Zygotic embryogenesis versus somatic embryogenesis

Journal of Experimental Botany

Volumn 48, Issue 313, 1997, Pages 1493-1509

  Dodeman, V L ^a,b   Ducreux, G ^a   Kreis, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^b Inst de Biotechnologie des Plantes   (France)

Author keywords

Development; Marker; Mutant; Somatic embryogenesis; Zygotic embryogenesis

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030832022     PISSN: 00220957     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/48.8.1493     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Aeschbacher RA, Schiefelbein JW, Benfey PN. 1994. The genetic and molecular basis of root development. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 45, 25-45.
2. Ambrosio L, Mahowald AP, Perrimon N. 1989. Requirement of the Drosophila raf homologue for torso function. Nature 342, 288-91.
3. Barton MK, Poethig RS. 1993. Formation of the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana: an analysis of development in the wild type and in the shoot-meristemless mutant. Development 119, 823-31.
4. Barwale UB, Kerns HR, Wildhom JM. 1986. Plant regeneration from callus cultures of several soybean genotypes via embryogenesis and organogenesis. Planta 164, 473-81.
5. Bauer D, Müller H, Reich J, Riedel H, Ahrenkiel V, Warthoe P, Strauss M. 1993. Identification of differentially expressed mRNA species by an improved display technique (DDRT-PCR). Nucleic Acid Research 21, 4272-80.
6. Benfey PN, Schiefelbein JW. 1994. Getting to the root of plant development: the genetics of Arabidopsis root formation. Trends in Genetics 10, 84-8.
7. Berleth T, Jürgens G. 1993. The role of the monopteros gene in organising the basal body region of the Arabidopsis embryo. Development 118, 575-87.
8. Bögre L, Stefanov I, Abraham M, Somogyi I, Dudits D. 1990. Differences in responses to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatment between embryogenic lines of alfalfa. In: Nijkamp HJJ, Van der Plas LHW, Van Aartrijk J, eds. Progress in plant cellular and molecular biology. Dordrecht: Kluver Academic Publishers, 427-36.
9. Bouget F-Y, Gerttula S, Shaw SL, Quatrano RS. 1996. Localization of actin mRNA during the establishment of cell polarity and early cell divisions in Fucus embryos. The Plant Cell 8, 189-201.
10. Brown JD, Beggs JD. 1992. Roles of PRP8 protein in the assembly of splicing complexes. EMBO Journal 11, 3721-9.
11. Castle LA, Meinke DW. 1994. A FUSCA gene of Arabidopsis encodes a novel protein essential for plant development. The Plant Cell 6, 25-41.
12. Chaudhury AM, Letham S, Craig S, Dennis ES. 1993. amp1-a mutant with high cytokinin levels and altered embryonic pattern, faster vegetative growth, constitutive photomorphogenesis and precocious flowering. The Plant Journal 4, 907-16.
13. Chen RH, Sarnecki C, Blenis JB. 1992. Nuclear localization and regulation of erk- and rsk-encoded protein kinases. Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, 915-27.
14. Chory J, Peto C, Feinbaum R, Pratt L, Ausubel F. 1989. Arabidopsis thaliana mutant that develops as a light-grown plant in the absence of light. Cell 58, 991-9.
15. Clark JK, Sheridan WF. 1991. Isolation and characterization of 51 embryo-specific mutations of maize. The Plant Cell 3, 935-51.
16. Clark SE, Running MP, Meyerowitz EM. 1993. Clavata 1, a regulator of meristem and flower development in Arabidopsis. Development 119, 397-418.
17. Clark SE, Running MP, Meyerowitz EM. 1995. CLAVATA 3 is a specific regulator of shoot and floral meristem development affecting the same processes as CLAVATA 1. Development 121, 2057-67.
18. Clark SE, Jacobsen SE, Levin JZ, Meyerowitz EM. 1996. The CLAVATA and SHOOT-MERISTEMLESS loci competitively regulate meristem activity in Arabidopsis. Development 122, 1567-75.
