메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 45, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 1337-1355

Making sense of randomization; responses of parents of critically ill babies to random allocation of treatment in a clinical trial

Author keywords

Attitudes; Clinical trial participation; ECMO; Randomization

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CHILD HEALTH; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CRITICAL ILLNESS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFORMED CONSENT; INTERVIEW; MALE; MEDICAL ETHICS; NORMAL HUMAN; PARENT; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

EID: 0030839611     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00063-4     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (251)

References (77)
  • 3
    • 0028948531 scopus 로고
    • Your baby is in a trial
    • Anon (1995) Your baby is in a trial. Lancet 345, 805-806.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 805-806
  • 5
    • 0023319217 scopus 로고
    • False hopes and best data: Consent to research and the therapeutic misconception
    • Appelbaum, P. S., Roth, L. H., Lidz, C. W., Benson, P. Winslade, W. (1987) False hopes and best data: consent to research and the therapeutic misconception. Hastings Cent Report 17(2), 20-24.
    • (1987) Hastings Cent Report , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 20-24
    • Appelbaum, P.S.1    Roth, L.H.2    Lidz, C.W.3    Benson, P.4    Winslade, W.5
  • 6
    • 0024330789 scopus 로고
    • Recruitment for an efficacy study in chemoprevention: The concerned smoker study
    • Arnold, A. et al. (1989) Recruitment for an efficacy study in chemoprevention: the concerned smoker study. Preventive Medicine 18, 700-710.
    • (1989) Preventive Medicine , vol.18 , pp. 700-710
    • Arnold, A.1
  • 8
    • 0016920255 scopus 로고
    • The ethics of experimentation with human subjects
    • Barber, B. (1976) The ethics of experimentation with human subjects. Scientific American 234, 25-31.
    • (1976) Scientific American , vol.234 , pp. 25-31
    • Barber, B.1
  • 9
    • 0021823781 scopus 로고
    • Extracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure: A prospective randomized controlled study
    • Bartlett, R. H., Roloff, D. W., Cornell, R. G., Andrews, A. F., Dillon, P. W. and Zwischenberger (1985) Extracorporeal circulation in neonatal respiratory failure: a prospective randomized controlled study. Pediatrics 76, 479-487.
    • (1985) Pediatrics , vol.76 , pp. 479-487
    • Bartlett, R.H.1    Roloff, D.W.2    Cornell, R.G.3    Andrews, A.F.4    Dillon, P.W.5    Zwischenberger6
  • 11
    • 0022391484 scopus 로고
    • Informed consent in psychiatric research: Preliminary findings from an ongoing investigation
    • Benson, P. R., Roth, L. H. and Winslade, W. J. (1985) Informed consent in psychiatric research: preliminary findings from an ongoing investigation. Social Science & Medicine 20, 1331-1341.
    • (1985) Social Science & Medicine , vol.20 , pp. 1331-1341
    • Benson, P.R.1    Roth, L.H.2    Winslade, W.J.3
  • 12
    • 84972539422 scopus 로고
    • Ethics and ECMO
    • Berry, D. A. (1989) Ethics and ECMO. Statistical Science 4, 306-316.
    • (1989) Statistical Science , vol.4 , pp. 306-316
    • Berry, D.A.1
  • 14
    • 0000161387 scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomised trial of conventional treatment or transport for ECMO in infants with PPHN
    • abstract 1160
    • Bifano, E. M., Hakanson, D. O., Hingre, R. V. and Gross, S. I. (1992) Prospective randomised trial of conventional treatment or transport for ECMO in infants with PPHN [abstract 1160]. Pediatric Research 31, 196A.
    • (1992) Pediatric Research , vol.31
    • Bifano, E.M.1    Hakanson, D.O.2    Hingre, R.V.3    Gross, S.I.4
  • 15
    • 0342728088 scopus 로고
    • Improving vaccine coverage in teenages. Experiences from a vaccine protection trial in Norway
    • Bjune, G., Folke, S. and Arnesen, O. (1994) Improving vaccine coverage in teenages. Experiences from a vaccine protection trial in Norway. European Journal of Public Health 4, 12-16.
    • (1994) European Journal of Public Health , vol.4 , pp. 12-16
    • Bjune, G.1    Folke, S.2    Arnesen, O.3
  • 16
    • 0028488732 scopus 로고
    • The hardest decision
    • Blewitt, A. (1994) The hardest decision. Midwives Chronicle 107, 317-318.
