Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Magnoliales and winteroids

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 124, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 213-271

  Igersheim, Anton ^a   Endress, Peter K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Basal angiosperms; Carpels; Early flower evolution; Magnoliidae; Ovules; Structure and evolution

Indexed keywords

ANNONACEAE; AUSTROBAILEYACEAE; CANELLACEAE; DEGENERIACEAE; EUPOMATIACEAE; HIMANTANDRACEAE; MAGNOLIACEAE; MAGNOLIALES; MAGNOLIIDAE; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; MYRISTICACEAE; SCHISANDRACEAE; WINTERACEAE;

EID: 0030844387     PISSN: 00244074     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/bojl.1997.0102     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. Armstrong JE, Tucker SC. 1986. Floral development in Myristica (Myristicaceae). American Journal of Botany 73: 1131-1143.
2. Armstrong JE, Wilson TK. 1978. Floral morphology of Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae). American Journal of Botany 65: 441-449.
3. Asana JJ, Adatia RD. 1947. Contributions to the embryology of the Anonaccae. I. Artabotrys odoratissimus R.Br. Journal of the University of Bombay, new Ser. 16: 7-21.
4. Bailey IW, Nast CG. 1943. The comparative morphology of the Winteraceae. II. Carpels. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 24: 472-481.
5. Bailey IW, Swamy BGL. 1949. The morphology and relationships of Austrobaileya. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 30: 211-226.
6. Bailey IW, Swamy BGL. 1951. The conduplicate carpel of dicotyledons and its initial trends of specialization. American Journal of Botany 38: 373-379.
7. Bailey IW, Nast CG, Smith AC. 1943. The family Himantandraceae. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 24: 190-206.
8. Baillon H. 1868. Magnoliacées. In: Histoire des plantes, 1. Paris: Hachette, 133-192.
9. Behnke H-D. 1988. Sieve-element plastids, phloem protein, and evolution of flowering plants: III. Magnoliidae. Taxon 37: 699-732.
10. Behnke H-D. 1991. Sieve-element characters of Myristicaceae: Nuclear crystals, S-and P-type plastids, nacreous walls. Nordic Journal of Botany 11: 333-344.
11. Bhandari NN. 1964. Embryology of Pseudowintera colorata - a vesselless dicotyledon. Phytomorphology 13: 303-316.
12. Bhandari NN. 1971. Embryology of the Magnoliales and comments on their relationships. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 52: 1-39, 285-304.
13. Bor J. 1978. A note on anatropy versus orthotropy. Phytomorphology 28: 219-224.
14. Bouman F. 1974. Developmental studies of the ovule, integuments and seed in some angiosperms. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam. Narden: Los.
15. Bouman F. 1977. Integumentary studies in the Polycarpicae. IV. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 26: 213-223.
16. Bouman F. 1984. The ovule. In: Johri BM, ed. Embryology of angiosperms. Berlin: Springer, 123-157.
17. Boutique R. 1967. Canellaceae. In: Flore du Congo, du Rwanda et du Burundi. 4 pp. Bruxelles: Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
18. Briechle-Mäck MH. 1994. Beiträge zur Histogenese der Blüten und Früchte pseudosynkarper Annonaceen-Arten. Deutsche Hochschulschriften 1028. Egelsbach: Hänsel-Hohenhausen, 1-133.
19. Canright JE. 1960. The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. III. Carpels. American Journal of Botany 47: 145-155.
20. Carlquist S. 1970. Toward acceptable evolutionary interpretations of floral anatomy. Phytomorphology 19: 332-362.
21. Chase MW, Soltis DE, Olmstead RG, Morgan D, Les DH, Mishler BD, Duvall MR, Price RA, Hills HG, Qiu Y-L, Kron KA, Rettig JH, Conti E, Palmer JD, Manhart JR, Sytsma KJ, Michaels HJ, Kress WJ, Karol KG, Clark WD, Hedrén M, Gaut BS, Jansen RK, Kim K-J, Wimpee CF, Smith JF, Furnier GR, Strauss SH, Xiang Q-Y, Plunkett GM, Soltis PS, Swensen SM, Williams SE, Gadek PA, Quinn CJ, Eguiarte LE, Golenberg E, Learn GH JR, Graham SW, Barrett SCH, Dayanandan S, Albert VA. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 528-580.
