Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Cancer Causes and Control

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 309-322

  Boice Jr , John D ^a,b   Lubin, Jay H ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b INTERNATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Environment; Ionizing radiation; Leukemia; Occupation; Radon

Indexed keywords

ASBESTOS; CARCINOGEN; IODINE 131; PLUTONIUM; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; RADIUM; RADIUM 226; RADON; URANIUM;

AIRPLANE CREW; ATOMIC BOMB; CARCINOGENESIS; CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COSMIC RADIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; LEUKEMIA; LUNG CANCER; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MINER; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OSTEOSARCOMA; PAINTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIST; REVIEW; THYROID CANCER;

ACCIDENTS, RADIATION; AIR POLLUTANTS, RADIOACTIVE; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; MINING; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; NUCLEAR WARFARE; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POWER PLANTS; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIATION, IONIZING; RADIOLOGY; RADIUM; RADON; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RISK FACTORS; THYROID NEOPLASMS; UKRAINE;

EID: 0030842384     PISSN: 09575243     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1018496919324     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. New York, NY (USA): United Nations, 1994; Pub. E.94.IX.11.
2. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. New York, NY (USA): United Nations, 1993; Pub. E.94.IX.2.
3. National Academy of Science. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR V). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.
4. National Academy of Science. Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters (BEIR IV Report). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1988.
5. Agricola C, De Re Metallica. (Basel, 1556.) New York, NY (USA): Dover Publications, English reprint (Hoover translation), 1950: 214.
6. Tomasek L, Darby SC, Fearn T, Swerdlow AJ, Placek V, Kunz E. Patterns of lung cancer mortality among uranium miners in West Bohemia with varying rates of exposure to radon and its progeny. Radiat Res 1994; 137: 251-61.
7. Pierce DA, Shimizu Y, Preston DL, et al. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. Report 12, Part 1, Cancer 1950-1990. Radiat Res 1996; 146: 1-27.
8. Boice JD Jr, Land CE, Preston DL. Ionizing radiation. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York, NY (USA): Oxford Press, 1996: 319-54.
9. Boice JD Jr, Fraumeni JF Jr, eds. Radiation Carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and Biological Significance. New York, NY (USA): Raven Press, 1984: 1-473.
10. Doll R. Prediction of the effect of small doses of ionizing radiation: inconsistencies in the epidemiological evidence. Nucl Energy 1991; 30: 37-41.
11. MacMahon B. Some recent issues in low-exposure radiation epidemiology. Environ Health Perspect 1989; 81: 131-5.
12. Lewis EB. Leukemia, multiple myeloma, and aplastic anemia in American radiologists. Science 1963; 142: 1492-4.
13. March HC. Leukemia in radiologists. Radiology 1944; 43: 275-8.
14. Wang JX, Inskip PD, Boice JD Jr, et al. Cancer incidence among medical diagnostic X- ray workers in China, 1950 to 1985. Int J Cancer 1990; 45: 889-95.
15. Smith PG, Doll R. Mortality from cancer and all causes among British radiologists. Br J Radiol 1981; 54: 187-94.
16. Matanoski GM, Seltser R, Sartwell PE, et al. The current mortality rates of radiologists and other physician specialists. Specific causes of death. Am J Epidemiol 1975; 101: 199-210.
17. Jablon S, Miller RW. Army technologists: 29-year follow-up for cause of death. Radiology 1978; 126: 677-9.
18. Boice JD Jr, Mandel JS, Doody MM. Breast cancer among radiological technologists. JAMA 1995; 274: 394-401.
19. Struewing JP, Tarone RE, Brody LC, Li FP, Boice JD Jr. BRCA1 mutations in young women with breast cancer. Lancet 1996, 347: 1493.
20. Boice JD Jr, Mandel JS, Doody MM, et al. A health survey of radiologic technologists. Cancer 1992; 69: 586-98.
21. Pukkala E, Auvinen A, Wahlberg G. Incidence of cancer among Finnish airline attendants, 1967-92. BMJ 1995; 311: 649-52.
22. Lynge E. Risk of breast cancer is also increased among Danish female airline cabin attendants. BMJ 1996; 312: 253.
23. Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, et al. Cohort study of Air Canada pilots: mortality, cancer incidence, and leukemia risk. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 137-43.
