The effect of treating people with reversible ischaemic attacks of the brain and eye on the incidence of stroke in Australia

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 420-430

  Hankey, G J ^a  

^a ROYAL PERTH HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cost; Prevention; Public health; Reversible ischaemic attacks; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULATION; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CIGARETTE SMOKING; EYE DISEASE; HEALTH CARE COST; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTOR; STROKE;

EID: 0030850676     PISSN: 00048291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1997.tb02201.x     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Anderson CS, Jamrozik KD, Burvill PW, Chakera TMH, Johnson GA, Stewart-Wynne EG. Ascertaining the true incidence of stroke: experience from the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990. Med J Aust 1993; 158:80-4.
2. Anderson CS, Jamrozik KD, Stewart-Wynne EG. Patterns of acute hospital care, rehabilitation, and discharge disposition after acute stroke: the Perth Community Stroke Study 1989-1990. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4: 344-53.
3. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Quality of Care and Health Outcomes Committee. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Prevention of stroke -the role of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and carotid endarterectomy. 1997; 4.
4. Rose G: The strategy of preventive medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
5. Hankey GJ, Warlow CP: Transient ischaemic attacks of the brain and eye. WB Saunders Co Ltd, London, 1994.
6. Dennis MS, Bamford JM, Sandercock PAG, Warlow CP: A comparison of risk factors and prognosis for transient ischaemic attacks and minor ischaemic strokes. The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke 1989; 20: 1494-9.
7. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, O'Fallon JVM: Reversible ischaemic neurological deficit (RIND) in a community: Rochester, Minnesota, 1955-1974. Neurology 1982; 32: 459-65.
8. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M et al. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project- 1981-1986. Methodology, demography and incident cases of first-ever stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 1373-80.
9. Ricci S, Celani MG, Guercini G et al. First-year results of a community-based study of stroke incidence in Umbria, Italy. Stroke 1989; 20: 853-7.
10. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project - 1981-1986. Incidence, case fatality rates and overall outcome at one year of cerebral infarction, primary intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 16-22.
11. Anderson CS, Jamrozik KD, Burvill PW, Chakera TMH, Johnson GA, Stewart-Wynne EG: Determining the incidence of different subtypes of stroke: results from the Perth Community Stroke Study, 1989-1990. Med J Aust 1993; 158:85-9.
12. Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Warlow C. Incidence of transient ischaemic attacks in the Oxfordshire Community, England. Stroke 1989; 20: 333-9.
13. Ricci S, Celani MG, La Rosa F et al. A community-based study of incidence, risk factors and outcome of transient ischaemic attacks in Umbria, Italy: the SEPIVAC study. J Neurol 1991; 238: 87-90.
14. Whisnant JP, Wiebers DO. Clinical epidemiology of transient cerebral ischaemic attacks (TIA) in the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation. In: Sundt TM Jr (Ed.) Occlusive cerebrovascular disease, diagnosis and surgical management. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1987, 60-5.
15. Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P, Warlow C. Prognosis of transient ischaemic attacks in the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke 1990; 21: 848-53.
16. Goldner JC, Whisnant JP, Taylor WF. Long-term prognosis of transient cerebral ischaemic attacks. Stroke 1971; 2: 160-7.
17. Whisnant JP, Matsumoto N, Elveback LR. Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks in a community: Rochester, Minnesota, 1955 through 1969. Mayo Clin Proc 1973; 48: 194-8.
18. Ostfeld AM, Shekelle RB, Klawans HL. Transient ischaemic attacks and risk of stroke in an elderly poor population. Stroke 1973; 4: 980-6.
19. Sandercock PAG, Warlow CP, Jones LN, Starkey IR. Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project. Br Med J 1989; 298: 75-80.
20. Fratiglioni L, Arfaioli C, Nencini P, et al. Transient ischaemic attacks in the community: Occurrence and clinical characteristics. Neuroepidemiology 1989; 8: 87-96.
21. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke: 13000 strokes in 45000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet 1995; 346: 1647-53.
22. Collins R, Peto R. Antihypertensive drug therapy: effects on stroke and coronary heart disease. In: Swales JD (Ed). Textbook of hypertension. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994, 1156-64.
23. Johannesson Ai, Borgvist L, Jonsson B. The costs of treating hypertension in Sweden: An empirical investigation in primary health care. Scand J Prim Health Care 1991; 9: 155-60.
24. Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health. Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits. For approved pharmacists and medical practitioners. February 1, 1996, Australian Government Publishing Services, Canberra.
25. Shinton R, Beevers G. Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. Br Med J 1989; 298: 789-94.
26. Qizilbash N, Dufiy SW, Warlow CP, Mann J Lipids are risk factors for ischaemic stroke: Overview and review. Cerebrovascular Dis 1992; 2: 127-36.
27. Hebert PR, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. An overview of trials of cholesterol-lowering and risk of stroke. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 50-5.
28. Atkins D, Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Longstreth WT Jr, Larson EB. Cholesterol reduction and the risk of stroke in men. A meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 136-45.
29. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group: Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9.
30. Hankey GJ Transient ischaemic attacks: Prognosis, prognostic factors and prediction models of outcome. MD thesis, University of Western Australia, 1992.
31. Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration: Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy-1: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BrMed J 1994; 308: 81-106.
32. European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group: Secondary prevention in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet 1993; 342: 1255-62.
33. Gustafsson C, Asplund K, Britton M, Norrving B, Olsson B, Marke L-A. Cost-effectiveness of primary stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation patients: Swedish perspective. BrMed J 1992; 305: 1457-60.
34. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group: MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet 1991; 337: 1235-43.
35. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) collaborators: Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 445-53.
36. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Endarterectomy for moderate symptomatic carotid stenosis: interim results from the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial. Lancet 1996; 347: 1591-3.
37. Hankey GJ, Slattery JM, Warlow CP. The prognosis of hospital-referred transient ischaemic attacks. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 793-802.
38. Asplund K, Marke L-A, Terent A, Gustafsson C, Wester PO: Costs and gains in stroke prevention: European perspective. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993; 3(Suppl. 1): 34-42.
39. Patel MI, Hardman DTA, Fisher CM et al. The economic cost of carotid endarterectomy. Aust NZ J Surg 1995; 65: 475-9.