Women and the heterosexual transmission of HIV: Risks and prevention strategies

Women and Health

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 41-64

  Gavey, Nicola ^a   McPhillips, Kathryn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE CONTROL; HEALTH PROGRAM; HETEROSEXUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME--PREVENTION AND CONTROL; ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME--WOMEN; BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGY; DISEASES; HETEROSEXUALS--WOMEN; HIV INFECTIONS--PREVENTION AND CONTROL; HIV INFECTIONS--WOMEN; LITERATURE REVIEW; RISK FACTORS; SEX BEHAVIOR; VIRAL DISEASES; WORLD;

ADULT; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; NEW ZEALAND; RISK FACTORS; SEX EDUCATION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 0030850369     PISSN: 03630242     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J013v25n02_03     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (116)

1. AIDS Epidemiology Group. (1993). AIDS-New Zealand, 14. Dunedin: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School.
2. Albert, A.E., Warner, D.L., Hatcher, R.A., Trussell, J., & Bennett, C. (1995). Condom use among female commercial sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1514-1520.
3. Anderson, L. & Winchester, S. (1988). AIDS: Between rubber and reason. Off Our Backs, April, 12-13.
4. Becker, M.H. & Joseph, J.G. (1988). AIDS and behavioral change to reduce risk: A review. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 394-410.
5. Bell, N.K. (1989). Women and AIDS: Too little, too late? Hypatia, 4, 3-22.
6. Bennett, G., Chapman, S., & Bray, F. (1989). A potential source for the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus into the heterosexual population: Bisexual men who frequent "beats." The Medical Journal of Australia, 151, 314-318.
7. Buehler, J.W., Hanson, D.L., & Chu, S.Y. (1992). The reporting of HIV/AIDS deaths in women. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1500-1505.
8. Bulterys, M., Chao, A., Habimana, P., Dushiminana, A., Nawrocki, P., & Saah, A. (1994). Incident HIV-1 infection in a cohort of young women in Butare, Rwanda. AIDS, 8, 1585-1591.
9. Calabrese, L.H. & Gopalakrishnan, K.V. (1986). Transmission of HTLV-III infection from man to woman to man. The New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 987.
10. Carey, R.F., Herman, W.A., Retta, S.M., Rinaldi, J.E., Herman, B.A., & Athey, T.W. (1992). Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 19, 230-234.
11. Catania, J.A., Coates, T.J., Stall, R., Bye, L., Kegeles, S.M., Capell, F., Henne, J., McKusick, L., Morin, S., Turner, H., & Pollack, L. (1991). Changes in condom use among homosexual men in San Francisco. Health Psychology, 10, 190-199.
12. Cates, W., Stewart, F.H., & Trussell, J. (1992). The quest for women's prophylactic methods-hopes vs. science. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1479-1482.
13. Cates, W. & Stone, K.M. (1992). Family planning, sexually transmitted disease and contraceptive choice: A literature update-part 1. Family Planning Perspectives, 24, 75-84.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1988). Condoms for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 37, 133-137.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1989). Update: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-United States, 1981-1988. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 38, 229-236.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1992a). Heterosexual transmission of HIV-Puerto Rico, 1981-1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41, 899, 905-906.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1992b). Publicly funded HIV counselling and testing - United States, 1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41, 613-617.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993a). Condom use and sexual identity among men who have sex with men-Dallas, 1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 13-14.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993b). Impact of the expanded AIDS surveillance case definition on AIDS case reporting - United States, First Quarter, 1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 308-310.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993c). Update: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-United States, 1992. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 547-551, 557.
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993d). Update: Mortality attributable to HIV infection/AIDS among persons aged 25-44 years-United States, 1990 and 1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 481-486.
22. Chapman, S. & Hodgson, J. (1988). Showers in raincoats: Attitudinal barriers to condom-use in high-risk heterosexuals. Community Health Studies, 12, 97-105.
23. Chetwynd, J. (1992). Changes in sexual practices and some HIV related attitudes in New Zealand: 1987-9. New Zealand Medical Journal, 105, 237-239.
24. Chetwynd, J., Chambers, A., & Hughes, A.J. (1992). Condom use in anal intercourse amongst people who identify as homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual. New Zealand Medical Journal, 105, 262-264.
25. Chu, S.Y., Buehler, J.W., & Berkelman, R.L., (1990). Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality in women of reproductive age, United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 225-229.