    • (1994) Midwives Chronicle , vol.107 , pp. 317-318
    • Blewitt, A.1
  • 17
    • 0020681945 scopus 로고
    • Informed consent: Ethical, legal and medical implications for doctors and patients who participate in randomized clinical trials
    • Cancer Research Campaign Working Party on Breast Conservation(1983) Informed consent: ethical, legal and medical implications for doctors and patients who participate in randomized clinical trials. British Medical Journal 286, 1117-1121.
    • (1983) British Medical Journal , vol.286 , pp. 1117-1121
  • 18
    • 0019965584 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes toward clinical trials among patients and the public
    • Cassileth, B. R. et al. (1982) Attitudes toward clinical trials among patients and the public. Journal of the American Medical Association 248, 968-970.
    • (1982) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.248 , pp. 968-970
    • Cassileth, B.R.1
  • 19
    • 0022782957 scopus 로고
    • Minimizing harm and maximising benefit during innovation in health care: Controlled or uncontrolled experimentation
    • Chalmers, I. (1986) Minimizing harm and maximising benefit during innovation in health care: controlled or uncontrolled experimentation. Birth 13, 155-164.
    • (1986) Birth , vol.13 , pp. 155-164
    • Chalmers, I.1
  • 20
    • 0028137178 scopus 로고
    • Randomisation and patient choice
    • Chalmers, I. and Chalmers, T. C. (1994) Randomisation and patient choice. Lancet 344, 892-893.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 892-893
    • Chalmers, I.1    Chalmers, T.C.2
  • 21
    • 0029760259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offering patients entry into clinical trials: Preliminary study of the views of prospective participants
    • Corbett, F., Oldham, J. and Lilford, R. (1996) Offering patients entry into clinical trials: preliminary study of the views of prospective participants. Journal of Medical Ethics 22, 227-231.
    • (1996) Journal of Medical Ethics , vol.22 , pp. 227-231
    • Corbett, F.1    Oldham, J.2    Lilford, R.3
  • 23
    • 0022486202 scopus 로고
    • Randomised trials and informed consent in neonatal medicine
    • Dawson, J. (1986) Randomised trials and informed consent in neonatal medicine. British Medical Journal 292, 1373-1374.
    • (1986) British Medical Journal , vol.292 , pp. 1373-1374
    • Dawson, J.1
  • 24
    • 0028258506 scopus 로고
    • Advising AIDS patients who participate in clinical trials
    • DeLeon-Jones, F., Allen, A. D. and Chriss, D. (1994) Advising AIDS patients who participate in clinical trials. AIDS Patient Care 8, 33-34.
    • (1994) AIDS Patient Care , vol.8 , pp. 33-34
    • DeLeon-Jones, F.1    Allen, A.D.2    Chriss, D.3
  • 25
    • 0342293055 scopus 로고
    • A testing time: A doctor's thoughts on having his patients participate in double blind study of ticlopidine
    • Dobkin, B. H. (1990) A testing time: a doctor's thoughts on having his patients participate in double blind study of ticlopidine. Discover 11, 86.
    • (1990) Discover , vol.11 , pp. 86
    • Dobkin, B.H.1
  • 26
    • 84970853595 scopus 로고
    • Informed consent - Consent difficult in paediatric oncology
    • Eden, O. B. (1994) Informed consent - consent difficult in paediatric oncology. British Medical Journal 308, 272.
    • (1994) British Medical Journal , vol.308 , pp. 272
    • Eden, O.B.1
  • 27
    • 0028490011 scopus 로고
    • The UK collaborative ECMO trial
    • Elbourne, D. R. (1994) The UK Collaborative ECMO Trial. Midwives Chronicle 107, 312-316.
    • (1994) Midwives Chronicle , vol.107 , pp. 312-316
    • Elbourne, D.R.1
  • 28
    • 0018389229 scopus 로고
    • The ethics of randomized clinical trials: Two perspectives
    • Post, N. (1979) The ethics of randomized clinical trials: two perspectives. New England Journal of Medicine 300, 1272-1275.
    • (1979) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.300 , pp. 1272-1275
    • Post, N.1
  • 31
    • 0025345197 scopus 로고
    • Sociodemographic and motivational characteristics of parents who volunteer their children for clinical research: A controlled study
    • Harth, S. C. and Thong, Y. H. (1990) Sociodemographic and motivational characteristics of parents who volunteer their children for clinical research: a controlled study. British Medical Journal 300, 1372-1375.