22. Christmann M. 1989. Die tritegmischen Annonaceen-Samen. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 110: 433-439.
23. Coen E, Meyerowitz EM. 1991. The war of the whorls: genetic interactions controlling flower development. Nature 353: 31-37.
24. Corner EJH. 1949. The annonaceous seed and its four integuments. New Phytologist 48: 332-364.
25. Corner EJH. 1976. The seeds of dicotyledons, 1/2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Crane PR. 1985. Phylogenctic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72: 716-793.
27. Crane PR, Dilcher D. 1984. Lesqueria: An early angiosperm from the Cenomanian of the Western Interior of North America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 351-383.
28. Crane PR, Friis EM, Pedersen KR. 1995. The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature 374: 27-33.
29. Crepet WL, Nixon KC. 1994. Flowers of Turonian Magnoliidae and their implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution. Supplement 8: 73-91.
30. Cronquist A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press.
31. Dahlgren R, Bremer K. 1985. Major clades of the angiosperms. Cladistics 1: 349-368.
32. de Boer R, Bouman F. 1972. Integumentary studies in the Polycarpicae. II. Magnolia stellata and Magnolia virginiana. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 21: 617-629.
33. de Boer R, Bouman F. 1974. Integumentary studies in Polycarpicae. III. Drimys winteri (Winteraceae). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 23: 19-27.
34. Deroin T. 1985. Contribution à la morphologie comparée du gynécée des Annonaceae-Monodoroideae. Bulletin du Museum National de l'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Sér. 4, 7, B, Adansonia: 167-176.
35. Deroin T. 1987. Anatomie florale de Meiocarpidium Engler & Diels (Annonaceae-Unoneae). Bulletin du Museum National de l'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Sér. 4, 9, B, Adansonia: 81-93.
36. Deroin T. 1988. Aspects anatomiques et biologiques de la fleur des Annonacées. Unpublished Thesis, D.Sci., Université de Paris-Sud, Centre D'Orsay.
37. Deroin T. 1991. La répartition des modèles de plateaux stigmatiques et l'évolution des Annonacées. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Sér. III, 312: 561-566.
38. Deroin T, Leroy J-F. 1993. Sur l'interprétation de la vascularisation ovarienne de Takhtajania (Wintéracées). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Sér. III, 316: 725-729.
39. de Wilde WJJO. 1985. A new account of the genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt. 2. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 38: 55-144.
40. de Wilde WJJO. 1994a. Taxonomic review of Myristica (Myristicaceae) in the Pacific. Blumea 38: 349-406.
41. de Wilde WJJO. 1994b. Paramyristica, a new genus of Myristicaceae. Blumea 39: 341-350.
42. Diels L. 1917. Über die Gattung Himantandra, ihre Verbreitung und ihre systematische Stellung. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 55: 126-134.
43. Donoghue MJ, Doyle JA. 1989a. Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and the relationships of Hamamelidae. In: Crane PR, Blackmore S, eds. Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae, 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 17-45.
44. Donoghue MJ, Doyle JA. 1989b. Phylogenetic studies of seed plants and angiosperms based on morphological characters. In: Fernholm B, Bremer K, Jörnvall H. eds. The hierarchy of life. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 181-193.
45. Doyle JA. 1978. Origin of angiosperms. Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics 9: 365-392.
46. Doyle JA. 1994. Origin of the angiosperm flower: a phylogenetic perspective. Plant Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 8: 7-29.
47. Doyle JA. 1996. Seed plant phylogeny and the relationships of Gnetales. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157: S3-S39.
48. Doyle JA, Donoghue MJ. 1986. Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of angiosperms: an experimental cladistic approach. Botanical Review 52: 321-431.
49. Doyle JA, Hotton CL. 1991. Diversification of early angiosperm pollen in a cladistic context. In: Blackmore S, Barnes SH, eds. Pollen and spores. Patterns of diversification. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 169-195.
50. Doyle JA, Le Thomas A. 1994. Cladistic analysis and pollen evolution in Annonaceae. Acta Botanica Gallica 141: 149-170.