26. Cline, R.J.W., Freeman, K.E., & Johnson, S.J. (1990). Talk among sexual partners about AIDS: Factors differentiating those who talk from those who do not. Communications Research, 17, 792-808.
27. Clumeck, N., Taelman, H., Hermans, P., Piot, P., Schoumacher, M., & De Witt, S. (1989). A cluster of HIV infection among heterosexual people without apparent risk factors. The New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 1460-1462.
28. Cochran, S.D. & Mays, V.M. (1990). Sex, lies, and HIV. The New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 774, 1990.
29. Cohen, E., Navaline, H., & Metzger, D., (1994). High-risk behaviors for HIV: A comparison between crack-abusing and opioid-abusing African-American women. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26, 233-241.
30. Conant, M., Hardy, D., Sernatinga, J., Spicer, D., & Levy, J.A. (1986). Condoms prevent transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus. [Letter to the editor]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, 1706.
31. Crawford, J., Turtle, A., & Kippax, S. (1990). Student favoured strategies for AIDS avoidance. Australian Journal of Psychology, 42, 123-137.
32. de Vincenzi, I., for the European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. (1994). A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. The New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 341-346.
33. Diaz, T., Buehler, J.W., Castro, K.G., & Ward, J.W. (1993). AIDS trends among Hispanics in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 504-509.
34. Doyal, L. (1994). HIV and AIDS: Putting women on the global agenda. In L. Doyal, J. Naidoo, & T. Wilton (Eds.) AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda (pp. 11-29). London: Taylor & Francis.
35. Drew, L., Blair, M., Miner, R.C., & Conant, M. (1990). Evaluation of the virus permeability of a new condom for women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 17, 110-112.
36. Edlin, B.R., Irwin, K.L., Faruque, S., McCoy, C.B., Word, C., Serrano, Y., Inciardi, J.A., Bowser, B.P., Schilling, R.F., Holmberg, S.D., & the Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team. (1994). Intersecting epidemics-Crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city adults. The New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 1422-1427.
37. Elias, C.J. & Heise, L.L. (1994). Challenges for the development of female-controlled vaginal microbicides. AIDS, 8, 1-9.
38. Ellen, J.M., Kohn, R.P., Bolan, G.A., Shiboski, S., & Krieger, N. (1995). Socio-economic differences in sexually transmitted disease rates among black and white adolescents, San Francisco, 1990-1992. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1546-1548.
39. Ellerton, T.V., Lieb, S., Harrington, P.E., Bush, T.J., Schoenfisch, S.A., Oxtoby, M.J., Howell, J.T., Rogers, M.F., & Witte, J.J. (1992). Heterosexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant women in a rural Florida community. The New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 1704-1709.
40. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. (1992). Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. British Medical Journal, 304, 809-813.
41. Farr, G., Gabelnick, H., Sturgen, K., & Dorflinger, L. (1994). Contraceptive efficacy and acceptability of the female condom. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1960-1964.
42. Fischl, M.A., Dickinson, G.M., Scott, G.B., Klimas, N., Fletcher, M.A., & Parks, W. (1987). Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children and household contacts of adults with AIDS. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257, 640-644.
43. Fullilove, R.E., Fullilove, M.T., Bowser, B.P., & Gross, S.A. (1995). Risk of sexually transmitted disease among black adolescent crack users in Oakland and San Francisco, Calif. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 851-855.
44. Gamson, J. (1990). Rubber wars: Struggles over the condom in the United States. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 1, 262-282.
45. Gavey, N. (1992). Technologies and effects of heterosexual coercion. Feminism & Psychology, 2, 325-351.
46. Goedert, J. (1987). What is safe sex: Suggested standards linked to testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 1339-1342.
47. Goldsmith, M.F. (1993). "Invisible" epidemic now becoming visible as HIV/ AIDS pandemic reaches adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 16-19, 1993.
48. Gollub, E.L. (1995). Women-centered prevention techniques and technologies. In A. O'Leary & L.S. Jemmott (Eds.) Women at Risk: Issues in the Primary Prevention of AIDS (pp. 43-82). New York and London: Plenum Press.
49. Gollub, E.L. & Stein, Z.A. (1993). The new female condom: Item 1 on a women's AIDS prevention agenda. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 498-500.