24. Moeller DW. Radiation sources: natural background. In: Hendee WR, Edwards FM, eds. Health Effects of Exposure to Low-Level Ionizing Radiation. Philadelphia, PA (USA): Institute of Physics Publishing, 1996: 269-86.
25. Rowland RE, Stehney AF, Lucas HF Jr. Dose-response relationships for female radium dial workers. Radiat Res 1978; 76: 368-83.
26. Stebbings JH, Lucas HF, Stehney AF. Mortality from cancers of major sites in female radium dial workers. Am J Ind Med 1984; 5: 435-59.
27. Spiers FW, Lucas HF, Rundo J, et al. Leukemia incidence in the U.S. dial workers. Health Phys 1983; 44(Suppl 1): 65-72.
28. Baverstock KF, Papworth DG. The UK radium luminiser survey. In: Taylor DM, Mays CW, Gerber GB, Thomas RG, eds. Risks from Radium and Thorotrast. London, UK: British Institute of Radiology, 1989; BIR Report 21: 72-6.
29. Marshall JH, Groer PG. A theory of the induction of bone cancer by alpha radiation. Radiat Res 1977; 71: 149-92.
30. Marshall JH, Groer PG, Schlenker RA. Dose to endosteal cells and relative distribution factors for radium-224 and plutonium-239 compared to radium-226. Health Phys 1978; 35: 91-101.
31. Rowland RE. Dose-response relationships for female radium dial workers: a new look. In: van Kaick G, Karaoglou A, Kellerer AM, eds. Health Effects of Internally Deposited Radionuclides. Singapore: World Scientific, 1995: 135-43.
32. Tucker MA, D'Angio GJ, Boice JD Jr, et al. Bone sarcoma linked to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in children. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 588-93.
33. Najarian T, Colton T. Mortality from leukemia and cancer in shipyard nuclear workers. Lancet 1978; 1: 1018-20.
34. Rinsky RA, Zumwalde RD, Waxweiler RJ, et al. Cancer mortality at a naval nuclear shipyard. Lancet 1981; 1: 231-5.
35. Greenberg ER, Rosner B, Hennekens C, et al. An investigation of bias in a study of nuclear shipyard workers. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 301-8.
36. Rinsky RA, Melius JM, Hornung RW, et al. Case-control study of lung cancer in civilian employees at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 55-64.
37. Stern FB, Waxweiler RA, Beaumont JJ, et al. A case-control study of leukemia at a naval nuclear shipyard. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123: 980-92.
38. Matanoski G. Nuclear shipyard workers study. Radiat Res 1993; 113: 126-7.
39. Gilbert ES, Cragle DL, Wiggs LD, et al. Updated analyses of combined mortality data for workers at the Hanford Site, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Rocky Flats Weapons Plant. Radiat Res 1993; 136: 408-21.
40. Carpenter L, Higgins C, Douglas A, et al. Combined analysis of mortality in three United Kingdom nuclear industry workforces, 1946-1988. Radiat Res 1994; 138: 224-38.
41. Cardis E, Gilbert ES, Carpenter L, et al. Effects of low doses and low dose rates of external ionizing radiation: cancer mortality among nuclear industry workers in three countries. Radiat Res 1995; 142: 117-32.
42. Land CE. Estimating cancer risks from low doses of ionizing radiation. Science 1980; 209: 1197-203.
43. Muirhead CR, Boice JD Jr, Raddatz CT, Yoder RC. Comparison of dose histories for U.S. nuclear power plant workers, based on records held by a major dosimetry service company and on the NRC REIRS database. Health Phys 1996; 70: 645-50.
44. Jablon S, Boice JD Jr. Mortality among workers at a nuclear power plant in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 427-30.
45. Voelz GL, Lawrence JNP. A 42-year medical follow-up of Manhattan Project plutonium workers. Health Phys 1991; 61: 181-90.
46. Voelz GL. Health considerations for workers exposed to plutonium. Occup Med 1991; 6: 681-94.
47. Koshurnikova NA, Shilnikova NS, Okatenko PV, et al. The risk of cancer among nuclear workers at the 'Mayak' Production Association: preliminary results of an epidemiological study. NCRP Proc 1997; 18: 113-22.