    • (1990) British Medical Journal , vol.300 , pp. 1372-1375
    • Harth, S.C.1    Thong, Y.H.2
  • 32
    • 0017103508 scopus 로고
    • Uninformed consent and the wealthy volunteer: An analysis of patient volunteers in a clinical trial of a new anti-inflammatory drug
    • Hassar, M. and Weintraub, M. (1976) Uninformed consent and the wealthy volunteer: an analysis of patient volunteers in a clinical trial of a new anti-inflammatory drug. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy 20, 379-386.
    • (1976) Clinical Pharmacology Therapy , vol.20 , pp. 379-386
    • Hassar, M.1    Weintraub, M.2
  • 33
    • 0018739926 scopus 로고
    • Randomized clinical trials and the doctor-patient relationship: An ethical dilemma
    • Hellman, S. (1979) Randomized clinical trials and the doctor-patient relationship: an ethical dilemma. Cancer Clinical Trials 2, 189-193.
    • (1979) Cancer Clinical Trials , vol.2 , pp. 189-193
    • Hellman, S.1
  • 34
    • 0028147859 scopus 로고
    • Patient perception of a long-term clinical trial: Experience using a close-out questionnaire in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trial
    • Henzlova, M. J., Blackburn, G. H., Bradley, E. J. and Rogers, W. J. (1994) Patient perception of a long-term clinical trial: experience using a close-out questionnaire in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Trial. Controlled Clinical Trials 15, 284-293.
    • (1994) Controlled Clinical Trials , vol.15 , pp. 284-293
    • Henzlova, M.J.1    Blackburn, G.H.2    Bradley, E.J.3    Rogers, W.J.4
  • 35
    • 0019838828 scopus 로고
    • How informed is informed consent? The BHAT experience
    • Howard, J. M., DeMets, D. and The BHAT Research Group (1981) How informed is informed consent? The BHAT experience. Controlled Clinical Trials 2, 287-303.
    • (1981) Controlled Clinical Trials , vol.2 , pp. 287-303
    • Howard, J.M.1    DeMets, D.2
  • 36
    • 0021737751 scopus 로고
    • Randomized clinical trials of cancer treatment - A public opinion survey
    • Kemp, N., Skinner, E. and Toms, J. (1984) Randomized clinical trials of cancer treatment - a public opinion survey. Journal of Clinical Oncology 10, 155-161.
    • (1984) Journal of Clinical Oncology , vol.10 , pp. 155-161
    • Kemp, N.1    Skinner, E.2    Toms, J.3
  • 37
    • 0030298360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shared understandings for informed consent: The relevance of psychological research on the provision of information
    • Kent, G. (1996) Shared understandings for informed consent: the relevance of psychological research on the provision of information. Social Science & Medicine 43, 1517-1523.
    • (1996) Social Science & Medicine , vol.43 , pp. 1517-1523
    • Kent, G.1
  • 39
    • 0030039783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is informed consent in neonatal randomised clinical trials ritual?
    • Levene, M., Wright, I. and Griffiths, G. (1996) Is informed consent in neonatal randomised clinical trials ritual? Lancet 347, 475.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 475
    • Levene, M.1    Wright, I.2    Griffiths, G.3
  • 40
    • 0019948583 scopus 로고
    • On the nature and ethics of phase I clinical trials of cancer chemotherapies
    • Lipsett, M. B. (1982) On the nature and ethics of phase I clinical trials of cancer chemotherapies. Journal of the American Medical Association 248, 941-942.
    • (1982) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.248 , pp. 941-942
    • Lipsett, M.B.1
  • 41
    • 0025957282 scopus 로고
    • Patients' willingness to enter clinical trials: Measuring the association with perceived benefit and preference for decision participation
    • Llewellyn-Thomas, H. A., McGreal, M. J. and Thiel, E. C. (1991) Patients' willingness to enter clinical trials: measuring the association with perceived benefit and preference for decision participation. Social Science & Medicine 32, 35-42.
    • (1991) Social Science & Medicine , vol.32 , pp. 35-42
    • Llewellyn-Thomas, H.A.1    McGreal, M.J.2    Thiel, E.C.3
  • 42
    • 0024521702 scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials in cancer: The role of surrogate patients in defining what constitutes an ethically acceptable clinical experiment
    • Mackillop, W. J. et al. (1989) Clinical trials in cancer: the role of surrogate patients in defining what constitutes an ethically acceptable clinical experiment. British Journal of Cancer 59, 388-395.