19. Cooke TJ, Racusen RH, Cohen JD. 1993. The role of auxin in plant embryogenesis. The Plant Cell 5, 1494-5.
20. Cordewener JHG, Busink R, Traas JA, Custers JBM, Dons H JM, van Lockeren Campagne MM. 1994. Induction of microspore embryogenesis in Brassica napus L. is accompanied by specific changes in protein synthesis. Planta 195, 50-6.
21. Crouch ML. 1982. Non-zygotic embryos of Brassica napus L. contain embryo-specific storage proteins. Planta 156, 520-4.
22. Dahmer ML, Hildebrand DF, Collins GB. 1992. Comparative protein accumulation patterns in soybean somatic and zygotic embryos. In Vitro Cellular Developmental Biology 28, 106-14.
23. De Jong AJ, Schmidt EDL, De Vries SC. 1993. Early events in higher-plant embryogenesis. Plant Molecular Biology 22, 367-77.
24. De Vries SC, Booij H, Meyerink P, Huisman G, Wilde D, Thomas TL, Van Kammen A. 1988. Acquisition of embryogenic potential in carrot cell-suspension cultures. Planta 176, 196-204.
25. Deng XW, Matsui M, Wei N, Wagner D, Chu AM, Feldmann KA, Quail PH. 1992. COP1, an Arabidopsis regulatory gene. encodes a protein with both a zinc-binding motif and a Gb homologous domain. Cell 71, 791-801.
26. Dijak M, Smith DL, Wilson TJ, Brown DCW. 1986. Stimulation of direct embryogenesis from mesophyll protoplasts of Medicago sativa. Plant Cell Reports 5, 468-70.
27. Dodeman VL. 1995. Comparaison des embryogénèses zygotique et somatique chez la carotte (Daucus carota L.). Identification et induction de protéines de maturation. These de Doctorat de l'Université de Paris-XI, Orsay.
28. Doebley J. 1993. Genetics, development and plant evolution. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 3, 865-72.
29. Dos Santos AVP, Cutter EG, Davey MR. 1983. Origin and development of somatic embryos in Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa). Protoplasma 117, 107-15.
30. Dudits D, Bögre L, Györgyey J. 1991. Molecular and cellular approaches to the analysis of plant embryo development from somatic cells in vitro. Journal of Cell Science 99, 475-84.
31. Dumas C, Mogensen HL. 1993. Gametes and fertilization: maize as a model system for experimental embryogenesis in flowering plants. The Plant Cell 5, 1337-48.
32. Dure III L, Chlan C. 1981. Developmental biochemistry of cottonseed embryogenesis and germination. XII. Purification and properties of principal storage proteins. Plant Physiology 26, 259-78.
33. Dure III L, Crouch M, Harada J, Ho T-HD, Mundy J, Quatrano R.S, Thomas T, Sung ZR. 1989. Common amino acid sequence domains among the LEA proteins of higher plants. Plant Molecular Biology 12, 475-86.
34. Endrizzi K, Moussian B, Haecker A, Levin JZ, Laux T. 1996. The SHOOT-MERISTEMLESS gene is required for maintenance of undifferentiated cells in Arabidopsis shoot and floral meristems and acts at a different regulatory level than the meristem genes WUSCHEL and ZWILLE. The Plant Journal 10, 967-79.
35. Errampalli D, Patton D, Castle L, Mickelson L, Hansen K, Schnall J., Feldmann K, Meinke D. 1991. Embryonic lethals and T-DNA insertional mutagenesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 3, 149-57.
36. Finkelstein RR. 1993. Abscisic acid-insensitive mutations provide evidence for stage-specific signal pathways regulating expression of an Arabidopsis late embryogenesis-abundant (lea) gene. Molecular and General Genetics 238, 401-8.
37. Finkelstein RR, Somerville CR. 1990. Three classes of abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive mutations of Arabidopsis define genes that control overlapping subsets of ABA responses. Plant Physiology 94, 1172-9.
38. Galau GA, Jakobsen KS, Hughes DW. 1991. The controls of late dicot embryogenesis and early germination. Physiologia Plantarum 81, 280-8.
39. Gatehouse JA, Croy RRD, Boulter D. 1984. The synthesis and structure of pea storage proteins. CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Science 1, 217-314.
