Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in chronic schizophrenia: Effects of clozapine treatment

Psychiatry Research

Volumn 71, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 11-17

  Monteleone, Palmiero ^a   Fabrazzo, Michele ^a   Tortorella, Alfonso ^a   Maj, Mario ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Atypical neuroleptics; Cytokines; Immunity; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; INTERLEUKIN 6; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ADULT; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CLOZAPINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-6; MALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 0030837349     PISSN: 01651781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-1781(97)00036-X     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. 3H]dopamine in rat cultured mesencephalic cells. J. Neurochem. 61, 1284-1290.
2. American Psychiatric Association, 1994. DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
3. Andreasen, N.C., 1983. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
4. Andreasen, N.C., 1984. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
5. Andreasen, N.C., Endicott, J., Spitzer, R.L., Winokur, G., 1977. The family history method using diagnostic criteria: reliability and validity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34, 1229-1235.
6. Åsberg, M., Montgomery, S.A., Perris, C., Schalling, D., Sedvall, G., 1978. A comprehensive psychopathological rating scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 271 (Suppl.), 63-69.
7. Boukhris, W., Kouassi, E., Revillard, J.P., 1988. Differential effect of mixed D1/D2 and selective D2 dopaminergic antagonists on mouse T and B lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin production in vitro. Immunopharm. Immunotoxicol. 10, 501-512.
8. Caruso, C., Candore, G., Cigna, D., Colucci, A.T., Modica, M.A., 1993. Biological significance of soluble IL-2 receptor. Med. Inflamm. 2, 3-21.
9. DeLisi, L.E., Goodman, S., Neckers, L.M., Wyatt, R.J., 1982. An analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 17, 1003-1009.
10. Denicoff, K.D., Rubinow, D.R., Papa, M.Z. et al., 1987. The neuropsychiatrie effects of treatment with interleukin-2 and lymphokine activated killer cells. Ann. Intern. Med. 107, 293-300.
11. Eaton, W.W., Hayard, C., Ram, R., 1992. Schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Schizophr. Res. 6, 181-192.
12. Ganguli, R., Brar, J.S., Chengappa, K.N.R. et al., 1995. Mitogen-stimulated interleukin-2 production in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52, 668-672.
13. Ganguli, R., Brar, J.S., Solomon, W., Chengappa, K.N.R., Rabin, B.S., 1992. Altered interleukin-2 production in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 44, 113-123.
14. Ganguli, R., Rabin, B.S., 1989. Increased serum interleukin-2 receptor concentration in schizophrenic and brain-damaged subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 292.
15. Ganguli, R., Yang, Z., Shurin, G. et al., 1994. Serum interleukin-6 concentration in schizophrenia: elevation associated with duration of the illness. Psychiatry Res. 51, 1-10.
16. Hunt, J.S., Chen, H.L., Hu, X.L., Chen, T.T., Morrison, D.C., 1992. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in the tissues of normal mice. Cytokine 4, 340-346.
17. Kinouchi, K., Brown, G., Pasternak, G., Donner, D.B., 1991. Identification and characterization of receptors for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 181, 1532-1538.
18. Lapchak, P.A., 1992. A role for interleukin-2 in the regulation of striatal dopaminergic function. Neuroreport 3, 165-168.
19. Licinio, J., Seibyl, J.P., Altemus, M., Charney, D.S., Krystal, J.H., 1993. Elevated CSF levels of interleukin-2 in neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 150, 1408-1410.
20. Lieberman, A.P., Pitha, P.M., Shin, H.S., Shin, M.L., 1989. Production of tumor necrosis factor and other cytokines by astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or neurotropic viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 399, 608-612.
21. Maes, M., Bosmans, E., Calabrese, J., Smith, R., Meltzer, H.Y., 1995. Interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia and mania: effects of neuroleptics and mood stabilizers. Psychiatry Res. 29, 141-152.
22. Maes, M., Bosmans, E., Ranjan, R. et al., 1996. Lower plasma CC16, a natural anti-inflammatory protein, and increased plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in schizophrenia: effects of antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr. Res. 21, 39-50.
23. Maes, M., Meltzer, H.Y., Bosmans, E., 1994. Immune-inflammatory markers in schizophrenia: comparison to normal controls and effects of clozapine. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 89, 346-351.
24. Maes, M., Scharpé, S., Meltzer, H.Y. et al., 1993. Relationships between interleukin-6 activity, acute phase proteins and HPA-axis function in severe depression. Psychiatry Res. 49, 11-27.
25. Merrill, J.E., 1992. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 and related cytokines in brain development: normal and pathological. Dev. Neurosci. 14, 1-10.
26. Müller, N., 1995. Psychoneuroimmunology. Implications for the drug treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 4, 125-140.
27. Pollmächer, T., Hinze-Selch, D., Mullington, J., 1995a. Cytokines and antipsychotic drugs. 26th Congress of the ISPNE, Munich, September 11-15, Abstracts, 86.
28. Pollmächer, T., Hinze-Selch, D., Mullington, J., Holsboer, F., 1995. Clozapine-induced increase in plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52, 877-878.
29. Rapaport, M.H., McAllister, C.G., Pickar, D., Nelson, D.L., Paul, S.M., 1989. Elevated levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptors in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 291-292.
30. Rothwell, N.J., Hopkins, S.J., 1995. Cytokines and the nervous system II: Actions and mechanisms of action. Trends Neurosci. 18, 130-135.
31. Schleuning, M.J., Duggan, A., Reem, G.H., 1989. Inhibition by chlorpromazine of lymphokine-specific RNA expression in human thymocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 1491-1496.
32. Shintani, F., Kanba, S., Maruo, N. et al., 1991. Serum interleukin-6 in schizophrenic patients. Life Sci. 49, 661-664..
33. Smidt, E., Axelsson, R., Steen, G., 1988. Treatment of chronic schizophrenia with glucocorticoids in combination with neuroleptic drugs: a pilot study. Curr. Ther. Res. 43, 842-850.
34. Smith, R.S., 1992. A comprehensive macrophage-T-lymphocyte theory of schizophrenia. Med. Hypoth. 39, 248-257.
35. Villemain, F., Chatenoud, L., Galinowski, A. et al., 1989. Aberrant T cell-mediated immunity in untreated schizophrenic patients: deficient interleukin-2 production. Am. J. Psychiatry 146, 609-616.
36. Volpicelli, S.A., Centorrino, F., Puopolo, P.R. et al., 1993. Determination of clozapine, norclozapine and clozapine-N-oxide in serum by liquid chromatography. Clin. Chem. 39, 1656-1659.
37. Weinberger, D.R., Lipska, B.K., 1995. Cortical maldevelopment, antipsychotic drugs, and schizophrenia: a search for common ground. Schizophr. Res. 16, 87-110.
38. World Health Organization, 1987. Composite International Diagnostic Interview. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.