Plant polyamines in reproductive activity and response to abiotic stress

Botanica Acta

Volumn 110, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 197-207

  Galston, A W ^a   Kaur Sawhney, R ^a   Altabella, T ^b   Tiburcio, A F ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Abiotic stress; Arginine decarboxylase; Flowering; Polyamines; Putrescine; Reproductive activity; Spermidine; Spermine

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030835912     PISSN: 09328629     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00629.x     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Altabella, T., Angel, E., Biondi, S., Palazón, J., Bagni, N., and Piñol, M. T. - Effect of the rol genes from Agrobacterium rhizogenes on polyamine metabolism in tobacco roots. Physiol. Plant. 95 (1995), 479-485.
2. Bastola, D. R. and Minocha, S. C. - Increased putrescine biosynthesis through transfer of mouse ornithine decarboxylase cDNA in carrot promotes somatic embryogenesis. Plant Physiol. 109 (1995), 63-71.
3. Beier, H., Fecker, L. F., and Berlin, J. - Lysine decarboxylase from Hafnia alvei: purification and molecular data, and preparation of polyclonal antibodies. Z. Naturforsch. 42 c (1987), 1307-1312.
4. Bell, E. and Malmberg, R. L. - Analysis of a cDNA encoding arginine decarboxylase from oat reveals similarity to the Escherichia coli arginine decarboxylase and evidence protein processing. Mol. Gen. Genet. 224 (1990), 431-436.
5. Bernier, G., Havelange, A., Houssa, C., Petitjean, A., and Lejeune, P. -Physiological signals that induce flowering. The Plant Cell 5 (1993), 1147-1155.
6. Besford, R., Richardson, C., Campos, J. L., and Tiburcio, A. F. - Effect of polyamines on stabilization of molecular complexes in thylakoid membranes of osmotically-stressed oat leaves. Planta 189 (1993), 201-206.
7. Borrell, A., Culiañez-Macià, F. A., Altabella, T., Besford, R. T., Flores, D., and Tiburcio, A. F. - Arginine decarboxylase is localized in chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 109 (1995), 771-776.
8. Borrell, A., Besford, R. T., Altabella, T., Masgrau, C., and Tiburcio, A. F. - Regulation of arginine decarboxylase by spermine in osmotically-stressed oat leaves. Physiol. Plant. 98 (1996), 105-110.
9. Bryan, J. K. - Advances in the biochemistry of amino acid biosynthesis. In: The Biochemistry of Plants, Intermediary Nitrogen Metabolism, Vol. 16, eds. B. J. Miflin and P. J. Lea, pp. 161-195, Academic Press, New York, 1990.
10. Cabanne, R., Martin-Tanguy, J., Perdrizet, E., Vallée, J. C., Grent, L., Prevost, J., and Martin, C. - Présence de composés phénoliques liés à des polyamines dans les feuilles de Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi n.c. sain. Apparition contemporaine de l'induction florale. CR Acad. Sc. 282 (1976), 1959-1962.
11. Cabanne, F., Martin-Tanguy, J., and Martin, C. - Phénolamines associées à l'induction floral et à l'état reproductive du Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi n.C. Physiologie Veg. 15 (1977), 429-443.
12. Caffaro, S. V., Antognoni, F., Scaramagli, S., and Bagni, N. - Polyamine translocation following photoperiodic flowering induction in soybean. Physiol. Plant. 91 (1994), 251-256.
13. Caffaro, S. V. and Vicente, C. - Early change in the content of leaf polyamines during the photoperiodic flowering induction in soybean. J. Plant Physiol. 145 (1995), 756-758.
14. Campos, J. L., Figueras, X., Piñol, Ma. T., Boronat, A., and Tiburcio, A. F. - Carotenoid and conjugated polyamine levels as indicators of ultraviolet-C induced stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Photochem. Photobiol. 53 (1991), 689-693.
15. Capell, T., Campos, J. L., and Tiburcio, A. F. - Antisenescence properties of guazantine in osmoticallly stressed oat leaves. Phytochemistry 32 (1993), 785-788.
16. Chilton, M-D., Tepfer, D., Petit, A., David, D., Casse-Delbart, F., and Tempe, J. - Agrobacterium rhizogenes inserts T-DNA into the genomes of host plant root cells. Nature 295 (1982), 432-434.