40. Giraudat J, Hauge BM, Valon C, Smalle J, Parcy F, Goodman HM. 1992. Isolation of the Arabidopsis AB13 gene by positional cloning. The Plant Cell 4, 1251-61.
41. Giraudat J, Parcy F, Bertauche N, Gosti F, Leung J, Morris P-C, Bouvier-Durand M, Vartanian N. 1994. Current advances in abscisic acid action and signalling. Plant Molecular Biology 26, 1557-77.
42. Goebel-Tourand I, Mauro M-C, Sossountzov L, Miginiac E, Deloire A. 1993. Arrest of somatic embryo development in grapevine: histological characterization and the effect of ABA, BAP and zeatin in stimulating plantlet development. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 33, 91-103.
43. Goldberg RB, Barker SJ, Perez-Grau L. 1989. Regulation of gene expression during plant embryogenesis. Cell 56, 149-60.
44. Goldberg RB, Paiva G de, Yadegari R. 1994. Plant embryogenesis: zygote to seed. Science 266, 605-14.
45. Goodner B, Quatrano RS. 1993. Fucus embryogenesis: a model to study the establishment of polarity. The Plant Cell 5, 1471-81.
46. Gray DJ, Mortensen JA. 1987. Initiation and maintenance of long-term somatic embryogenesis from anthers and ovaries of Vitis longii 'Microsperma'. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 9, 73-80.
47. Halperin W. 1966. Alternative morphogenetic events in cell suspensions. American Journal of Botany 53, 443-53.
48. Hattori T, Vasil V, Rosenkrans L, Hannah LC, McCarty DR, Vasil IK. 1992. The VIVIPAROUS-1 gene and abscisic acid activate the C1 regulatory gene for anthocyanin biosynthesis during seed maturation in maize. Genes and Development 6, 609-18.
49. Hause B, Hause G, Pechan P, Van Lammeren AAM. 1993. Cytoskeletal changes and induction of embryogenesis in microspore and pollen cultures of Brassica napus L. Cell Biology International Reports 17, 153-68.
50. Höfte H, Desprez T, Amselem J, Chiapello H, Caboche M. 1993. An inventory of 1152 expressed sequence tags obtained by partial sequencing of cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal 4, 1051-61.
51. Hughes DW, Galau GA. 1991. Developmental and environmental induction of lea and leaA mRNAs and the post-abscission programme during embryo culture. The Plant Cell 3, 605-18.
52. Hyman AA, Stearns T. 1992. Spindle positioning and cell polarity. Cell Division 9, 469-71.
53. Irish VF, Sussex IM. 1992. A fate map of the Arabidopsis embryonic shoot apical meristem. Development 115, 745-53.
54. Izawa T, Foster R, Nakajima M, Shimamoto K, Chua NH. 1994. The rice bZIP transcriptional activator RITA-1 is highly expressed during seed development. The Plant Cell 6, 1277-87.
55. Jürgens G, Mayer U, Torres Ruiz RA, Berleth T, Misera S. 1991. Genetic analysis of pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo. Development (Supplement) 91, 27-38.
56. Jürgens G, Mayer U. 1992. Arabidopsis. In: Bard J, ed. Embryos: A colour atlas of developing embryos. London: Wolfe.
57. Jürgens G. 1995. Axis formation in plant embryogenesis: cues and clues. Cell 81, 467-70.
58. Kaplan D. 1969. Seed development in Downingia. Phytomorphology 19, 253-78.
59. Kitano H, Tamura Y, Satoh H, Nagato Y. 1993. Hierarchical regulation of organ differentiation during embryogenesis in rice. The Plant Journal 3, 607-10.
60. Koltunow AM, Bicknell RA, Chaudhury AM. 1995. Apomixis: molecular strategies for the generation of genetically identical seeds without fertilization. Plant Physiology 108, 1345-52.
61. Komamine A, Matsumoto M, Tsukahara M, Fujiwara A, Kawahara R, Ito M, Smith J, Nomura K, Fujimura T. 1990. Mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis in cell cultures: physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. In: Nijkamp HJJ, Van der Plas LHW, Van Aartrijk J, eds. Progress in plant cellular and molecular biology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 307-13.