50. Gollub, E.L., Stein, Z., & El-Sadr, W. (1995). Short-term acceptability of the female condom among staff and patients at a New York City Hospital. Family Planning Perspectives, 27(4), 155-158.
51. Guinan, M.E. & Hardy, A. (1987). Epidemiology of AIDS in women in the United States: 1981 through 1986. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257, 2039-2042.
52. Harrison, D.F., Wambach, K.G., Byers, J.B., Imershein, A.W., Levine, P., Maddox, K., Quadagno, D.M., Fordyce, M.L., & Jones, M.A. (1991). AIDS knowledge and risk behaviors among culturally diverse women. AIDS Education and Prevention, 3, 79-89.
53. Hart, G.J., Sonnex, C., Petherick, A., Johnson, A.M., Feinmann, C., & Adler, M.W. (1989). Risk behaviours for HIV infection among injecting drug users attending a drug dependency clinic. British Medical Journal, 298, 1081-1083.
54. Hearst, N. & Hulley, S.B. (1988). Preventing the heterosexual spread of AIDS: Are we giving our patients the best advice? Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 2428-2432.
55. Hein, K. (1993). "Getting real" about HIV in adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 492-494.
56. Hicks, D.R., Martin, L.S., Getchell, J.P., Heath, J.L., Francis, D.P., McDougal, J.S., Curran, J.W., & Voeller, B. (1985). Inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV-infected cultures of normal human lymphocytes by nonoxynol-9 in vitro [Letter to the Editor]. Lancet, December, 1422-1423.
57. Hjorther, A., Nielsen, F.M., & Segest, E. (1990). Prevention of AIDS: Free condoms to drug abusers in the municipality of Copenhagen. The International Journal of Addictions, 25, 745-753.
58. Holibar, F. & Wyllie, A. (1992). A qualitative investigation into teenage relationships. Report by Alcohol and Public Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, commissioned by New Zealand Family Planning Association.
59. Inciardi, J.A. (1995). Crack, crack house sex, and HIV risk. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24, 249-269.
60. Jackson, M. (1984). Sex research and the construction of sexuality: A tool of male supremacy? Women's Studies International Forum, 7, 43-51.
61. Jaffe, L.R., Seehaus, M., Wagner, C., & Leadbeater, B.J. (1988). Anal intercourse and knowledge of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among minority-group female adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics, 112, 1005-1007.
62. Jayasuriya, D.C. (1991). The formulation and implementation of a national policy on condoms in the context of HIV/AIDS - a review. AIDS Care, 3, 3-9.
63. Jones, E.F. & Forrest, J.D. (1992). Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG. Family Planning Perspectives, 24, 12-19.
64. Karim, Q.A., Karim, S.S.A., Soldan, K., & Zondi, M. (1995). Reducing the risk of HIV infection among South African sex workers: Socioeconomic and gender barriers. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1521-1525.
65. Kegeles, S.M., Catania, J.A., & Coates, T.J. (1988). Intentions to communicate positive HIV-antibody status to sex partners [Letter to the Editor]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 216-217.
66. Kegeles, S.M., Catania, J.A., Coates, T.J., Pollack, L.M., & Lo, B. (1990). Many people who seek anonymous HIV-antibody testing would avoid it under other circumstances. AIDS, 4, 585-586.
67. Kreiss, J., Ngugi, E., Holmes, K., Ndinya-Achola, J., Waiyaki, P., Roberts, P.L., Ruminjo, I., Sajabi, R., Kimata, J., Fleming, T.R., Anzala, A., Holton, D., & Plummer, F. (1992). Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 477-482.
68. LeFranc, E., Wyatt, G.E., Chambers, C., Eldemire, D., Bain, B., & Ricketts, H. (1996). Working women's sexual risk taking in Jamaica. Social Science and Medicine, 42, 1411-1417.
69. Lemp, G.F., Jones, M., Kellogg, T.A., Nieri, G.N., Anderson, L., Withum, D., & Katz, M. (1995). HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors among lesbians and bisexual women in San Francisco and Berkeley, California. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1549-1552.
70. Messiah, A., Mouret-Fourme, E., & the French National Survey on Sexual Behavior Group. (1995). Sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior of bisexual men in France: Implications for HIV prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1543-1546.
71. Money, J. (1988). The ethics of pornography in the era of AIDS. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 14, 177-183.