    • (1989) British Journal of Cancer , vol.59 , pp. 388-395
    • Mackillop, W.J.1
  • 43
    • 0343162694 scopus 로고
    • What women affected by breast cancer think about research and randomisation? A report of the SSRU pilot study
    • ed. P. Alderson. SSRU, London
    • Madden, M. (1994) What women affected by breast cancer think about research and randomisation? A report of the SSRU pilot study. In Breast Cancer, Randomised Control Trials and Consent, ed. P. Alderson, pp. 62-76. SSRU, London.
    • (1994) Breast Cancer, Randomised Control Trials and Consent , pp. 62-76
    • Madden, M.1
  • 44
    • 84886642114 scopus 로고
    • Participation in a clinical trial: The patients' point of view
    • Mattson, M. E. et al. (1985) Participation in a clinical trial: the patients' point of view. Controlled Clinical Trials 6, 156-167.
    • (1985) Controlled Clinical Trials , vol.6 , pp. 156-167
    • Mattson, M.E.1
  • 45
    • 0027908767 scopus 로고
    • Strengthen ethical committee's role
    • McIntosh, N. (1993) Strengthen ethical committee's role. British Medical Journal 307, 1496.
    • (1993) British Medical Journal , vol.307 , pp. 1496
    • McIntosh, N.1
  • 46
    • 0024633294 scopus 로고
    • The science of labour?
    • McNabb, M. (1989) The science of labour?. Nursing Times 85, 58-59.
    • (1989) Nursing Times , vol.85 , pp. 58-59
    • McNabb, M.1
  • 47
    • 0029988549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient understanding of consent form should be checked before participation in trial
    • Melby, T., Mendelson, J. E. and Jones, R. T. (1996) Patient understanding of consent form should be checked before participation in trial. British Medical Journal 312, 847.
    • (1996) British Medical Journal , vol.312 , pp. 847
    • Melby, T.1    Mendelson, J.E.2    Jones, R.T.3
  • 48
    • 0022336866 scopus 로고
    • Risk factor and behavioral correlates of willingness to participate in cancer prevention trials
    • Mettlin, C., Cummings, K. M. and Walsh, D. (1985) Risk factor and behavioral correlates of willingness to participate in cancer prevention trials. Nutrition and Cancer 7, 189-198.
    • (1985) Nutrition and Cancer , vol.7 , pp. 189-198
    • Mettlin, C.1    Cummings, K.M.2    Walsh, D.3
  • 49
    • 0027531031 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of participation in state-of-the-art cancer prevention, early detection/screening and treatment trials among African-Americans
    • Millon-Underwood, S., Sanders, E. and Davis, M. (1993) Determinants of participation in state-of-the-art cancer prevention, early detection/screening and treatment trials among African-Americans. Cancer and Nursing 16, 25-33.
    • (1993) Cancer and Nursing , vol.16 , pp. 25-33
    • Millon-Underwood, S.1    Sanders, E.2    Davis, M.3
  • 50
    • 0027380378 scopus 로고
    • Informed consent difficult for paediatric intensive care
    • Modi, N. (1993) Informed consent difficult for paediatric intensive care. British Medical Journal 307, 1495.
    • (1993) British Medical Journal , vol.307 , pp. 1495
    • Modi, N.1
  • 51
    • 0342293051 scopus 로고
    • A difficult decision
    • Moran, S. (1993) A difficult decision. New Generation December, 26.
    • (1993) New Generation , vol.DECEMBER , pp. 26
    • Moran, S.1
  • 52
    • 0000184013 scopus 로고
    • A prototype for the support of text interpretation
    • ed. R. Tesch. Human Science Press, New York
    • Muhr, T. (1991) A prototype for the support of text interpretation. In Qualitative Sociology, ed. R. Tesch. Human Science Press, New York.
    • (1991) Qualitative Sociology
    • Muhr, T.1
  • 54
    • 0024351157 scopus 로고
    • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: A prospective randomised study
    • O'Rourke, P. P. et al. (1989) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and conventional medical therapy in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a prospective randomised study. Pediatrics 84, 957-963.