51. Eames AJ. 1961. Morphology of the angiosperms. New York: McGraw-Hill.
52. Ehrendorfer F. 1976. Evolutionary significance of chromosomal differentiation patterns in gymnosperms and primitive angiosperms. In: Beck CB, ed. Origin and early evolution of angiosperms. New York: Columbia University Press, 220-240.
53. Endress PK. 1969. Gesichtspunkte zur systematischen Stellung der Eupteleaceen (Magnoliales). Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 79: 229-278.
54. Endress PK. 1973. Arils and aril-like structures in woody Ranales. New Phytologist 72: 1159-1171.
55. Endress PK. 1975. Nachbarliche Formbeziehungen mit Hüllfunktion im Infloreszenz-und Blütenbereich. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 96: 1-44.
56. Endress PK. 1977. Ueber Blütenbau und Verwandtschaft der Eupomatiaceae und Himantandraceae. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 90: 83-103.
57. Endress PK. 1980. The reproductive structures and systematic position of the Austrobaileyaceae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 101: 393-433.
58. Endress PK. 1982. Syncarpy and alternative modes of escaping disadvantages of apocarpy in primitive angiosperms. Taxon 31: 48-52.
59. Endress PK. 1983. The early floral development of Austrobaileya. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 103: 481-497.
60. Endress PK. 1984. The flowering process in the Eupomatiaceae (Magnoliales). Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 104: 297-319.
61. Endress PK. 1986. Reproductive structures and phylogenetic significance of extant primitive angiosperms. Plant Systematics and Evolution 152: 1-28.
62. Endress PK. 1990. Evolution of reproductive structures and functions in primitive angiosperms (Magnoliidae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 55: 5-34.
63. Endress PK. 1993. Eupomatiaceae/Himantandraceae. In: Kubitzki K, Rohwer JG, Bittrich V, eds. The families and genera of vascular plants, 2. Berlin: Springer, 296-300/338-341.
64. Endress PK. 1994a. Floral structure and evolution of primitive angiosperms: recent advances. Plant Systematics and Evolution 192: 79-97.
65. Endress PK. 1994b. Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Endress PK. 1996. Structure and function of female and bisexual organ complexes in Gnetales. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157: S113-S125.
67. Erbar C. 1983. Zum Karpellbau einiger Magnoliiden. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 104: 3-31.
68. Erbar C, Leins P. 1982. Zur Spirale in Magnolien-Blüten. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 56: 225-241.
69. Erbar C, Leins P. 1983. Zur Sequenz von Blütenorganen bei einigen Magnoliiden. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 103: 433-449.
70. Friis EM, Endress PK. 1990. Origin and evolution of angiosperm flowers. Advances in Botanical Research 17: 99-162.
71. Gaiser JC, Robinson-Beers K, Gasser CS. 1995. The Arabidopsis SUPERMAN gene mediates asymmetric growth of the outer integument of ovules. Plant Cell 7: 333-345.
72. Gerlach D. 1984. Botanische Mikrotechnik. Stuttgart: Thieme.
73. Gilg E. 1925. Canellaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K, eds. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 2), 21. Leipzig: Engelmann, 323-328.
74. Gottsberger G, Silberbauer-Gottsberger I, Ehrendorfer F. 1980. Reproductive biology in the primitive relic angiosperm Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 135: 11-39.
75. Guédès M. 1968. Le carpelle du Tulipier (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 115: 372-378.
76. Guédès M, Le Thomas A. 1981. Le gynécée syncarpe de Monodora (Annonacées-Monodoroidées). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Sér III, 292: 1025-1028.
77. Herr JM, Jr. 1995. The origin of the ovule. American Journal of Botany 82: 547-564.
78. Heslop-Harrison Y, Shivanna KR. 1977. The receptive surface of the angiosperm stigma. Annals of Botany 41: 1233-1258.
79. Hiepko P. 1966. Das Blütendiagramm von Drimys winteri J.R. et G. Forst. (Winteraceae). Willdenowia 4: 221-226.
80. Igersheim A. 1993. The character states of the Caribbean monotypic Strumpfia (Rubiaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 13: 545-559.
81. Igersheim A, Cichocki O. 1996. A simple method for microtome sectioning of prehistoric charcoal specimens embedded in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Reviews in Palaeobotany and Palynology 92: 389-393.