62. Koornneef M, Reuling G, Karssen CM. 1984. The isolation and characterization of abscisic acid-insensitive mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiologia Plantarum 61, 377-83.
63. Kranz E, Lörz H. 1994. In vitro fertilization of maize by single egg and sperm cell protoplast fusion mediated by high calcium and high pH. Zygote 2, 1-4.
64. Krochko JE, Pramanik SK, Bewley JD. 1992. Contrasting storage protein synthesis and messenger RNA accumulation during development of zygotic and somatic embryos of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant Physiology 99, 46-53.
65. Kropf DL. 1992. Establishment and expression of cellular polarity in fucoid zygotes. Microbiological Reviews 56, 316-39.
66. Kropf DL. 1994. Cytoskeletal control of cell polarity in a plant zygote. Developmental Biology 165, 361-71.
67. Laux T, Mayer KFX, Berger J, Jürgens G. 1996. The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis. Development 122, 87-96.
68. Levin DE, Errede B. 1995. The proliferation of MAP kinase signaling pathways in yeast. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 7, 197-202.
69. Lindsey K, Topping JF. 1993. Embryogenesis: a question of pattern. Journal of Experimental Botany 44, 359-74.
70. Liu CM, Xu ZH, Chua NH. 1993a. Proembryo culture: in vitro development of early globular-stage zygotic embryos from Brassica juncea. The Plant Journal 3, 291-300.
71. Liu CM., Xu ZH, Chua NH. 1993A. Auxin polar transport is essential for the establishment of bilateral symmetry during early plant embryogenesis. The Plant Cell 5, 621-30.
72. Lloyd CW. 1991. How does the cytoskeleton read the laws of geometry in aligning the division plane of plant cells. Development (Supplement) 91, 55-65.
73. Long JA, Moan EI, Medford JI, Barton MK. 1996. A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the STM gene of Arabidopsis. Nature 379, 66-9.
74. Lopes MA, Larkins BA. 1993. Endosperm origin, development and function. The Plant Cell 5, 1383-99.
75. Lukowitz W, Mayer U, Jurgens G. 1996. Cytokinesis in the Arabidopsis embryo involves the syntaxin-related KNOLLE gene product. Cell 84, 61-71.
76. Ma H. 1994. GTP-binding proteins in plants: new members of an old family. Plant Molecular Biology 26, 1611-36.
77. Maheswaran G, Williams EG. 1985. Origin and development of somatic embryos formed directly on immature embryos of Trifolium repens in vitro. Annals of Botany 56, 619-30.
78. Mansfield SG, Briarty LG. 1991. Early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. II. The developing embryo. Canadian Journal of Botany 69, 461-76.
79. Mansfield SG, Briarty LG, Erni S. 1991. Early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. I. The mature embryo sac. Canadian Journal of Botany 69, 447-60.
80. Marsden MPF, Meinke DW. 1985. Abnormal development of the suspensor in an embryo-lethal mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. American Journal of Botany 72, 1801-12.
81. Mayer U, Torres Ruiz RA, Berleth T, Misera S, Jürgens G. 1991. Mutations affecting body organization in the Arabidopsis embryo. Nature 353, 402-7.
82. Mayer U, Büttner G, Jürgens G. 1993. Apical-basal pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo: studies on the role of the GNOM gene. Development 117, 149-62.
83. McCarty DR, Hattori T, Carson CB, Vasil V, Lazar M, Vasil IK. 1991. The VIVIPAROUS-1 developmental gene of maize encodes a novel transcriptional activator. Cell 66, 895-905.
84. Medford JI, Behringer FJ, Callos JD, Feldmann KAF. 1992. Normal and abnormal development in the Arabidopsis vegetative shoot apex. The Plant Cell 4, 631-43.
85. Meinke DW. 1991. Embryonic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Developmental Genetics 12, 382-92.
86. Meinke DW. 1995. Molecular genetics of plant embryogenesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 46, 369-94.
87. Meinke DW, Franzmann LH, Niekle TC, Yeung EC. 1994. Leafy cotyledon mutants of Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 6, 1049-64.
88. Nambara E, Naito S, McCourt P. 1992. A mutant of Arabidopsis which is defective in seed development and storage protein accumulation is a new abi3 allele. The Plant Journal 2, 435-41.