    • (1989) Pediatrics , vol.84 , pp. 957-963
    • O'Rourke, P.P.1
  • 55
    • 0021128898 scopus 로고
    • Informed consent for investigational chemotherapy: Patients' and physicians' perceptions
    • Penman, D. J. et al. (1984) Informed consent for investigational chemotherapy: patients' and physicians' perceptions. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2, 849-855.
    • (1984) Journal of Clinical Oncology , vol.2 , pp. 849-855
    • Penman, D.J.1
  • 56
    • 0003263338 scopus 로고
    • With women: New steps in research in midwifery
    • ed. H. Roberts. Routledge, London
    • Renfrew, M. J. and McCandlish, R. (1992) With women: new steps in research in midwifery. In Women's Health Matters, ed. H. Roberts, pp. 81-98. Routledge, London.
    • (1992) Women's Health Matters , pp. 81-98
    • Renfrew, M.J.1    McCandlish, R.2
  • 57
    • 0028009464 scopus 로고
    • Reasons for entry into and understanding of HIV AIDS clinical trials: A preliminary study
    • Ross, M. W., Jeffords, K. and Gold, J. (1993) Reasons for entry into and understanding of HIV AIDS clinical trials: a preliminary study. AIDS Care 6, 77-82.
    • (1993) AIDS Care , vol.6 , pp. 77-82
    • Ross, M.W.1    Jeffords, K.2    Gold, J.3
  • 58
    • 0029042004 scopus 로고
    • Going public and watching sick people -the clinic setting as a factor in the experiences of gay men participating in AIDS clinical trials
    • Ryan, L. (1995) Going public and watching sick people -the clinic setting as a factor in the experiences of gay men participating in AIDS clinical trials. AIDS Care 7, 147-158.
    • (1995) AIDS Care , vol.7 , pp. 147-158
    • Ryan, L.1
  • 59
    • 0021346512 scopus 로고
    • Danish patients' attitudes to scientific-ethical questions: An interview study focusing on therapeutic trials
    • Saurbrey, N., Jensen, J., Rasmussen, P. E., Gjorup, T., Guldager, H. and Riis, P. (1984) Danish patients' attitudes to scientific-ethical questions: an interview study focusing on therapeutic trials. Acta Med Scandinavia 215, 99-104.
    • (1984) Acta Med Scandinavia , vol.215 , pp. 99-104
    • Saurbrey, N.1    Jensen, J.2    Rasmussen, P.E.3    Gjorup, T.4    Guldager, H.5    Riis, P.6
  • 60
    • 0020325090 scopus 로고
    • The ethics of the randomized clinical trial
    • Schafer, A. (1982) The ethics of the randomized clinical trial. New England Journal of Medicine 307, 719-724.
    • (1982) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.307 , pp. 719-724
    • Schafer, A.1
  • 61
    • 0026500461 scopus 로고
    • Redressing the balance: The ethics of not entering an eligible patient on a randomized clinical trial
    • Segelov, E., Tattersall, M. H. and Coates, A. S. (1992) Redressing the balance: the ethics of not entering an eligible patient on a randomized clinical trial. Annals of Oncology 3, 103-105.
    • (1992) Annals of Oncology , vol.3 , pp. 103-105
    • Segelov, E.1    Tattersall, M.H.2    Coates, A.S.3
  • 63
    • 0029002060 scopus 로고
    • Volunteers or victims: Patients' views of randomized cancer clinical trials
    • Slevin, M. et al. (1995) Volunteers or victims: patients' views of randomized cancer clinical trials. British Journal of Cancer 71, 1270-1274.
    • (1995) British Journal of Cancer , vol.71 , pp. 1270-1274
    • Slevin, M.1
  • 64
    • 0026687003 scopus 로고
    • Participation in medical research: The consent process as viewed by children, adolesecents, young adults and physicians
    • Susman, E. J., Dom, L. D. and Fletcher, J. C. (1992) Participation in medical research: the consent process as viewed by children, adolesecents, young adults and physicians. Pediatrics 121, 547-552.
    • (1992) Pediatrics , vol.121 , pp. 547-552
    • Susman, E.J.1    Dom, L.D.2    Fletcher, J.C.3
  • 66
    • 0027761830 scopus 로고
    • A study of diet and breast cancer prevention in Canada: Why healthy women participate in controlled trials
    • Sutherland, H. J. et al. (1993) A study of diet and breast cancer prevention in Canada: why healthy women participate in controlled trials. Cancer Causes and Control 4, 521-528.
