risk factors for development of micro- and macroalbuminuria in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [abstract]. Diabetologia 1995; 38: A215
427. Mattock M, Barnes D, Viberti GC, et al. Predictors of the development of microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetic patients [abstract]. Diabetologia 1995; 38: A63
428. Mulec H, Johnson S-A, Björck S. Relation between serum cholesterol and diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 1990; 335: 1537-8
429. Al-Shebeb T, Erolich J, Magil AB. Glomerular disease in hypercholesterolemic guinea pigs: a pathogenetic study. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 498-507
430. Diamond JR, Karnovsky MJ. Exacerbation of chronic aminonucleotide nephrosis by dietary cholesterol supplementation. Kidney Int 1987; 32: 671-8
431. Harris KPG, Purkerson ML, Yates J, et al. Lovastatin ameliorates the development of glomerulosclerosis and uraemia in experimental nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1990; 15: 16-23
432. Heuck CC, Liersch M, Ritz R, et al. Hyperlipoproteinemia in experimental chronic renal insufficiency in the rat. Kidney Int 1978; 14: 142-50
433. Kasiske BL, O'Donnell MP, Cleary MP, et al. Treatment of hyperlipidemia reduces glomerular injury in obese Zucker rats. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 667-72
434. Kasiske BL, O'Donnell MP, Garvis WJ, et al. Pharmacological treatment of hyperlipidemia reduces glomerular injury in rat 5/6 nephrectomy model of chronic renal failure. Circ Res 1988; 62: 367-74
435. Kasiske BL, O'Donnell MP, Schmitz PG, et al. Renal injury of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Kidney Int 1990; 37: 880-91
436. Shimamura T, Morrison AB. A progressive glomerulosclerosis occurring in partial five-sixth nephrectomized rats. Am J Pathology 1975; 79: 95-106
437. Wellmann K, Volk BW. Renal changes in experimental hypercholesterolaemia in normal and in sub-diabetic rabbits. Lab Invest 1970; 22: 144-55
438. Wilens SL, Elster SK. The role of lipid deposition in renal arteriolar sclerosis. Am J Med Sci 1951; 219: 183-96
439. Lam KSL, Cheng IKP, Janus Ed. et al. Cholesterol-lowering therapy may retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 604-9
440. Parving H-H. Cholesterol-lowering therapy may retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 367-73
441. Sasaki T, Kurata H, Nomura K, et al. Amelioration of proteinuria with pravastatin in hypercholesterolaemic patients with diabetes mellitus. Jpn J Med 1990; 29: 156-63
442. Chan PCK, Robinson JD, Yang WC, et al. Lovastalin in glomerulonephritis patients with hyperlipidaemia and heavy proteinuria. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 1992; 7: 93-9
443. Rabelink AJ, Hené RJ, Erkelens DW, et al. Partial remission of nephrotic syndrome in patients on long term simvastatin. Lancet 1990; 335: 1045-6
444. Hommel E, Andersen P, Gall M-A, et al. Plasma lipoproteins and renal function during simvastatin treatment in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 447-51
445. Nielsen S, Schmitz O, Møller N, et al. Renal function and insulin sensitivity during simvastatin treatment in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 1079-86
446. Tomlinson DR. Aldose reductase inhibitors and the complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1993; 10: 214-30
447. Tomlinson DR, Willars GB, Carrington AL. Aldose reductase inhibitors and diabetic complications. Pharmacol Ther 1992; 54: 151-94
448. Corder CN, Collins JG, Bronnan TS, Sharma J. Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase distribution in rat kidney. J Histochem Cytochem 1977; 25: 1-26
449. Kern TS, Engerman ARL. Immunohistochemical distribution of aldose reductase. Histochem J 1982; 14: 507-15
450. Ludvigson MA, Sorenson RL. Immunohistochemical localization of aldose reductase: II. Rat eye and kidney. Diabetes 1980; 29: 450-9
451. Burg MB. Role of aldose reductase and sorbitol in maintaining the medullary intracellular milieu [editorial]. Kidney Int 1988; 33: 635-41
452. Gullans SR, Blumenfield JA, Bolschi A, et al. Accumulation of major organic osmolytes in rat renal inner medulla in dehydration. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: F626-34
453. Smardo Jr FL, Burg MB, Garcia-Perez A. Kidney aldose reductase gene transcription is osmotically regulated. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: C776-82
454. Yancey P, Clark M, Hand S, et al. Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte systems. Science 1982; 217: 1214-22
455. Kikkawa R, Umemura K, Haneda M, et al. Identification and characterization of aldose reductase in cultured rat mesangial cells. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1165-71
456. Dorin RI, Shah VO, Kaplan DL, et al. Regulation of aldose reductase gene expression in renal cortex and medulla of rats. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 46-54