17. Cohen, S. S. - Introduction to the polyamines. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., U.S.A., 1971.
18. Costa, G. and Bagni, N. - Effects of polyamines on fruit-set of apple. HortScience 18 (1983), 59-61.
19. Dai, Y. and Galston, A. W. - Simultaneous phytochrome-controlled promotion and inhibition of arginine decarboxylase activity in buds and epicotyls of etiolated peas. Plant Physiol. 67 (1981), 266-269.
20. Dai, Y-R. And Wang, J. - Relation of polyamine titer to photoperiodic induction of flowering in Pharbitis nil. Plant Sci. 51 (1987), 135-139.
21. DeCantu, L. B. and Kandeler, R. - Significance of polyamines for flowering in Spirodela punctata. Plant Cell Physiol. 30 (1989), 455-458.
22. Del Duca, S., Tidu, V., Bassi, R., Esposito, C., and Serafini-Fracassini, D. - Identification of chlorophyll-α/β proteins as substrates of transglutaminase activity in isolated chloroplasts of Helianthus tuberosus L. Planta 193 (1994), 283-289.
23. Del Duca, S., Beninati, S., and Serafini-Fracassini, D. - Polyamines in chloroplasts: Identification of their glutamyl and acetyl derivatives. Biochem. J. 305 (1995), 233-237.
24. DeScenzo, R. A. and Minocha, S. C. - Modulation of cellular polyamines in tobacco by transfer and expression of mouse ornithine decarboxylase cDNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 22 (1993), 113-127.
25. Dibble, A. R. G., Davies, P. J., and Mutschler, M. A. - Polyamine content of long-keeping Alcobaça tomato fruit. Plant Physiol. 86 (1988), 338-340.
26. Dumas, E., Perdrizet, E., and Valée, J. C. - Evolution quantitative des acides aminés et amines libres au cours du développement de diverses espèces de Nicotiana. Physiol. Veg. 19 (1981), 155-165.
27. Dumas, E., Vallée, J., and Perdrizet, E. - Etude comparée du métabolisme des acides aminés et amines libres chez deux espèces de tabac. Physiol. Veg. 20 (1982), 505-514.
28. Evans, P. T. and Malmberg, R. L. - Do polyamines have roles in plant development? Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40 (1989), 235-269.
29. Fecker, L. F., Hillebrandt, S., Rügenhagen, C., Herminghaus, S., Landsmann, J., and Berlin, J. - Metabolic effects of a bacterial lysine decarboxylase gene expressed in a hairy root culture of Nicotiana glauca. Biotechnology Lett. 14 (1992), 1035-1040.
30. Feirer, R. P., Mignon, G., and Litway, J. D. - Arginine decarboxylase and polyamines required for embryogenesis in the wild carrot. Science 223 (1984), 1433-1434.
31. Feirer, R. P., Wann, S. P., and Einspahr, D. W. - The effects of spermidine synthesis inhibitors on in vitro plant development. Plant Growth Regul. 3 (1985), 319-327.
32. Fienberg, A. A., Choi, J. H., Lubich, W. P., and Sung, Z. R. -Developmental regulation of polyamine metabolism in growth and differentiation of carrot culture. Planta 162 (1984), 532-539.
33. Flores, H. E. and Galston, A. W. - Polyamines and plant stress: activation of putrescine biosynthesis by osmotic shock. Science 217 (1982), 1259-1261.
34. Flores, H. E. and Galston, A. W. - Osmotic stress-induced polyamine accumulation in cereal leaves. I. Physiological parameters of the response. Plant Physiol. 75 (1984), 102-109.
35. Flores, H. E., Young, N. D., and Galston, A. W. - Polyamine metabolism and plant stress. In: Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Stress, Vol. XXII (NS), eds. J. L. Key and T. Kosuge, eds. pp. 93-114, UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol., Alan R. Liss, Inc., U.S.A., 1985.
36. Flores, H. E. - Changes in polyamine metabolism in response to abiotic stress. In: Biochemistry and Physiology of Polyamines in Plants. Eds. R. D. Slocum and H. E. Flores, pp. 213-228. CRC Press. Boca Raton. U.S.A., 1991.
37. Fritze, K., Czaja, I., and Walden, R. - T-DNA tagging of genes influencing polyamine metabolism: isolation of mutant plant lines and rescue of DNA promoting growth in the presence of a polyamine biosynthetic inhibitor. Plant J. 7 (1995), 101-111.