48. Hohryakov VF, Romanov SA. Lung cancer in radiochemical industry workers. Sci Total Environ 1994; 142: 25-8.
49. Burkhart W, Kellerer AM, eds. Radiation exposure in the Southern Urals. Sci Total Environ 1994; 142: 1-125.
50. Karaoglou A, Desmet G, Kelly GN, Menzel HG, eds. The Radiological Consequences of the Cherobyl Accident. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission, 1996; EUR 16544EN.
51. Bigbee WL, Jensen RH, Veidebaum T, et al. Glycophorin A biodosimetry of Chernobyl cleanup workers from the Baltic countries. BMJ, 1996; 312: 1078-9.
52. Inskip PD, Hartshorne MF, Tekkel M, et al. Thyroid nodularity and cancer among Chernobyl clean-up workers from Estonia. Radiat Res 1997; 147: 225-35.
53. Inskip PD, Tekkel M, Rahu M, et al. Studies of leukemia and thyroid disease among Chernobyl clean-up workers from the Baltics. NCRP Proc 1997; 18: 123-41.
54. Cardis E, Okenov AE. What is feasible and desirable in the epidemiologic follow-up of Chernobyl. In: Karagolou A, Desmet G, Kelly GN, Menzel HG, eds. The Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission, 1996; EUR 16544.
55. Robinette CD, Jablon S, Preston TL. Mortality of Nuclear Weapons Test Participants. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1985.
56. Caldwell GG, Kelley D, Zack M, et al. Mortality and cancer frequency among military nuclear test (SMOKY) participants, 1957 through 1979. JAMA 1983; 250: 620-4.
57. Darby SC, Kendall GM, Fell TP, et al. Further follow-up of mortality and incidence of cancer in man from the United Kingdom who participated in the United Kingdom's nuclear weapon tests and experimental programmes. BMJ 1993; 307: 1530-5.
58. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Edling C, et al. Lung cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation of risk from indoor exposure. JNCI 1995; 87: 817-27.
59. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Edling C, et al. Lung cancer following radon exposure among underground miners: a joint analysis of 11 studies. Washington, DC: US Govt Print Off, 1994; NIH Pub. No. 94-3644.
60. Samet JM. Radon and lung cancer. JNCI 1989; 81: 745-57.
61. Bale WF. To the files, 14 March 1951 ('Hazards Associated with Radon and Thoron') ACHRE No. DOJ-051795-A, 3-8. Described in: The Human Radiation Experiments. New York, NY (USA): Oxford University Press, 1996: 356.
62. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Edling C, et al. Radon-exposed underground miners and the inverse dose-rate (protraction enhancement) effects. Health Phys 1995; 69: 494-500.
63. Brenner DJ. The significance of dose rate in assessing the hazards of domestic radon exposure. Health Phys 1994; 67: 76-9.
64. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ, Randers-Pehrson G, et al. Mechanistic considerations on the dose- rate/LET dependence of oncogenic transformation by ionizing radiations. Radiat Res 1993; 133: 365-9.
65. Thomas D, Pogoda J, Langholz B, et al. Temporal modifiers of radon-smoking interaction. Health Phys 1994; 66: 257-62. [Erratum, Health Phys 1994; 67: 675]
66. Yao SX, Lubin JH, Qiao YL, et al. Exposure to radon progeny, tobacco use and lung cancer in a case-control study in southern China. Radiat Res 1994, 138: 326-36.
67. Xuan X-Z, Lubin JH, Li J-Y, et al. A cohort study in southern China of tin miners exposed to radon and radon decay products. Health Phys 1993, 64: 120-31.
68. Kusiak RA, Ritchie AC, Muller J, Springer J. Mortality for lung cancer in Ontario uranium miners. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50: 920-8.
69. Samet JM, Pathak DR, Morgan MV, Coultas DB, James DS, Hunt WC. Silicosis and lung cancer risk in underground uranium miners. Health Phys 1994; 66: 450-3.
70. Radford EP, Renard KG. Lung cancer in Swedish iron miners exposed to low doses of radon daughters. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1485-94.
71. Darby SC, Whitley E, Howe GR, et al. Radon and cancers other than lung cancer in underground miners: a collaborative analysis of 11 studies. JNCI 1996; 87: 378-84.
72. Mason TJ, Fraumeni JF Jr, McKay FW Jr. Uranium mill tailings and cancer mortality in Colorado. JNCI 1972; 49: 661-4.
73. Marcinowski F, Lucas RM, Yeager WM. National and regional distributions of airborne radon concentrations in U.S. homes. Health Phys 1994; 66: 699-706.
