Proarrhythmia with class III antiarrhythmic drugs: Types, risks, and management

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 80, Issue 8 A, 1997, Pages

  Hohnloser, Stefan H ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; SOTALOL;

AFTERHYPERPOLARIZATION; ARTICLE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY MONITORING; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SURVIVAL; TORSADE DES POINTES;

EID: 0030831504     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00717-0     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, Arensberg D, Baker A, Friedman L, Greene L, Huther ML, Richardson DW. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial . N Engl J Med. 324:1991;781-788.
2. Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 327:1992;227-233.
3. Coplen SE, Antman EM, Berlin JA, Hewitt P, Chalmers TC. Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion a meta-analysis of randomized control trials . Circulation. 82:1990;1106-1116.
4. Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Yu BH, Weaver WD, Fahrenbruch CE. An antiarrhythmic drug experience in 941 patients resuscitated from an initial cardiac arrest between 1970 and 1985. Am J Cardiol. 68:1991;1025-1031.
5. Morganroth, Goin JE. Quinidine-related mortality in the short- to medium-term treatment of ventricular arrhythmias a meta-analysis . Circulation. 84:1991;1977-1983.
6. Mason JW. A comparison of seven antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 329:1993;452-458.
7. Randomized antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of cardiac arrest in Seattle (the CASCADE study). Am J Cardiol. 72:1993;280-287.
8. Ahmed R, Singh BN. Antiarrhythmic drugs. Current Opin Cardiol. 8:1993;10-21.
9. Yusuf S, Teo KK. Approaches to prevention of sudden death need for fundamental reevaluation . J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2:1991;S233-S239.
10. CAST and beyond Implications of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial . Circulation. 81:1990;1123-1127.
11. Velebit V, Podrid P, Lown B, Cohen BH, Graboys TB. Aggravation and provocation of ventricular arrhythmias by antiarrhythmic drugs. Circulation. 65:1982;886-894.
12. Poser RF, Podrid PJ, Lombardi F, Lown B. Aggravation of arrhythmia induced with antiarrhythmic drugs during electrophysiologic testing. Am Heart J. 110:1985;9-16.
13. Rae AP, Kay HR, Horowitz LN, Spielman SR, Greenspan AM. Proarrhythmic effects of antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias evaluated by electrophysiologic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 12:1988;131-139.
14. Minardo JD, Heger JJ, Miles WM, Zipes DP, Prystowsky EN. Clinical characteristics of patients with ventricular fibrillation during antiarrhythmic drug therapy. N Engl J Med. 319:1988;257-262.
15. Morganroth J, Borland M, Chao G. Application of a frequency definition of ventricular proarrhythmia. Am J Cardiol. 59:1987;97-99.
16. Podrid PJ. Aggravation of ventricular arrhythmia. Drugs. 29:(suppl 4):1985;33-44.
17. Horowitz LN, Greenspan AM, Rae AP, Kay HR, Spielman SR. Proarrhythmic responses during electrophysiologic testing. Am J Cardiol. 59:1987;45E-48E.
18. Zipes DP. Proarrhythmic events. Am J Cardiol. 61:1988;70A-76A.
19. Hondeghem LM. Development of class III antiarrhythmic agents. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 20:(suppl 2):1992;S17-S22.
20. Dessertenne F. La tachycardie ventriculaire a deux foyers opposes variables. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 59:1966;263-272.
21. Surawicz B. Electrophysiologic substrate of torsades de pointes dispersion of repolarization or early afterdepolarizations? J Am Coll Cardiol. 14:1989;172-184.
22. Sherif N, Boutjdir M, Gough WB, Restivo M. Proarrhythmic consequences of pharmacologically prolonged repolarization experimental considerations . Singh BN, Wellens HJJ, Hiraoka M. Electropharmacological Control of Cardiac Arrhythmias to Delay Conduction or to Prolong Refractoriness? 1994;335-356 Futura Publishing, Mount Kisco, New York.
23. Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S. Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity, and torsades de pointes . J Am Coll Cardiol. 23:1994;259-277.
24. Jackman WM, Friday KJ, Anderson JL, Aliot EM, Clark M, Lazzara R. The long QT syndromes a critical review, new clinical observations and a unifying hypothesis . Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 31:1988;115-172.