38. Galston, A. W. and Kaur-Sawhney, R. - Polyamines in plant physiology. Plant Physiol. 94 (1990), 406-410.
39. Galston, A. W. and Kaur-Sawhney, R. - Polyamines as endogenous growth regulators. In: Plant hormones: Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, 2nd edition. Ed. P. J. Davies, pp. 158-178. Dordrecht, Netherlands; Norwell, MA, USA. 1995.
40. Gatz, C., Frohberg, C., and Wendenburg, R. - Stringent repression and homogenous de-repression by tetracycline of a modified caMV 35 S promoter in intact transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J. 2 (1992), 397-404.
41. Gerats, A. G. M., Kaye, C., Collins, C., and Malmberg, R. L. - Polyamine levels in Petunia genotypes with normal and abnormal floral morphologies. Plant Physiol. 86 (1988), 390-393.
42. Hamasaki, N. and Galston, A. W. - The polyamines of Xanthium strumarium and their response to photoperiod. Photochem. Photobiol. 52 (1990), 181-186.
43. Hamill, J. D., Robins, R. J., Parr, A. J., Evans, D. M., Furze, J. M., and Rhodes, M. J. C. - Over-expression of a yeast ornithine decarboxylase gene in transgenic roots of Nicotiana rustica can lead to enhanced nicotine accumulation. Plant Mol. Biol. 15 (1990), 27-38.
44. Harkess, R. L., Lyons, R. E., and Kushad, M. M. - Floral morphogenesis in Rudbeckia hirta in relation to polyamine concentration. Physiol. Plant. 86 (1992), 575-582.
45. Havelange, A., Lejieune, P., Bernier, G., Kaur-Sawhney, R., and Galston, A. W. - Putrescine export from leaves in relation to floral transition in Sinapis alba. Physiol. Plant. 96 (1996), 59-65.
46. Heimer, Y. M., Muriaki, Y., and Bachrach, U. - Ornithine decarboxylase activity in rapidly proliferating plant cells. FEBS Lett. 104 (1979), 146-148.
47. Herbst, E. J. and Snell, E. E. - Putrescine as a growth factor for Haemophilus parainfluenzae. J. Biol. Chem. 176 (1948), 989.
48. Herbst, E. J. and Doctor, B. P. - Inhibition of ribonucleic acid degradation in bacteria by spermine. J. Biol. Chem. 234 (1959), 1497-1500.
49. Herminghaus, S., Scheirer, P. H., McCarthy, J. E. G., Landsmann, J., Botterman, J., and Berlin, J. - Expression of a bacterial lysine decarboxylase gene and transport of the protein into chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol. Biol. 17 (1991), 474-486.
50. Imamura, S. and Takimoto, A. - Photoperiodic responses in Japanese Morning Glory, Pharbitis nil Chois, a sensitive short-day plant. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 68 (1968), 235-241.
51. Kakkar, R. K. and Rai, V. K. - Plant polyamines in flowering and fruit ripening. Phytochemistry 33 (1993), 1281-1288.
52. Kaur-Sawhney, R. and Galston, A. W. - Interaction of polyamines and light on biochemical processes involved in leaf senescence. Plant Cell Environ. 2 (1979), 189-196.
53. Kaur-Sawhney, R., Tiburcio, A. F., and Galston, A. W. - Spermidine and flower bud differentiation in thin-layer explants of tobacco. Planta 173 (1988), 282-284.
54. Kotzabasis, K., Fotinou, C., Roubellakis-Angelakis, K. A., and Ghanotakis, D. - Polyamines in the photosynthetic apparatus. Photosystem II highly resolved subcomplexes are enriched in spermine. Photosynthesis Res. 38 (1993), 83-88.
55. Kramer, G. F., Wang, C. Y., and Conway, W. S. - Inhibition of softening by polyamine application in golden delicious and Mcintosh apples. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116 (1991), 813-817.
56. Kumar, A., Taylor, M. A., Mad Arif, S. A., and Davies, H. V. - Potato plants expressing antisense and sense SAMDC transgenes show altered levels of polyamines and ethylene: antisense plants display abnormal phenotypes. Plant J. 9 (1996), 147-158.
