Cryptosporidiosis in children during a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic findings

Epidemiology and Infection

Volumn 119, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 53-60

  Cicirello, H G ^a,d   Kehl, K S ^b   Addiss, D G ^a,e   Chusid, M J ^b   Glass, R I ^a   Davis, J P ^c   Havens, P L ^b  

^a NATL CENTER FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^c WISCONSIN DIVISION OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (United States)

^e CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; FECES ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFANT; INTERVIEW; LABORATORY TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEWBORN; PARENT; UNITED STATES; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER SUPPLY; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FECES; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; WATER SUPPLY; WEIGHT LOSS; WISCONSIN;

EID: 0030847601     PISSN: 09502688     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268897007589     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Current W, Reese NC, Ernst JV, et al. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons: studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1252-7.
2. Payer, R, Ungar BLP. Cryptosporidium species and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiol Rev 1986; 50: 458-83.
3. MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 161-7.
4. Hendrickson DA, Krenze MM. Reagents and stains. In: Balows A, ed. Manual of clinical microbiology, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1991; 1303-8.
5. Grasmick A. Processing and interpretation of bacterial fecal cultures. In: Isenberg HD, ed. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1992: 1.10.1-25.
6. Crede P. Microscopic examination of fecal specimens: concentration by formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation. In: Isenberg H, ed. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1994: 7.3.4.1-5.
7. Jokipii L, Jokipii MM. Timing of symptoms and oocyst excretion in human cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1643-7.
8. Dean AG, Dean JA, Burton AH, et al. Epi Info, Version 5: a word processing, database, and statistics program for epidemiology on microcomputers. Stone Mountain, Georgia: USD, Incorporated, 1990.
9. SAS Institute Inc. SAS, Release 6.03 Edition. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute Inc., 1988.
10. Casemore DP. Epidemiological aspects of human cryptosporidiosis. Epidemiol Infect 1990; 104: 1-28.
11. Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR. Comparison of conventional staining methods and monoclonal antibody-based methods for Cryptosporidium oocyst detection. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1490-5.
12. Garcia LS, Shum AC, Bruckner DA. Evaluation of a new monoclonal antibody combination reagent for direct fluorescence detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 3255-7.
13. Stibbs HH, Ongerth JE. Immunofluorescence detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal smears. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 517-21.
14. Garcia LS, Brewer TC, Bruckner DA. Fluorescence detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens by using monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25: 119-21.
15. Weber R, Bryan RT, Bishop HS, et al. Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 1323-7.
16. DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, et al. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 855-9.
17. Angus KW. Cryptosporidiosis in ruminants. In: Dubey JP, Speer CA, Fayer R, eds. Cryptosporidiosis of man and animals. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1990: 85-100.
18. MacKenzie WR, Schell WL, Blair KA, et al. Massive outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 57-62.
19. Meisel JL, Perera DR, Meligro C, et al. Overwhelming watery diarrhoea associated with Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 1156-60.
20. Lasser KH, Lewin KJ, Ryning FW. Cryptosporidial enteritis in a patient with congenital hypogamma-globulinemia. Hum Pathol 1979; 10: 234-40.
21. Weisburger WR, Hutcheon DF, Yardley JH, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient with IgA deficiency. Am J Clin Pathol 1979; 72: 473-8.
22. Stemmermann GN, Hayashi T, Glober GA, et al. Cryptosporidiosis. Report of a fatal case complicated by disseminated toxoplasmosis. Am J Med 1980; 69: 637-42.
23. Weinstein L, Edelstein SM, Madare JL, et al. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis complicated by disseminated cytomegalovirus infection. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 584-91.
24. Sloper KS, Dourmashikin RR, Bird RB, et al. Chronic malabsorption due to cryptosporidiosis in a child with immunoglobulin deficiency. Gut 1982; 23: 80-2.
25. Manivel C, Filipovich A, Snover DC. Cryptosporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea following bone marrow transplantation. Dis Colon Rectum 1985; 28: 741-2.
26. Kibbler CC, Smith A, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, et al. Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis occurring in a bone marrow transplant patient. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19: 581-4.