25. Ferrier GR. Effects of transmembrane potential on oscillatory afterpotentials induced by acetylstrophanthidin in canine ventricular tissues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 215:1980;332-341.
26. Marban E, Robinson SW, Wier WG. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenic delayed and early afterdepolarizations in ferret ventricular muscle. J Clin Invest. 78:1986;1185-1192.
27. Roden DM, Hoffman BF. Action potential prolongation and induction of abnormal automaticity by low quinidine concentrations in canine Purkinje fibers relationship to potassium and cycle length . Circ Res. 56:1985;857-867.
28. Takanaka C, Singh BN. Barium-induced nondriven action potentials as a model of triggered potentials from early afterdepolarizations significance of slow channel activity and differing effects of quinidine and amiodarone . J Am Coll Cardiol. 15:1990;213-221.
29. el Sherif N, Zeiler RH, Craelius W, Gough WB, Henkin R. QTU prolongation and polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias due to bradycardia-dependent early afterdepolarizations. Circ Res. 63:1988;286-305.
30. Sicouri S, Fish J, Antzelevitch C. Distribution of M cells in the canine ventricle. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 5:1994;824-837.
31. Drouin E, Charpentier F, Gauthier C, Chevallier JC, Laurent K, Michaud JL, LeMarec H. Evidence for the presence of M cells in the human ventricle (Abstr.) . PACE. 16:(suppl II):1993;876.
32. Sicouri S, Antzelevitch C. Electrophysiological characteristics and transmural distribution of M cells in the canine ventricle (Abstr.) . Circulation. 84:(suppl II):1991;II-179.
33. Kuo CS, Munakata K, Reddy CP, Surawicz B. Characteristics and possible mechanism of ventricular arrhythmia dependent on the dispersion of action potential durations. Circulation. 67:1983;1356-1367.
34. Sherif N, Caref EB, Yin H, Restivo M. The electrophysiological mechanism of ventricular arrhythmias in the long QT syndrome tridimensional mapping of activation and recovery patterns . Circ Res. 79:1996;474-492.
35. Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S, Litovsky SH, Lukas A, Krishnan SC, Di Diego JM, Gintant GA, Liu DW. Heterogeneity within the ventricular wall electrophysiology and pharmacology of epicardial, endocardial, and M cells . Circ Res. 69:1991;1427-1449.
36. Sicouri S, Antzelevitch C. A subpopulation of cells with unique electrophysiological properties in the deep subepicardium of the canine ventricle the M cell . Circ Res. 68:1991;1729-1741.
37. Wang Q, Shen J, Splawski I, Atkinson D, Li Z, Robinson JL, Moss AJ, Towbin JA, Keating MT. SCN5A mutations associated with an inherited cardiac arrhythmia, long QT syndrome. Cell. 80:1995;805-811.
38. Curran ME, Splawski I, Timothy KW, Vincent GM, Green ED, Keating MT. A molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome . Cell. 80:1995;795-803.
39. Kr potassium channel . Cell. 81:1995;299-307.
40. Hohnloser SH, Singh BN. Proarrhythmia with class III antiarrhythmic drugs definition, electrophysiologic mechanisms, incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical implications . J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 6:1995;920-936.
41. Hohnloser SH, Woosley RL. Sotalol. N Engl J Med. 331:1994;31-38.
42. Akiyama T, Pawitan Y, Greenberg H, Kuo C-S, Reynolds-Haertle RA. Increased risk of death and cardiac arrest from encainide and flecainide in patients after non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. Am J Cardiol. 68:1991;1551-1555.
43. + current differential sensitivity to block by class III antiarrhythmic agents . J Gen Physiol. 96:1990;195-215.
44. Sanguinetti MC. Modulation of potassium channels by antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension. 19:1992;228-236.
45. Kato R, Ikeda N, Yabek SM, Kannan R, Singh BN. Electrophysiologic effects of the levo- and dextrorotatory isomers of sotalol in isolated cardiac muscle and their in vivo pharmacokinetics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 7:1986;116-125.
46. Soyka LF, Wirtz C, Spangenburg RB. Clinical safety profile of sotalol in patients with arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 65:1990;74A-81A.