74. Wang ZY, Lubin JH, Wang LD, et al. Radon measurements in underground dwellings from two prefectures in China. Health Phys 1996; 70: 192-8.
75. Lubin JH. Lung cancer and exposure to residential radon. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 323-32.
76. Pershagen G, Liang ZH, Hrubec Z, et al. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Swedish women. Health Phys 1992; 63: 179-86.
77. Pershagen G, Akerblom G, Axelson O, et al. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer in Sweden. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 159-64.
78. Schoenberg JB, Klotz JB, Wilcox HB, et al. Case-control study of residential radon and lung cancer among New Jersey women. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6520-4.
79. Blot WJ, Xu ZY, Boice JD Jr, et al. Indoor radon and lung cancer in China. JNCI 1990; 82: 1025-30.
80. Létourneau EG, Krewski D, Choi NW, et al. Case-control study of residential radon and lung cancer in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 310-22.
81. Alavanja MCR, Brownson RC, Lubin JH, et al. Residential radon exposure and lung cancer among nonsmoking women. JNCI 1994; 86: 1829-37.
82. Auvinen A, Makelainen I, Hakama M, et al. Indoor radon exposure and risk of lung cancer: a nested case-control study in Finland. JNCI 1996; 88: 966-72.
83. Alavanja MCR, Brownson RC, Benichou J, et al. Attributable risk of lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers and long-term ex-smokers (Missouri, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6: 209-16.
84. Lubin JH, Liang Z, Hrubec Z, et al. Radon exposure in residences and lung cancer among women: combined analysis of three studies. Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 114-28.
85. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr. Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiologic studies. JNCI 1997; 89: 49-57.
86. Stidley CA, Samet JM. A review of ecologic studies of lung cancer and indoor radon. Health Phys 1993; 65: 234-51.
87. Cohen BL. Test of the linear no-threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products. Health Phys 1995; 68: 157-74.
88. Greenland S, Robins J. Invited commentary: ecologic studies - biases, misconceptions, and counterexamples. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139: 747-60.
89. Abelson PH. Mineral dusts and radon in uranium mines. Science 1991; 254: 777.
90. National Academy of Science. Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Mines and Homes. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991.
91. Boice JD Jr, Lubin JH. Lung cancer risks: comparing radiation with tobacco. Radiat Res 1996; 146: 356-7.
92. Mason TJ, Miller RW. Cosmic radiation at high altitudes and U.S. cancer mortality, 1950-1969. Radiat Res 1974; 60: 302-6.
93. Spiers FW. Background radiation and estimated risks from low-dose irradiation. Health Phys 1979; 37: 784-9.
94. Knox EG, Stewart AM, Gilman EA, et al. Background radiation and childhood cancers. J Radiol Prot 1988; 8: 9-18.
95. Henshaw DL, Eatough JP, Richardson RB. Radon as a causative factor in induction of myeloid leukaemia and other cancers. Lancet 1990; 335: 1008-12.
96. Muirhead CR, Butland BK, Green BM, et al. Childhood leukaemia and natural radiation. Lancet 1991; 337: 503-4.
97. Thorne R, Foreman NK, Mott MG. Radon in Devon and Cornwall and paediatric malignancies. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A: 282-5.
98. Henshaw DL, Ross AN, Fews AP, Preece AW. Enhanced deposition of radon daughter nuclei in the vicinity of power frequency electromagnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 1996; 69: 25-38.
99. Wei L, Zha Y, Tao Z, et al. Epidemiological investigation of radiological effects in high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China. J Radiat Res 1990; 31: 119-36.
100. Wei L. Health survey in high background radiation areas in China. Science 1980; 209: 877-80.
101. Wang ZY, Boice JD Jr, Wei LX, et al. Thyroid nodularity and chromosome aberrations among women in areas of high background radiation in China. JNCI 1990 82: 478-85.
102. Pochin EE. Problems involved in detecting increased malignancy rates in areas of high natural radiation background. Health Phys 1976; 31: 148-51.
103. Conard RA. Late radiation effects in Marshall Islanders exposed to fallout twenty-eight years ago. In: Boice JD Jr, Fraumeni JF Jr, eds. Radiation Carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and Biological Significance. New York, NY (USA): Raven Press, 1984: 57-71.