82. Igersheim A, Endress PK. 1996. Functional syncarpy in the two primitive apocarpous angiosperms Kadsura japonica (Schisandraceae) and Galbulimima baccata (Himantandraceae). 14th International Congress of Sexual Plant Reproduction, Melbourne, Abstract.
83. Imaichi R, Kato M. 1996. A scanning electron microscopic study of ovule development in Dillenia suffruticosa (Dilleniaceae). Phytomorphology 46: 45-51.
84. Imaichi R, Kato M, Okada H. 1995. Morphology of the outer integument in three primitive angiosperm families. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1242-1249.
85. Jalan S. 1966. Carpellary and ovular vascularization in two species of Schisandra Michaux. Science and Culture 32: 372-373.
86. Kaeiser M, Boyce SG. 1962. Embryology of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Phytomorphology 12: 103-109.
87. Kamelina OP. 1981. On the embryology of the non-investigated taxons. I. Some data on the embryology of Eupomatiaceae. Botaniceskij Zhurnal, Moscow & Leningrad 66: 854-859.
88. Kapil RN, Bhandari NN. 1964. Morphology and embryology of Magnolia Dill. ex Linn. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science of India B 30: 245-262.
89. Kato M. 1990. Ophioglossaceae: a hypothetical archetype for the angiosperm carpel. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 102: 303-311.
90. Kato M. 1991. Further comments on an ophioglossoid archetype for the angiosperm carpel: ovular paedomorphosis. Taxon 40: 189-194.
91. King G. 1893. The Annonaceae of British India. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta 4: 1-169 (and plates).
92. Kramer D. 1969. Comparative anatomical studies in the Annonaceae, section Xylopieae. PhD Thesis, Indiana University. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
93. Kubitzki K. 1993. Canellaceae. In: Kubitzki K, Rohwer JG, Bittrich V, eds. The families and genera of vascular plants, 2. Berlin: Springer, 200-203.
94. Leinfellner W. 1966a. Über die Karpelle verschiedener Magnoliales. I. Illicium (Illiciaceae). Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 113: 383-389.
95. Leinfellner W. 1966b. Über die Karpelle verschiedener Magnoliales. III. Schisandra (Schisandraceae). Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 113: 563-569.
96. Leinfellner W. 1967a. Über die Karpelle verschiedener Magnoliales. IV. Magnolia und Michelia. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 114: 73-83.
97. Leinfellner W. 1967b. Über die Karpelle verschiedener Magnoliales. V. Pleodendron (Canellaceae). Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 114: 502-507.
98. Leinfellner W. 1969. Über die Karpelle verschiedener Magnoliales. VIII. Ueberblick über alle Familien der Ordnung. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 117: 107-127.
99. Leins P, Erbar C. 1980. Zur Entwicklung der Blüten von Monodora crispata (Annonaceae) Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 55: 11-22.
100. Leins P, Erbar C. 1982. Das monokarpellate Gynoeceum von Monodora crispata (Annonaceae). Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 57: 1-13.
101. Leroy J-F. 1977. A compound ovary with open carpels in Winteraceae (Magnoliales): evolutionary implications. Science 196: 977-978.
102. Lloyd DG, Wells MS. 1992. Reproductive biology of a primitive angiosperm, Pseudowintera colarata (Winteraceae), and the evolution of pollination systems in the Anthophyta. Plant Systematics and Evolution 181: 77-95.
103. Loconte H, Stevenson DW. 1991. Cladistics of the Magnoliidae. Cladistics 7: 267-296.
104. Long AG. 1977. Lower Carboniferous pteridosperm cupules and the origin of angiosperms. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 70: 13-35.
105. Long AG. 1984. The cupule-carpel theory. A defence. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 44: 281-285.
106. Lozano-C G. 1983. Magnoliaceae. In: Pinto P, ed. Flora de Colombia, 1. Bogota: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1-119.
107. Lucas PW, Lowrey TK, Pereiras BP, Sarafis V, Kuhn W. 1991. The ecology of Mezzettia leptopoda (Hk. f. et Thoms.) Oliv. (Annonaceae) seeds as viewed from a mechanical perspective. Functional Ecology 5: 545-553.