72. Moss, G.B., Clemetson, D., D'Costa, L., Plummer, F.A., Ndinya-Achola, J.O., Reilly, M., Holmes, K.K., Piot, P., Maitha, G.M., Hillier, S.L., Kiviat, N.C., Cameron, C.W., Wamola, I.A., & Kreiss, J.K. (1991). Association of cervical ectopy with heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: Results of a study of couples in Nairobi, Kenya. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 164, 588-591.
73. Niruthisard, S., Roddy, R.E., & Chutivongse, S. (1991). The effects of frequent Nonoxynol-9 use on the vaginal and cervical mucosa. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 18, 176-179.
74. Osmond, M.W., Wambach, K.G., Harrison, D.F., Byers, J., Levine, P., Imershein, A., & Quadagno, D.M. (1993). The multiple jeopardy of race, class, and gender for AIDS risk among women. Gender & Society, 7, 99-120.
75. Padian, N., Marquis, L., Francis, D.P., Anderson, R.E., Rutherford, G.W., O'Malley, P.M., & Winklestein, W. (1987). Male-to-female transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Journal of the American Medical Association, 258, 788-791.
76. Padian, N. & Pickering, J. (1986). Female-to-male transmission of AIDS: A reexamination of the African sex ratio of cases [Letter to the editor]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256, 590.
77. Padian, N.S., Shiboski, S.C., & Jewell, N.P. (1991). Female-to-male transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 1664-1667.
78. Perlman, J.A., Kelaghan, J., Wolf, P.H., Baldwin, W., Coulson, A., & Novello, A. (1990). HIV risk difference between condom users and nonusers among U.S. heterosexual women. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 3, 155-165.
79. Peterman, T.A., Stonebumer, R.L., Allen, J.R., Jaffe, H.W., & Curran, J.W. (1988). Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 55-58.
80. Plummer, F.A., Simonsen, J.N., Cameron, D.W., Ndinya-Achola, J.O., Kreiss, J.K., Gakinya, M.N., Waiyaki, P., Cheang, M., Piot, P., Ronald, A.R., & Ngugi, E.N. (1991). Cofactors in male-female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 163, 233-239.
81. Read, V. (1990). Women and AIDS. Australian Nurses Journal, 20, 22-24.
82. Reinisch, J.M., Sanders, S.A., & Ziemba-Davis, M. (1988). The study of sexual behavior in relation to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: Caveats and recommendations. American Psychologist, 43, 921-927.
83. Reinisch, J.M., Sanders, S.A., & Ziemba-Davis, M. (1990). Sex research and the AIDS crisis. In B. Voeller, J.M. Reinisch, & M. Gottlieb (Eds.) AIDS and Sex: An Integrated Biomedical and Biobehavioral Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Reiss, I.L. & Leik, R.K. (1989). Evaluating strategies to avoid AIDS: Number of partners vs. use of condoms. Journal of Sex Research, 26, 411-433.
85. Richters, J., Donovan, B., Gerofi, J., & Watson, L. (1988). Low condom breakage rate in commercial sex [Letter to the Editor]. Lancet, December, 1487-1488.
86. Richters, J., Watson, R., Gerofi, J., & Donovan, B. (1989). In search of the perfect condom. Healthright, 9, 16-19.
87. Rosenberg, M.J. & Gollub, E.L. (1992). Methods women can use that may prevent sexually transmitted disease, including HIV. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1473-1478.
88. Saracco, A., Musicco, M., Nicolosi, A., Angarano, G., Arici, C., Gavazzeni, G., Costigliola, P., Gafa, S., Gervasoni, C., Luzzati, R., Piccinino, F., Puppo, F., Salassa, B., Sinicco, A., Stellini, R., Tirelli, U., Turbessi, G., Vigevani, G.M., Visco, G., Zerboni, R., & Lazzarin, A. (1993). Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: Longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 6, 497-502.
89. Schoenbaum, E.E. & Webber, M.P. (1993). The underrecognition of HIV infection in women in an inner-city emergency room. American Journal of Public Heath, 83, 363-368.
90. Schultz, S., Milberg, J.A., Kristal, A.R., & Stoneburner, R.L. (1986). Female-to-male transmission of HTLV-III [Letter to the editor]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, 1703-1704.
91. Segest, E., Mygind, O., Jorgensen, W., Bechgaard, M., & Fallov, J. (1990). Free condoms in youth clubs in Copenhagen. Journal of Adolescence, 13, 17-24.