47. Hohnloser SH, Arendts W, Quart B. Incidence, type, and dose-dependence of proarrhythmic events during sotalol therapy in patients treated for sustained VT/VF. PACE. 15:1992;173.
48. Lehmann MH, Hardy S, Archibald D, Quart B, MacNeil DJ. Sex differences in risk of torsades de pointes with d,l-sotalol. Circulation. 94:1996;2534-2541.
49. Makkar RR, Fromm BS, Steinman RT, Meissner MD, Lehmann MH. Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. JAMA. 270:1993;2590-2597.
50. Ben-David J, Zipes DP. Torsades de pointes and proarrhythmia. Lancet. 341:1993;1578-1582.
51. Merri M, Benhorin J, Alberti M, Locati E, Moss AJ. Electrocardiographic quantitation of ventricular repolarization. Circulation. 80:1989;1301-1308.
52. Antonaccio MJ, Singh BN. Sotalol and d-sotalol electrophysiology, pharmacology, and role in controlling cardiac arrhythmias . Singh BN, Wellens HJJ, Hiraoka M. Electrophysiological Control of Cardiac Arrhythmias to Delay Conduction or to Prolong Refractoriness? 1994;465-496 Futura Publishing, Mount Kisco, New York.
53. Colatsky TJ, Singh BN. Potassium-channel blockers as antiarrhythmic agents. In: Singh BN, Dzau VJ, Vanhoutte PM, Woosley RL, eds. Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Therapeutics. New York: Churchill-Livingstone, 1994:675-688.
54. Brachmann J, Beyer T, Schmitt C, Schols W, Montero M, Hilbel T, Schweizer M, Kubler W. Electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects of d-sotalol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 20:(suppl 2):1992;S91-S95.
55. Brachmann J, Schols W, Beyer T, Montero M, Enders B, Kubler W. Acute and chronic antiarrhythmic efficacy of d-sotalol in patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Eur Heart J. 14:(suppl H):1993;85-87.
56. Waldo AL, Camm AJ, de Ruyter H, Friedman PL, MacNeil DJ, Pauls JF, Pitt B, Pratt CM, Schwartz PJ, Veltri EP. Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. Lancet. 348:1996;7-12.
57. Singh BN. Amiodarone: pharmacological, electrophysiological, and clinical profile of an unusual antiarrhythmic compound. In: Singh BN, Wellens HJJ, Hiraoka M, eds. Electropharmacological Control of Cardiac Arrhythmias. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura Publishing, 1994:497-524.
58. Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Singh BN. Amiodarone-associated proarrhythmic effects a review with special reference to torsades de pointes tachycardia . Ann Intern Med. 121:1994;529-535.
59. Hockings BE, George T, Mahrous F, Taylor RR, Hajar HA. Effectiveness of amiodarone on ventricular arrhythmias during and after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 60:1987;967-970.
60. Hamer AWF, Arkles LB, Johns JA. Beneficial effects of low dose amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure a placebo-controlled trial . J Am Coll Cardiol. 14:1989;1768-1774.
61. Burkart F, Pfisterer M, Kiowski W, Follath F, Burckhardt D. Effect of antiarrhythmic therapy on mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias Basel Antiarrhythmic Study of Infarct Survival (BASIS) . J Am Coll Cardiol. 16:1990;1711-1718.
62. Nicklas JM, McKenna WJ, Stewart RA, Mickelson JK, Das SK Schork, MA Krikler, SJ Quain, LA Morady F, Pitt B. Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose amiodarone in patients with severe heart failure and asymptomatic frequent ventricular ectopy. Am Heart J. 122:1991;1016-1021.
63. Cairns JA, Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts R. Post-myocardial infarction mortality in patients with ventricular premature depolarizations Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial Pilot Study . Circulation. 84:1991;550-557.
64. Ceremuzynski L, Kleczar E, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Kuch J, Nartowicz E, Smielak-Korombel J, Dyduszynski A, Maciejewicz J, Zaleska T, Lazarczyk-Kedzia E, Motyka J, Paczkowska B, Sczaniecka O, Yusuf S. Effect of amiodarone on mortality after myocardial infarction a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study . J Am Coll Cardiol. 20:1992;1056-1062.