108. Matsui M, Imaichi R, Kato M. 1993. Ovular development and morphology in some Magnoliaceae species. Journal of Plant Research 106: 297-304.
109. Melville R. 1969. Studies in floral structure and evolution. I. The Magnoliales. Kew Bulletin 23: 133-180.
110. Meyen SV. 1988. Origin of the angiosperm gynoecium by gamoheterotopy. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 97: 171-178.
111. Meyerowitz EM. 1994. Flower development and evolution: new answers and new questions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 5735-5737.
112. Modrusan Z, Reiser L, Feldmann KA, Fischer RL, Haughn GW. 1994. Homeotic transformation of ovules into carpel-like structures in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 6: 333-349.
113. Mohana Rao PR. 1983. Seed and fruit anatomy in Eupomatia laurina with a discussion of the affinities of Eupomatiaceae. Flora 173: 311-319.
114. Morawetz W. 1986. Karyosystematics and evolution of Australian Annonaceae as compared with Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, and Austrobaileyaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 159: 49-79.
115. Nixon KC, Crepet WL, Stevenson D, Friis EM. 1994. A reevaluation of seed plant phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 484-533.
116. Nooteboom HP. 1985. Notes on Magnoliaceae with a revision of Pachylarnax and Elmerrillia and the Malesian species of Manglietia and Michelia. Blumea 31: 65-121.
117. Nooteboom HP. 1987. Notes on Magnoliaceae II. Revision of Magnolia sections Maingola (Malesian species), Aromadendron, and Blumiana. Blumea 32: 343-382.
118. Ozenda P. 1946. Sur l'anatomie libéroligneuse des Schizandracées. Comptes Rendus Hébdomadaires de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris 223: 207-209.
119. Parameswaran N. 1962. Floral morphology and embryology in some taxa of the Canellaceae. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences B 55: 167-182.
120. Periasamy K, Swamy BGL. 1956. The conduplicate carpel of Cananga odorata. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 37: 366-372.
121. Perrier de la Bâthie H. 1954. Canellacées. In: Humbert H, ed. Flore de Madagascar, 138. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1-11.
122. Philipson WR. 1974. Ovular morphology and the major classification of the dicotyledons. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 68: 89-108.
123. Philipson WR. 1977. Ovular morphology and the classification of dicotyledons. Plant Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 1: 123-140.
124. Prakash N, Foreman DB, Griffith SJ. 1984. Gametogenesis in Galbulimima belgraveana (Himantandraceae). Australian Journal of Botany 32: 605-612.
125. Prakash N, Lim AL, Sampson FB. 1992. Anther and ovule development in Tasmannia (Winteraceae). Australian Journal of Botany 40: 877-885.
126. Qiu Y-L, Chase MW, Les DH, Parks CR. 1993. Molecular phylogenetics of the Magnoliidae: cladistic analyses of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 587-606.
127. Ray A, Robinson-Beers K, Ray S, Baker SC, Lang JD, Preuss D, Milligan SB, Gasser CS. 1994. Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene BELL (BEL1) controls ovule development through negative regulation of AGAMOUS gene (AG). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 5761-5765.
128. Retallack G, Dilcher DL. 1981. Arguments for a glossopterid ancestry of angiosperms. Paleobiology 7: 54-67.
129. Robertson RE, Tucker SC. 1979. Floral ontogeny of Illicium floridanum, with emphasis on stamen and carpel development. American Journal of Botany 66: 605-617.
130. Robinson-Beers K, Pruitt RE, Gasser CS. 1992. Ovule development in wild-type Arabidopsis and two female-sterile mutants. Plant Cell 4: 1237-1249.
131. Rohweder O. 1982. Morphologie der Angiospermen. In: Rohweder O, Endress PK, Samenpflanzen. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1-128.
132. Ronse Decraene L-P, Smets E. 1990. The floral development of Popowia whitei (Annonaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 10: 411-420.
133. Ronse Decraene L-P, Smets E. 1993. The distribution and systematic relevance of the androecial character polymery. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 285-350.
134. van Royen P. 1962. Sertulum Papuanum 6. Himantandraceae. Nova Guinea, Botany 8-10: 127-135.