89. Nagato Y, Kitano H, Kamijima O, Kikuchi S, Satoh H. 1980. Developmental mutants showing abnormal organ differentiation in rice embryo. Theorical and Applied Genetics 78, 11-15.
90. Neill SJ, Horgan R, Parry AD. 1986. The carotenoid and abscisic acid content of viviparous kernels and seedlings of Zea mays L. Planta 169, 87-96.
91. Newbigin E, Anderson MA, Clarke AE. 1993. Gametophytic self-incompatibility systems. The Plant Cell 5, 1315-24.
92. Okada K, Ueda J, Komaki MK, Bell CJ, Shimura Y. 1991 Requirement of the auxin polar transport system in early staaes of Arabidopsis floral bud formation. The Plant Cell 3, 677-84.
93. Paiva R, Kriz AL. 1994. Effect of abscisic acid on embryo-specific gene expression during normal and precocious germination in normal and viviparous maize (Zea mays) embryos. Planta 192, 332-9.
94. Pang PP, Pruitt RE, Meyerowitz EM. 1988. Molecular cloning, genomic organization, expression and evolution of 12S seed storage protein genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Molecular Biology 11, 805-20.
95. Parcy F, Valon C, Raynal M, Gaubier-Comella P, Delseny M, Giraudat J. 1994. Regulation of gene expression programs during Arabidopsis seed development: roles of the ABI3 locus and of endogenous abscisic acid. The Plant Cell 6, 1567-82.
96. Perez-Grau L, Goldberg RB. 1989. Soybean seed protein genes are regulated spatially during embryogenesis. The Plant Cell 1, 1095-1109.
97. Pla M, Gomez J, Goday A, Pages M. 1991. Regulation of the abscisic acid-responsive gene rab28 in maize viviparous mutants. Molecular and General Genetics 230, 394-400.
98. Poethig RS. 1989. Genetic mosaic and cell lineage analysis in plants. Trends in Genetics 5, 273-7.
99. Raynal M, Aspart L, Gaubier P, Depigny D, Grellet F, Delseny M. 1992. Gene expression during seed formation and maturation in Crucifereae. In: Dattée Y, Dumas C, Gallais A, eds. Reproductive biology and plant breeding. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Barcelona, Budapest: Springer-Verlag, 225-34.
100. Robertson DS. 1955. The genetics of vivipary in maize. Genetics 40, 745-60.
101. Rock CD, Zeevaart JAD. 1991. The aba mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is impaired in epoxy-carotenoid biosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 88, 7496-9.
102. Russell SD. 1993. The egg cell: development and role in fertilization and early embryogenesis. The Plant Cell 5, 1349-59.
103. Scheres B, Wolkenfelt H, Willemsen V, Terlouw M, Lawson E, Dean C, Weisbeek P. 1994. Embryonic origin of the Arabidopsis primary root and root meristem initials. Development 120, 2475-87.
104. Schmidt EDL, De Jong AJ, De Vries SC. 1994. Signal molecules involved in plant embryogenesis. Plant Molecular Biology 26, 1305-13.
105. Schneider T, Dinkins R, Robinson K, Shellhammer J, Meinke DW. 1989. An embryo-lethal mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is a biotin auxotroph. Developmental Biology 131, 161-7.
106. Schwartz BW, Yeung EC, Meinke DW. 1994. Disruption of morphogenesis and transformation of the suspensor in abnormal suspensor mutants of Arabidopsis. Development 120, 3235-45.
107. Shellhammer J, Meinke D. 1990. Arrested embryos from the bio1 auxotroph of Arabidopsis thaliana contain reduced levels of biotin. Plant Physiology 93, 1162-7.
108. Sheridan WF. 1988. Maize developmental genetics: genes of morphogenesis. Annual Review of Genetics 22, 353-85.
109. Shevell DE, Leu W-M, Gillmor CS, Xia G, Feldmann KA, Chua N-H. 1994. EMB30 is essential for normal cell division, cell expansion, and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis and encodes a protein that has similarity to Sec7. Cell 77, 1051-62.