92. Sherr, L., Strong, C., & Goldmeier, D. (1990). Sexual behavior, condom use and prediction in attenders at sexually transmitted disease clinics-implications for counselling. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 3, 343-353.
93. Shervington, D.O. (1993). The acceptability of the female condom among low-income African-American women. Journal of the National Medical Association, 85, 341-347.
94. Simonsen, J.N., Plummer, F.A., Ngugi, E.N., Black, C., Kreiss, J.K., Gakinya, M.N., Waiyaki, P., D'Costa, L.J., Ndinya-Achola, J.O., Piot, P., & Ronald, A. (1990). HIV infection among lower socioeconomic strata prostitutes in Nairobi. AIDS, 4, 139-144.
95. Stein, Z. (1993). HIV prevention: An update on the status of methods women case use. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1379-1382.
96. Stein, Z. (1995). Editorial: More on women and the prevention of HIV infection. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1485-1488.
97. Sterk, C. (1988). Cocaine and HIV seropositivity [Letter to the editor]. Lancet, May 7, 1052-1053.
98. Stoker, L. (1990). Falling in love with condoms. Healthright, 9, 35-37.
99. Trussell, J., Sturgen, K., Strickler, J., & Dominik, R. (1994). Comparative contraceptive efficacy of the female condom and other barrier methods. Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 66-72.
100. Tyler, J.P.P. (1987). Transmission of AIDS: Prospects for AID programs. Healthright, 6, 7-10.
101. Vermund, S.H., Hein, K., Gayle, H.D., Cary, J.M., Thomas, P.A., & Drucker, E. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among adolescents: Case surveillance profiles in New York City and the rest of the United States. American Journal of Diseases of the Child, 143, 1220-1225.
102. Vlasblom, R. & de Vroome, E. (1990). Condoms as a means of protection against STD/AIDS. In M. Paalman (Ed.) Promoting Safer Sex: Prevention of Sexual Transmissions of AIDS and other STD (pp. 218-232). Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger.
103. Voeller, B. (1991). AIDS and heterosexual anal intercourse. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 233-276.
104. Waldby, C., Kippax, S., & Crawford, J. (1990). Theory in the bedroom: A report from the Macquarie University AIDS and heterosexuality project. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 25, 177-185, 1990.
105. Wasserheit, J.N. (1992). Epidemiological synergy: Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 19, 61-77.
106. Weatherburn, P., Davies, P.M., Hunt, A.J., Coxon, A.P.M., & McManus, T.J. (1990). Heterosexual behavior in a large cohort of homosexually active men in England and Wales. AIDS Care, 2, 319-324.
107. WHO. (1991). The Global HIV/AIDS Situation. Office of Information In Point of Fact No 74. Geneva: World Health Organization.
108. WHO. (1993). 13 million HIV positive women by 2000. Office of Information Press Release WHO/69. Geneva: World Health Organization.
109. WHO. (1994). 60% increase in estimated AIDS cases worldwide: Mounting concern for epidemic in Asia. Office of Information Press Release WHO/53. Geneva: World Health Organization.
110. Wiley, J.A., Herschkorn, S.J., & Padian, N.S. (1989). Heterogeneity in the probability of HIV transmission per sexual contact: The case of male-to-female transmission in penile-vaginal intercourse. Statistics Med., 8, 93-102.
111. Wilton, T. (1991). Desire and the Politics of Representation: Issues for Lesbians and Heterosexual Women. Unpublished paper. Bristol Polytechnic, England.
112. Wilton, T. (1991). Feminism and the Erotics of Health Promotion. Unpublished paper. Bristol Polytechnic, England.
113. Worth, D. (1989). Sexual decision-making and AIDS: Why condom promotion among vulnerable women is likely to fail. Studies in Family Planning, 20, 297-307.
114. Wyatt, G.E. (in press). Ethnic and cultural differences in women's sexual behavior. In S. Blumenthal, A. Eichler, & G. Weissman (Eds.) Women and AIDS: Promoting Healthy Behavior.
115. Wykoff, R.F. (1986). Female-to-male transmission of HTLV-III [Letter to the editor]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, 1704-1705.
116. Zekeng, L., Feldblum, P.J., Oliver, R.M., & Kaptue, L. (1993). Barrier contraceptive use and HIV infection among high-risk women in Cameroon. AIDS, 7, 725-731.