135. Sampson FB. 1963. The floral morphology of Pseudowintera, the New Zealand member of the vesselless Winteraceae. Phytomorphology 13: 403-423.
136. Sampson FB, Kaplan DR. 1970. Origin and development of the terminal carpel in Pseudowintera traversii. American Journal of Botany 57: 1185-1196.
137. Sampson FB, Tucker SC. 1978. Placentation in Exospermum stipitatum (Winteraceae). Botanical Gazette 139: 215-222.
138. Sastri RLN. 1954. Structure and development of nutmeg seed. Current Science 5: 172-173.
139. Sastri RLN. 1957. The vascularization of the ovules in Saccopetalum tomentosum H.f. and T. Current Science 26: 183.
140. Sastri RLN. 1969. Comparative morphology and phylogeny of the Ranales. Biological Review 44: 291-319.
141. Schneitz K, Hülskamp M, Pruitt RE. 1995. Wild-type ovule development in Arabidopsis thaliana: a light microscope study of cleared whole-mount tissue. Plant Journal 7: 731-749.
142. Schneitz K, Hülskamp M, Kopczak SD, Pruitt RE. 1997. Dissection of sexual organ ontogenesis: a genetic analysis of ovule development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 124: 1367-1376.
143. Smith AC. 1947. The families Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae. Sargentia 7: 1-224.
144. Smith AC. 1981. Flora Vitiensis Nova, 2. Lawai: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden.
145. Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Nickrent DL, Johnson LA, Hahn WJ, Hoot SB, Sweere JA, Kuzoff RK, Kron KA, Chase MW, Swenson SM, Zimmer EA, Chaw S-M, Gillespie LJ, Kress WJ, Sytsma KJ. 1997. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 84: 1-49.
146. Stebbins GL. 1974. Flowering plants. Evolution above the species level. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
147. Steinecke H. 1993. Embryologische, morphologische und systematische Untersuchungen ausgewählter Annonaceae. Dissertationes Botanicae 205: 1-237.
148. Svoma E, Morawetz W. 1991. Beiträge zur Embryologie einiger Magnoliidae. 10. Symposium Morphologie, Anatomie, Systematik, University of Göttingen, Abstract.
149. Swamy BGL. 1949. Further contributions to the morphology of the Degeneriaceae. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 30: 10-38.
150. Swamy BGL. 1952. Some aspects in the embryology of Zygogynum bailloni V. Tiegh. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science of India B 18: 399-406.
151. Takhtajan A. 1987. Systema Magnoliophytorum. Leningrad: Nauka.
152. Taylor DW. 1991. Angiosperm ovules and carpels: Their characters and polarities, distribution in basal clades, and structural evolution. Postilla 208: 1-40.
153. Taylor DW, Kirchner G. 1996. The origin and evolution of the angiosperm carpel. In: Taylor DW, Hickey LJ, eds. Flowering plant origin, evolution and phylogeny. New York: Chapman & Hall, 116-140.
154. Taylor TN, Del Fueyo GM, Taylor EL. 1994. Permineralized seed fern cupules from the Triassic of Antarctica: implications for cupule and carpel evolution. American Journal of Botany 81: 666-677.
155. Thien LB. 1980. Patterns of pollination in the primitive angiosperms. Biotropica 12: 1-13.
156. Thien LB. 1982. Fly pollination in Drimys (Winteraceae), a primitive angiosperm. In: Gressitt JL, ed. Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea. The Hague: Junk, 529-533.
157. Le Thomas A. 1969. Annonacées. In: Aubréville A, ed. Flore du Gabon, 16. Paris: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1-371.
158. Thorne RF. 1983. Proposed new alignments in the angiosperms. Nordic Journal of Botany 3: 85-117.
159. Thorne RF. 1996. The least specialized angiosperms. In: Taylor DW, Hickey LJ, eds. Flowering plant origin, evolution and phylogeny. New York: Chapman & Hall, 286-313.
160. Tomlinson PB, Braggins JE, Rattenbury JA. 1991. Pollination drop in relation to cone morphology in Podocarpaceae: a novel reproductive mechanism. American Journal of Botany 78: 1289-1303.