104. Robbins J, Adams WH. Radiation effects in the Marshall Islands. In: Nagataki S, ed. Radiation and the Thyroid. Tokyo, Japan: Exerpta Medica, 1989: 11-24.
105. Hamilton TE, van Belle G, LoGerfo JP. Thyroid neoplasia in Marshall Islanders exposed to nuclear fallout. JAMA 1987; 258: 629-35.
106. Kerber RA, Till JE, Simon SL, et al. A cohort study of thyroid disease in relation to fallout from nuclear weapons testing. JAMA 1993; 270: 2076-82.
107. Rallison ML, Lotz TM, Bishop M, et al. Cohort study of thyroid disease near the Nevada Test Site: a preliminary report. Health Phys 1990; 59: 739-46.
108. Lyon JL, Klauber MR, Gardner JW, et al. Childhood leukemias associated with fallout from nuclear testing. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 397-402.
109. Land CE. The hazards of fallout or of epidemiologic research? [Editorial]. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 431-2.
110. Land CE, McKay FW, Machado SG. Childhood leukemia and fallout from the Nevada nuclear tests. Science 1984; 223: 139-44.
111. Machado SG, Land CE, McKay FW. Cancer mortality and radioactive fallout in southwestern Utah. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125: 44-61.
112. Stevens W, Thomas DC, Lyon JL, et al. Leukemia in Utah and radioactive fallout from the Nevada test site. A case-control study. JAMA 1990; 264: 585-91.
113. Darby SC, Olsen JH, Doll R, et al. Trends in childhood leukaemia in the Nordic countries in relation to fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. BMJ 1992; 304: 1005-9.
114. Zaridze DG, Li N, Men T, Duffy SW. Childhood cancer incidence in relation to distance from the former nuclear testing site in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan. Int J Cancer 1994, 59: 471-5.
115. Forman D, Cook-Mozaffari P, Darby S, et al. Cancer near nuclear installations. Nature 1987; 329: 499-505.
116. Jablon S, Hrubec Z, Boice JD Jr. Cancer in populations living near nuclear facilities. A survey of mortality nationwide and incidence in two states. JAMA 1991; 265: 1403-8.
117. Hill C, Laplanche A. Overall mortality and cancer mortality around French nuclear sites. Nature 1990; 347: 755-7.
118. Hattchouel JM, Laplanche A, Hill C. Cancer mortality around French nuclear sites. Ann Epidemiol 1996; 6: 126-9.
119. Michaelis J, Keller B, Haaf G, et al. Incidence of childhood malignancies in the vicinity of West German nuclear power plants. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3: 255-63.
120. McLaughlin JR, Clarke EA, Nishri D, et al. Childhood leukaemia in the vicinity of Canadian nuclear facilities. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 51-8.
121. Bithell JF, Dutton SJ, Neary NM. Distribution of childhood leukaemias and non- Hodgkin's lymphomas near nuclear installations in England and Wales. BMJ 1994; 309: 501-5.
122. Cook-Mozaffari P, Darby S, Doll R. Cancer near potential sites of nuclear installations. Lancet 1989; 2: 1145-7.
123. Kinlen LJ, Hudson CM, Stiller CA. Contacts between adults as evidence for an infective origin of childhood leukaemia: an explanation for the excess near nuclear establishments in West Berkshire. Br J Cancer 1991; 64: 549-54.
124. Kinlen LJ, O'Brien F, Clarke K, et al. Rural population mixing and childhood leukaemia: effects of the North Sea oil industry in Scotland, including the area near Dounreay nuclear site. BMJ 1993; 306: 743-8.
125. Kinlen LJ, Clarke K, Balkwill A. Paternal preconceptional radiation exposure in the nuclear industry and leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in young people in Scotland. BMJ 1993; 6: 1153-8.
126. Darby SC, Doll R. Fallout, radiation doses near Downreay, and childhood leukaemia. BMJ 1987; 294: 603-7.
127. Draper GJ, Stiller CA, Cartwright RA, et al. Cancer in Cumbria and in the vicinity of the Sellafield nuclear installation, 1963-90. BMJ 1993; 306: 89-94.
128. MacMahon B. Leukemia clusters around nuclear facilities in Britain. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3: 283-8.