57. Kushad, M. M., Orvos, A. R., and Yelenosky, G. - Relative changes in polyamines during citrus flower development. Hort Science 25 (1990), 946-948.
58. Li, N., Parsons, B. L., Liu, D., and Mattoo, A. K. - Accumulation of wound-inducible ACC synthase transcript in tomato fruit is inhibited by salicylic acid and polyamines. Plant Mol. Biol. 18 (1992), 477-487.
59. Mad Arif, S. A., Taylor, M. A., George, L. A., Butler, A. R., Burch, L. R., Davies, H. V., Stark, M. J. R., and Kumar, A. - Characterization of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene from potato. Plant Mol. Biol. 26 (1994), 327-338.
60. Malmberg, R. L. - Temperature sensitive variants of Nicotiana tabacum isolated from somatic cell culture. Genetics 92 (1979), 215-221.
61. Malmberg, R. L. - Biochemical, cellular, and developmental characterization of a temperature sensitive mutant of Nicotiana tabacum and its second site revertant. Cell 22 (1980), 603-609.
62. Malmberg, R. L. and Mclndoo, J. - Abnormal floral development of a tobacco mutant with elevated polyamine levels. Nature 305 (1983), 623-625.
63. Malmberg, R. L., Bell, E., and Rose, D. J. - Biochemical genetics of resistance to MGBG in tobacco: mutants that alter SAMDC or polyamine ratios, and floral morphology. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207 (1987), 9-14.
64. Malmberg, R. L., Smith, K. E., Bell, E., and Cellino, M. L. - Arginine decarboxylase of oats is clipped from a precursor into two polypeptides found in the soluble enzyme. Plant Physiol. 100 (1992), 146-152.
65. Malmberg, R. L. and Cellino, M. L. - Arginine decarboxylase of oats is activated by enzymatic cleavage into two polypeptides. J. Biol. Chem. 28 (1994), 2703-2706.
66. Mandel, M. A. and Yanofsky, M. F. - A gene triggering flower formation in Arabidopsis. Nature 377 (1995), 522-524.
67. Margosiak, S. A., Dharma, A., Bruce-Carver, M. R., Gonzales, A. P., Louie, D., and Kuehn, G. D. - Identification of the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase as a substrate for transglutaminase in Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa). Plant Physiol. 92 (1990), 88-96.
68. Martin-Tanguy, J. - Hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCA) in Zea mays: distribution and changes with cytoplasmic male sterility. FEBS Lett. 108 (1979), 176-178.
69. Martin-Tanguy, J. - The occurrence and possible function of hydroxy-cinnamoyl acid amides in plants. Plant Growth Regul. 3 (1985), 383-399.
70. Martin-Tanguy, J., Corbineau, F., Burtin, D., Ben-Hayyim, G., and Tepfer, D. - Genetic transformation with a derivative of rol C from Agrobacterium rhizogenes and treatment with α-aminoisobutyric acid produce similar phenotypes and reduce ethylene production and the accumulation of water-insoluble polyamine-hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in tobacco flowers. Plant Sci. 93 (1993), 63-76.
71. Martin-Tanguy, J. - Flowering, polyamines, inhibitors of polyamine and ethylene biosynthesis. Flowering Newsletter 21 (1996), 10-20.
72. Masgrau, C., Altabella, T., Borrell, A., Farràs, R., Flores, D., Besford, R. T., Thompson, A. J., and Tiburcio, A. F. - Localization and inducible over-expression of oat arginine decarboxylase in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 111 (1996) S-22 (Abstr.)
73. Michael, A. J., Furze, J. M., Rhodes, M. J. C., and Burtin, D. - Molecular cloning and functional identification of a plant ornithine decarboxylase cDNA. Biochem. J. 314 (1996), 241-248.
74. Mitra, S. K., and Sanyal, D. - Effect of putrescine and fruit set and , fruit quality of litchi. Gartenbauwissenschaft 55 (1990), 83-84.
75. Newman, T., de Bruijn, F. J., Green, P., Keegstra, K., Kende, H., Mcintosh, L., Ohlrogge, J., Raikhel, N., Somerville, S., Thomashow, M., Retzel, E., and Somerville, C. - Genes Galore: A summary of methods for accessing results from large-scale partial sequencing of anonymous Arabidopsis cDNA clones. Plant Physiol. 106 (1994), 1241-1255.