110. Shewn PR. Napier JA, Tatham AS. 1995. Seed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. The Plant Cell 7, 945-56.
111. Shoemaker RC, Christofferson SE, Galbraith DW. 1987. Storage protein accumulation patterns in somatic embryos of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Cell Reports 6, 12-15.
112. Slightom JL, Sun SM, Hall TC. 1983. Complete nucleotide sequence of a french bean storage protein gene: phaseolin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 80, 1897-1901.
113. Smith DL, Krikorian AD. 1990. Somatic proembryo production from excised, wounded zygotic carrot embryos on hormone-free medium: evaluation of the effects of pH, ethylene and activated charcoal. Plant Cell Reports 9, 468-70.
114. Stolarz A, Macewicz J, Lörz H. 1991. Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf expiants of Nicotiana tabacum L. Journal of Plant Physiology 137, 347-57.
115. Theissen G, Saedler H. 1995. MADS-box genes in plant ontogeny and phylogeny: Haeckel's 'biogenetic law' revisited. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 5, 628-39.
116. Thomas TL. 1993. Gene expression during plant embryogenesis and germination: an overview. The Plant Cell 5, 1401-10.
117. Toonen MAJ, Hendriks T, Schmidt EDL, Verhoeven HA, van Kammen A, de Vries SC. 1994. Description of somatic-embryo-forming single cells in carrot suspension cultures employing video cell tracking. Planta 194, 565-72.
118. Topping JF, Agyeman F, Henricot B, Lindsey K. 1994. Identification of molecular markers of embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana by promoter trapping. The Plant Journal 5, 895-903.
119. Torres-Ruiz RA, Lohner A, Jürgens G. 1996. The GURKE gene is required for normal organization of the apical region in the Arabidopsis embryo. The Plant Journal 10, 1005-16.
120. Traas J, Bellini C, Nacry P, Kronenberger J, Bouchez D, Caboche M. 1995. Normal differentiation patterns in plants lacking microtubular preprophase bands. Nature 375, 676-7.
121. Tregear J, Jouannic S, Schwebel-Dugué N, Kreis M. 1996. An unusual protein kinase displaying characteristics of both the serine/threonine and tyrosine families is encoded by the Arabidopsis thaliana gene ATN1. Plant Science 117, 107-19.
122. Van den Berg C, Willemsen V, Hage W, Weisbeek P, Scheres B. 1995. Cell fate in the Arabidopsis root meristem determined by directional signalling. Nature 378, 62-5.
123. Van Engelen FA, De Vries SC. 1992. Extracellular proteins in plant embryogenesis. Trends in Genetics 8, 66-70.
124. Varagona MJ, Schmidt RJ, Raikhel NV. 1991. Monocot regulatory protein Opaque-2 is localized in the nucleus of maize endosperm and transformed tobacco plants. The Plant Cell 3, 105-13.
125. Vaughan JG. 1955. The morphology and growth of the vegetative and reproductive apices of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Capsella bursa pastoris (L.) Medic. and Anagallis arvensis L. Journal of Linnean Society of Botany 55, 279-301.
126. Vernon DM, Meinke DW. 1994. Embryogenic transformation of the suspensor in twin, a polyembryonic mutant of Arabidopsis. Developmental Biology 165, 566-73.
127. Webb MC, Gunning BES. 1991. The microtubule cytoskeleton during development of the zygote, proembryo and free nuclear endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 184, 187-95.
128. Wei N, Deng XW. 1992. COP9: a new genetic locus involved in light-regulated development and gene expression in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 4, 1507-18.
129. Weigel D. 1993. Patterning the Arabidopsis embryo. Current Biology 3, 443-5.
130. West MAL, Yee KM, Danao J, Zimmerman JL, Fischer RL, Goldberg RB, Harada JJ. 1994. LEAFY COTYLEDON1 is an essential regulator of late embryogenesis and cotyledon identity in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 6, 1731-45.
131. Yadegari R, Paiva GR de, Laux T, Koltunow AM, Apuya N, Zimmerman JL, Fischer RL, Harada JJ, Goldberg RB. 1994. Cell differentiation and morphogenesis are uncoupled in Arabidopsis raspberry embryos. The Plant Cell 6, 1713-29.