    • (1993) Cancer Causes and Control , vol.4 , pp. 521-528
    • Sutherland, H.J.1
  • 67
    • 0026636643 scopus 로고
    • Integrating conflicting professional roles: Physician participation in randomized clinical trials
    • Taylor, K. M. (1992) Integrating conflicting professional roles: physician participation in randomized clinical trials. Social Science & Medicine 35, 2.
    • (1992) Social Science & Medicine , vol.35 , pp. 2
    • Taylor, K.M.1
  • 68
    • 0021339672 scopus 로고
    • Physicians' reasons for not entering eligible patients in a randomized clinical trial of surgery for breast cancer
    • Taylor, K. M., Margolese, R. G. and Soskolne, C. L. (1984) Physicians' reasons for not entering eligible patients in a randomized clinical trial of surgery for breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 310, 1363-1367.
    • (1984) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.310 , pp. 1363-1367
    • Taylor, K.M.1    Margolese, R.G.2    Soskolne, C.L.3
  • 69
    • 0028130499 scopus 로고
    • Fundamental dilemmas of the randomized clinical trial process: Results of a survey of the 1737 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group investigators
    • Taylor, K. M., Feldstein, M. L., Skeel, R. T., Pandya, K. J., Ng, P. and Carbone, P. P. (1994) Fundamental dilemmas of the randomized clinical trial process: results of a survey of the 1737 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group investigators. Journal of Clinical Oncology 12, 1796-1805.
    • (1994) Journal of Clinical Oncology , vol.12 , pp. 1796-1805
    • Taylor, K.M.1    Feldstein, M.L.2    Skeel, R.T.3    Pandya, K.J.4    Ng, P.5    Carbone, P.P.6
  • 70
    • 0028279827 scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials a brave new partnership
    • Thornton, H. (1994) Clinical trials a brave new partnership. Journal of Medical Ethics 20, 19-22.
    • (1994) Journal of Medical Ethics , vol.20 , pp. 19-22
    • Thornton, H.1
  • 71
    • 0027453807 scopus 로고
    • Fully informed consent can be needlessy cruel
    • Tobias, J. S. and Souhami, R. L. (1993) Fully informed consent can be needlessy cruel. British Medical Journal 307, 1199-1201.
    • (1993) British Medical Journal , vol.307 , pp. 1199-1201
    • Tobias, J.S.1    Souhami, R.L.2
  • 72
    • 0025947304 scopus 로고
    • Randomised clinical trials in general practice: Lessons from a failure
    • Tognoni, G. et al. (1991) Randomised clinical trials in general practice: lessons from a failure. British Medical Journal 303, 969-971.
    • (1991) British Medical Journal , vol.303 , pp. 969-971
    • Tognoni, G.1
  • 73
    • 0027421475 scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of potentially life-saving therapies: Are they ethical
    • Truog, R. D. (1993) Randomized controlled trial of potentially life-saving therapies: are they ethical. Coronary Artery Disease 4, 835-836.
    • (1993) Coronary Artery Disease , vol.4 , pp. 835-836
    • Truog, R.D.1
  • 74
    • 0030582184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.K. collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
    • U.K. Collaborative ECMO Trial Group(1996) U.K. collaborative randomised trial of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Lancet 348, 75-82.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 75-82
  • 75
    • 0025016965 scopus 로고
    • Informed consent: Influence on patient selection among critically ill premature infants
    • Walterspiel, J. N. (1990) Informed consent: influence on patient selection among critically ill premature infants. Pediatrics 85, 119-121.
    • (1990) Pediatrics , vol.85 , pp. 119-121
    • Walterspiel, J.N.1
  • 76
    • 0024829788 scopus 로고
    • Is it any good? The evaluation of therapy by participants in a clinical trial
    • Wynne, A. (1989) Is it any good? The evaluation of therapy by participants in a clinical trial. Social Science & Medicine 29, 1289-1297.
    • (1989) Social Science & Medicine , vol.29 , pp. 1289-1297
    • Wynne, A.1
  • 77
    • 0018750520 scopus 로고
    • A new design for randomized clinical trials
    • Zelen, M. (1979) A new design for randomized clinical trials. New England Journal of Medicine 300, 1242-1245.
    • (1979) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.300 , pp. 1242-1245
    • Zelen, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.