76. Perez-Amador, M. A., Carbonell, J., and Granell, A. - Expression of arginine decarboxylase is induced during early fruit development and in young tissues of Pisum sativum. Plant Mol. Biol. 28 (1995), 997-1009.
77. Persson, L., Rosengren, E., Sundler, F., and Uddman, R. - Immunocytochemical localization of ornithine decarboxylase. Methods Enzymol. 94 (1983), 166-169.
78. Protacio, C. M. and Flores, H. - Polyamine metabolism in tobacco in vitro flower system. Plant Physiol. 89 (1989), S-586 (Abst.).
79. Rajam, M. V. and Galston, A. W. - The effects of some polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors on growth and morphology of phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Cell Physiol. 26 (1985), 683-692.
80. Rastogi, R. and Sawhney, V. K. - Polyamines and flower development in male sterile stamenless-2 mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). 1. Level of polyamines and their biosynthesis in normal and mutant flowers. Plant Physiol. 93 (1990a), 439-445.
81. Rastogi, R. and Sawhney, V. K. - II. Effects of polyamines and their biosynthetic inhibitors on the development of normal and mutant floral buds cultured in vitro. Plant Physiol. 93 (1990b), 446-452.
82. Rastogi, R., Dulson, J., and Rothstein, S. J. - Cloning of tomato arginine decarboxylase gene and its expression during fruit ripening. Plant Physiol. 103 (1993), 829-834.
83. Reggiani, R. - Purification and synthesis under anaerobic conditions of rice arginine decarboxylase. Plant Cell Physiol. 35 (1994), 1245-1249.
84. Robie, C. A. and Minocha, S. C. - Polyamines and embryogenesis. I. The effects of difluoromethylornithine and difluoromethylarginine. Plant Sci. 65 (1989), 45-54.
85. Rugini, E. and Mencuccini, M. - Increased yield in the olive with putrescine treatment. HortScience 20 (1985), 102-103.
86. Saftner, R. A. - Effect of organic amines on α-aminoisobutric acid uptake into the vacuole and on ethylene production by tomato pericarp slices. Physiol. Plant. 75 (1989), 485-491.
87. Saftner, R. A. and Baldi, B. G. - Polyamine levels and tomato fruit development: possible interaction with ethylene. Plant Physiol. 92 (1990), 547-550
88. Schröder, G. and Schröder, J. - cDNAs for S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase from Catharanthus roseus, heterologous expression, identification of the proenzyme-processing site, evidence for the presence of both subunits in the active enzyme, and conserved region in the 5′ RNA leader. Eur. J. Biochem. 228 (1995), 74-78.
89. Sinkar, V., Pythoud, F., White, F., Hester, E., and Gordon, M. - rol A locus of the Ri plasmid directs developmental abnormalities in transgenic plants. Genes Dev. 2 (1988), 688-698.
90. Slocum, R. D. and Galston, A. W. - Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in plants and plant pathogenic fungi. In: Inhibition of Polyamine Metabolism, eds. P. P. McCann, A. E. Pegg and A. J. Sjoerdsma, pp. 305-316, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, U.S.A., 1987.
91. Slocum, R. D. - Tissue and subcellular localization of polyamines and enzymes of polyamine metabolism. In: Biochemistry and Physiology of Polyamines in Plants. eds. R. D. Slocum and H. E. Flores, pp. 93-103. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A., 1991.
92. Slocum, R. D. and Flores, H. F. eds. - Biochemistry and physiology of polyamines in plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A., 1991.
93. Smith, T. A. - Polyamines. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 26 (1985), 117-143.
94. Sneath, P. H. A. - Putrescine as an essential growth factor for a mutant of A nidulans. Nature 175 (1955), 818.
95. Tabor, C. W. - Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in polyamine biosynthesis: Studies on the regulation of ornithine decarboxylase. Med. Biol. 59 (1981), 272-278.
96. Tarenghi, E. and Martin-Tanguy, J. - Polyamines, floral induction and floral development of strawberry (Fragaria amanassa Duch.). Plant Growth Regul. 17 (1995), 157-165.
97. Taylor, M. A., Mad Arif, S. A., Kumar, A., Davies, H. V., Scobie, L. A., Pearce, S. R., and Flavell, A. J. - Expression and sequence analysis of cDNAs induced during the early stages of tuberisation in different organs of the potato plant. Plant Mol. Biol. 20 (1992), 641-651.