65. Garguichevich J, Ramos J, Gambarte A, Gentile A, Hauad S, Scapin O, Sirena J, Tibaldi M, Toplicar J. Argentine pilot study of sudden death and amiodarone, E.P.A. M.S.A. Preliminary report . Eur Heart J. 13:1992;1581.
66. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Perrone SV, Bortman GR, Curiel R. Randomized trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca de Argentina (GESICA) . Lancet. 344:1994;493-498.
67. Balser JR, Bennett PB, Hondeghem LM, Roden DM. Suppression of time-dependent outward current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes actions of quinidine and amiodarone . Circ Res. 69:1991;519-529.
68. Colatsky TJ, Follmer CH, Starmer CF. Channel specificity in antiarrhythmic action mechanism of potassium channel block and its role in suppressing and aggravating cardiac arrhythmias . Circulation. 82:1990;2235-2242.
69. Mason JW, Hondeghem LA, Katzung BG. Amiodarone blocks inactivated cardiac sodium channels. Pflugers Arch. 396:1983;79-85.
70. Nattel S, Talajic M, Quantz M, De Roode M. Frequency-dependent effects of amiodarone on atrioventricular nodal function and slow-channel action potentials evidence for calcium channel-blocking activity . Circulation. 76:1987;442-449.
71. Polster P, Broekhuysen J. The adrenergic antagonisms of amiodarone. Biochem Pharmacol. 21:1976;131-138.
72. Brachmann J, Scherlag BJ, Rosenshtraukh LV, Lazara R. Bradycardia-dependent triggered activity relevance to drug-induced multiform ventricular tachycardia . Circulation. 68:1983;846-856.
73. Sherif N, Craelius W, Boutjdir M, Gough WB. Early afterdepolarizations and arrhythmogenesis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1:1990;145-160.
74. Sager PT, Uppal P, Follmer C, Antimisiaris M, Pruitt C, Singh BN. Frequency-dependent electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone in humans. Circulation. 88:1993;1063-1071.
75. + Channels in Cardiovascular Medicine. Paris: Springer-Verlag, 1993:247-272.
76. Cui G, Sen L, Sager P, Uppal P, Singh BN. Effects of amiodarone, sematilide, and sotalol on QT dispersion. Am J Cardiol. 74:1994;896-900.
77. Antimisiaris M, Sarma JSM, Schoenbaum MP, Sharma PP, Venkataraman K, Singh BN. Effects of amiodarone on the circadian rhythm and power spectral changes of heart rate and QT interval significance for the control of sudden cardiac death . Am Heart J. 128:1994;884-891.
78. Singh BN, Sarma JSM, Zhang ZH, Takanaka C. Controlling cardiac arrhythmias by lengthening repolarization rationale from experimental findings and clinical considerations . Ann NY Acad Sci. 644:1992;187-209.
79. Hii JT, Wyse DG, Gillis AM, Duff HJ, Solylo MA, Mitchell LB. Precordial QT interval dispersion as a marker of torsades de pointes disparate effects of class Ia antiarrhythmic drugs and amiodarone . Circulation. 86:1992;1376-1382.
80. Tzivoni D, Keren A, Cohen AM, Stern S. Magnesium therapy for torsades de pointes. Am J Cardiol. 53:1984;528-530.
81. Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, Benhorin J, Keren A, Gottlieb S, Stern S. Treatment of torsades de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation. 77:1988;392-397.
82. Perticone F, Adinolfi L, Bonaduce D. Efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of torsades de pointes. Am Heart J. 112:1986;847-849.
83. Etienne Y, Blanc JJ, Songy B, Boschat J, Guiserix J, Etienne E, Egreteau JP, Penther P. Antiarrhythmic effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate in torsades de pointes results in six cases . Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 79:1986;362-367.
84. Bailie DS, Inoue H, Kesada S, Ben-David J, Zipes DP. Magnesium suppression of early afterdepolarizations and ventricular tachyarrhythmias induced by cesium in dogs. Circulation. 77:1988;1395-1402.
85. Davidenko JM, Cohen L, Goodrow R, Antzelevitch C. Quinidine-induced action potential prolongation, early afterdepolarizations, and triggered activity in canine Purkinje fibers effects of stimulation rate, potassium, and magnesium . Circulation. 79:1989;674-686.