161. Tucker SC. 1959. Ontogeny of the inflorescence and the flower in Drimys winteri var. chilensis. University of California Publications in Botany 30: 257-336.
162. Tucker SC. 1961. Phyllotaxis and vascular organization of the carpels in Michelia fuscata. American Journal of Botany 48: 60-71.
163. Tucker SC. 1975. Carpellary vasculature and the ovular vascular supply in Drimys. American Journal of Botany 62: 191-197.
164. Tucker SC. 1976. Intrusive growth of secretory oil cells in Saururus cernuus. Botanical Gazette 137: 341-347.
165. Tucker SC, Bourland JA. 1994. Ontogeny of staminate and carpellate flowers of Schisandra glabra (Schisandraceae). Plant Systematic and Evolution, Supplement 8: 137-158.
166. Tucker SC, Gifford EM, Jr. 1966. Carpel development in Drimys lanceolata. American Journal of Botany 53: 671-678.
167. Tucker SC, Sampson FB. 1979. The gynoecium in winteraceous plants. Science 203: 920-921.
168. Ueda K. 1978. Vasculature in the carpels of Belliolum pancheri (Winteraceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Geobotanica 29: 119-125.
169. Umeda A, Imaichi R, Kato M. 1994. Ovular development and morphology of the outer integument of Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae). American Journal of Botany 81: 361-367.
170. van Heel WA. 1970. Distally lobed integuments in some angiosperm ovules. Blumea 18: 67-70.
171. van Heel WA. 1976. Distally lobed integuments in Exochorda, Juglans, Leontice and Bongardia. Phytomorphology 26: 1-4.
172. van Heel WA. 1982. Note on the structure of developing seeds of Knema and Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae). Blumea 28: 53-60.
173. van Heel WA. 1983. The ascidiform early development of free carpels, a S.E.M.-investigation. Blumea 28: 231-270.
174. van Heusden ECH. 1992. Flowers of Annonaceae: morphology, classification, and evolution. Blumea, Supplement 7: 1-218.
175. van Setten AK, Koek-Noorman J. 1992. Fruits and seeds of Annonaceae. Morphology and its significance for classification and identification. Bibliotheca Botanica 142: 1-101.
176. van Tieghem P. 1899. Sur les Canellacées. Journal de Botanique 13: 266-276.
177. Vink W. 1970. The Winteraceae of the Old World I. Pseudowintera and Drimys - morphology and taxonomy. Blumea 18: 225-354.
178. Vink W. 1977. The Winteraceae of the Old World II. Zygogynum - morphology and anatomy. Blumea 23: 219-250.
179. Vink W. 1978. The Winteraceae of the Old World III. Notes on the ovary of Takhtajania. Blumea 24: 521-525.
180. Vink W. 1985. The Winteraceae of the Old World V. Exospermum links Bubbia to Zygogynum. Blumea 31: 39-55.
181. Vink W. 1993. Winteraceae. In: Kubitzki K, Rohwer JG, Bittrich V, eds. The families and genera of vascular plants, 2. Berlin: Springer, 630-638.
182. Vithanage HIMV. 1984. Pollen-stigma interactions: development and cytochemistry of stigma papillae and their secretions in Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae). Annals of Botany 54: 153-167.
183. Weber M, Igersheim A. 1994. "Pollen buds" in Ophiorrhiza (Rubiaceae) and their role in pollenkitt release. Botanica Acta 107: 257-262.
184. Williams EG, Sage TL, Thien LB. 1993. Functional syncarpy by intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes in a primitive apocarpous angiosperm, Illicium floridanum (Illiciaceae). American Journal of Botany 80: 137-142.
185. Wilson TK. 1966. The comparative morphology of the Canellaceae. IV. Floral morphology and conclusions. American Journal of Botany 53: 336-343.
186. Wilson TK, Maculans LM. 1967. The morphology of the Myristicaceae. I. Flowers of Myristica fragrans and M. malabarica. American Journal of Botany 54: 214-220.
187. Yoshida O. 1962. Embryologische Studien über Schisandra chinensis Baillon. Journal of the College of Arts and Sciences, Chiba University, Natural Sciences Ser. 3: 459-462.
188. Zagórska-Marek B. 1994. Phyllotactic diversity in Magnolia flowers. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 63: 117-137.