129. Gardner MJ, Snee MP, Hall AJ, et al. Results of case-control study of leukaemia and lymphoma among young people near Sellafield nuclear plant in West Cumbria. BMJ 1990; 300: 423-9.
130. Urquhart JD, Black RJ, Muirhead MJ, et al. Case-control study of leukaemia and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma in children in Caithness near the Dounreay nuclear installation. BMJ 1991; 302: 687-92.
131. McLaughlin JR, King WD, Anderson TW, et al. Paternal radiation exposure and leukaemia in offspring: the Ontario case-control study. BMJ 1993; 307: 959-66.
132. Parker L, Craft AW, Smith J, et al. Geographical distribution of preconceptional radiation doses to fathers employed at the Sellafield nuclear installation, West Cumbria. BMJ 1993; 307: 966-71.
133. Neel JV, Schull WJ, eds. The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors. A Genetic Study. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991: 1-518.
134. Doll R, Evans HJ, Darby SC. Paternal exposure not to blame. Nature 1994; 367: 678-80.
135. Upton AC. Health impact of the Three Mile Island accident. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981; 365: 63-75.
136. Hatch MC, Beyea J, Nieves JW, et al. Cancer near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant: radiation emissions. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 397-412.
137. Auvinen A, Hakama M, Arvela H, et al. Fallout from Chernobyl and incidence of childhood leukaemia in Finland, 1976-92. BMJ 1994; 309: 151-4.
138. Hjalmars U, Kulldorff M, Gustafsson G. Risk of acute childhood leukaemia in Sweden after the Chernobyl reactor accident. Swedish Child Leukaemia Group [see Comments]. BMJ 1994; 309: 154-7.
139. Ivanov EP, Tolochko G, Lazarev VS, et al. Childhood leukaemia after Chernobyl. Nature 1993; 365: 702.
140. Boice JD Jr, Linet M. Chernobyl, childhood cancer and chromosome 21 (Editorial). BMJ 1994; 309: 139-40.
141. Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, et al. Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl 5-year follow-up. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 1006-12.
142. Petridou E, Trichopoulos D, Dessypris N, et al. Infant leukaemia after in utero exposure to radiation from Chernobyl. Nature 1996; 382: 352-3.
143. Mettler FA, Williamson MR, Royal HD, et al. Thyroid nodules in the population living around Chernobyl. JAMA 1992; 268: 616-9.
144. Kazakov VS, Demidchik EP, Astakhova LN. Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl. Nature 1992; 359: 21.
145. Ron E, Lubin J, Schneider AB. Thyroid cancer incidence. Nature 1992; 360: 113.
146. Williams D, Pinchera A, Karaoglou A, Chadwick KH, eds. Thyroid Cancer in Children Living Near Chernobyl. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1993 (Report EUR 15248).
147. Stsjazhko VA, Tsyb AF, Tronko ND, et al. Childhood thyroid cancer since accident at Chernobyl. BMJ 1995; 310: 801.
148. Kossenko MM, Degteva MO. Cancer mortality and radiation risk for the Techa river population. Sci Total Environ 1994; 142: 73-89.
149. Taylor JA, Watson MA, Deverux TR, et al. p53 mutation hotspot in ration-associated lung cancer. Lancet 1994; 343: 86-7.
150. Vahakangas KH, Samet JM, Metcalf RA, et al. Mutations of p53 and ras genes in radon- associated lung cancer from uranium miners. Lancet 1992; 339: 576-80.
151. th Hanford Symposium: Indoor Radon and Lung Cancer: Reality or Myth; Part 2. Columbus, Ohio (USA): Battelle Press, 1992: 905-17.
152. Ruostecnoja E. Indoor radon and risk of lung cancer: an epidemiological study in Finland. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Public Health, University of Tampere, Finland, 1991. (Available from the Finnish Government Printing Centre, Helsinki, Finland).
153. Ruosteenoja F, Makelainen I, Rytomaa T, et al. Radon and lung cancer in Finland. Health Phys 1996; 71: 185-9.
154. Lubin JH, Samet JM, Weinberg C. Design issues in epidemiologic studies of indoor exposure to Rn and risk of lung cancer. Health Phys 1990; 59: 807-17.
155. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Samet JM. Errors in radon dosimetry might explain mixed results for indoor studies. Radiat Res 1995; 144: 329-41.