457. Sato S. Rat kidney aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase and polyol production in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: F799-805
458. Robinson B, Hunsaker LA, Stangebye LA, et al. Aldose and aldehyde reductases from human kidney cortex and medulla. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1203: 260-6
459. Itagaki I, Shimizu K, Kamanaka Y, et al. The effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor (epalrestat) on diabetic nephropathy in rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994; 25: 147-54
460. Sato H, Oikawa S, Suzuki H, et al. Effect of aldose reductase inhibitor (M79,175) on thickness of renal glomerular basement membrane in galactose-fed ATZ (streptozotocin) induced diabetic rats [abstract]. Diabetes Res Clin Prac 1985; 1 Suppl. 1: S494
461. Chang WP, Dimitriadis E, Allen T, et al. The effect of aldose reductase inhibitors on glomerular prostaglandin production and urinary albumin excretion in experimental diabetes mellitus. Diabetologica 1991; 34: 225-31
462. Faiman G, Ganguly P, Mehta A, et al. Effect of statil on kidney structure, function and polyol accumulation in diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem 1993; 125: 27-33
463. Cohen MP, Klepser H, Wu VY. Undersulfation of glomerular basement membrane heparan sulfate in experimental diabetes and lack of correction with aldose reductase inhibition. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1324-7
464. Reddi AS, Jyothirmayi GN. Aldose reductase inhibition by ponalrestat (statil) does not prevent proteinuria in long-term diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 1993; 7: 233-40
465. Tilton RG, Pugliese G, LaRose LS, et al. Discordant effects of the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, on vascular structure and function in chronically diabetic and galactosemic rats. J Diabetes Complications 1991; 5: 230-7
466. Engerman RL, Kern TS, Garment MB. Capillary basement membrane in retina, kidney, and muscle of diabetic dogs and galactosemic dogs and its response to 5 years aldose reductase inhibition. J Diabetes Complications 1993; 7: 241-5
467. Das A, Frank RN, Zhang NL. Sorbinil does not prevent galactose-induced glomerular capillary basement membrane thickening in the rat. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 515-21
468. Korner A, Celsi G, Eklof AC, et al. Sorbinil does not prevent hyperfiltration, elevated ultrafiltration pressure and albuminuria in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 414-8
469. Pedersen MM, Christiansen JS, Mogensen CE. Reduction of glomerular hyperfiltration in normoalbuminuric IDDM patients by 6 mo of aldose reductase inhibition. Diabetes 1991; 40: 527-31
470. Passariello N, Sepe J, Marrazzo G, et al. Effect of aldose reductase inhibitor (tolrestat) on urinary albumin excretion rate and glomerular filtration rate in IDDM subjects with nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 789-95
471. Ranganathan S, Krempf M, Feraille E, et al. Short term effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor on urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in type 1 diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy. Diabete Metab 1993; 19: 257-61
472. Passariello N, Deluso A, Pisano MCA, et al. Long-term aldose reductase inhibition on renal function in type 1 diabetes: a five year follow-up study [abstract]. Diabetologia 1995; 38 Suppl. 1: A47
473. Vlassara H, Bucala R. Advanced glycation and diabetes 1995; complications: an update. In: Marshall SM, Home PD, Rizza RA, editors. The diabetes annual, volume 9. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995: 227-44
474. Brownlee M, Vlassara H, Kooney T, et al. Aminoguanidine prevents diabetes-induced arterial wall protein crosslinking. Science 1986; 232: 1629-32
475. Ellis EN, Good BH. Prevention of glomerular basement membrane thickening by aminoguanidine in experimental diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1991; 40: 1016-9
476. Edelstein D, Brownlee M. Aminoguanidine ameliorates albuminuria in diabetic hypertensive rats. Diabetologia 1992; 35: 96-7
477. Itakura M, Yoshikawa H, Bannai C, et al. Aminoguanidine decreases urinary albumin and high-molecular-weight proteins in diabetic rats. Life Science 1991; 49: 889-97
478. Soulis-Liparota T, Cooper M, Papazoglou D, et al. Retardation by aminoguanidine of development of albuminuria, mesangial expansion and tissue fluorescence in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Diabetes 1991; 40: 1328-34
479. Soulis T, Cooper ME,. Sastra S, et al. Are the renoprotective effects of aminoguanidine in diabetes mediated via its action as an NO synthase inhibitor? [abstract], Diabetologia 1995; 38: A47
480. Makita Z, Vlassara H, Rayfield E, et al. Haemoglobin-AGE: a circulating marker of advanced glycosylation. Science 1992; 258: 651-3