98. Teitel, D. C., Cohen, E., (Malis) Arad, S., Birnbaum, E., and Mizrahi, Y. - The possible involvement of polyamines in the development of tomato fruits in vitro. Plant Growth Regul. 3 (1985), 309-317.
99. Tiburcio, A. F., Masdéu, M. A., Dumortier, F. M., and Galston, A. W. -Polyamine metabolism and osmotic stress. I. Relation to protoplast viability. Plant Physiol. 82 (1986a), 369-374.
100. Tiburcio, A. F., Kaur-Sawhney, R., and Galston, A. W. - Polyamine metabolism and osmotic stress. Improvement of oat protoplasts by an inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase. Plant Physiol. 82 (1986b), 375-378.
101. Tiburcio, A. F., Kaur-Sawhney, R., and Galston, A. W. - Polyamine biosynthesis during vegetative and floral bud differentiation in thin layer tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Cell Physiol. 29 (1988), 1241-1249.
102. Tiburcio, A. F., Kaur-Sawhney, R., and Galston, A. W. - Polyamine metabolism. In: The Biochemistry of Plants, Intermediary Nitrogen Metabolism. Vol. 16, eds. B. J. Miflin and P. J. Lea, pp. 283-325. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A., 1990.
103. Tiburcio, A. F., Campos, J. L., Figueras, X., and Besford, R. T. - Recent advances in the understanding of polyamine functions during plant development. Plant Growth Regul. 12 (1993a), 331-340.
104. Tiburcio, A. F., Kaur-Sawhney, R., and Galston, A. W. - Spermidine biosynthesis as affected by osmotic stress in oat leaves. Plant Growth Regul. 13 (1993b), 103-109.
105. Tiburcio, A. F., Besford, R. T., Capell, T., Borrell, A., Testillano, P. S., and Risueño, M. C. - Mechanisms of polyamine action during senescence responses induced by osmotic stress. J. Exp. Bot. 45 (1994), 1789-1800.
106. Tiburcio, A. F., Besford, R. T., Borrell, A., and Marcé, M. - Metabolism and function of polyamines during osmotically induced senescence in oat leaves and protoplasts. In: Amino Acids and Their Derivatives in Higher Plants, ed. R. M. Wallsgrove, pp. 205-225. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
107. Torrigiani, P., Altamura, M. M., Pasqua, G., Monacelli, B., Serafini-Fracassini, D., and Bagni, N. - Free and conjugated polyamines during de novo floral and vegetative bud formation in thin cell layers of tobacco. Physiol. Plant. 70 (1987), 453-460.
108. Turano, F. J. and Kramer, G. F. - Effect of metabolic intermediates on the accumulation of polyamines in detached soybean leaves. Phytochemistry 34 (1993), 959-968.
109. Wada, N., Shimozaki, M., and Iwamura, H. - Flower induction by polyamines and related compounds in seedlings of Morning Glory (Pharbitis nil cv. Kidachi). Plant Cell Physiol. 35 (1994), 469-472.
110. Weigel, D. W. and Nilsson, O. - A developmental switch sufficient for flower initiation in diverse plants. Nature 377 (1995), 495-500.
111. Wink, M. and Hartmann, T. - Localization of enzymes of quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis in leaf chloroplasts of Lupinus polyphyllus. Plant Physiol. 70 (1982), 74-77.
112. Woon-Noh, E. W. and Minocha, S. C. - Expression of a human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase cDNA in transgenic tobacco and its effects on polyamine biosynthesis. Transgenic Res. 3 (1994), 26-35.
113. Wyss-Benz, M., Streit, L., and Ebert, E. - Feruloyl-putrescine and caffeoyl-putrescine are not involved in growth and floral bud formation of stem explants from Nicotiana tabacum L. var Xanthi nc. Plant Physiol. 92 (1990), 924-930.
114. Young, N. D. and Galson, A. W. - Putrescine and acid stress. Induction of arginine decarboxylase activity and putrescine accumulation by low pH. Plant Physiol. 71 (1983), 767-771.
115. Young, N. D. and Galston, A. W. - Physiological control of arginine decarboxylase activity in potassium deficient oat shoots. Plant Physiol. 76 (1984), 331-335.