Is alexithymia the emotional equivalent of blindsight?

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 42, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 834-844

  Lane, Richard D ^a,b   Ahern, Geoffrey L ^a,b   Schwartz, Gary E ^a,b   Kaszniak, Alfred W ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b University of Arizona   (United States)

Author keywords

Alexithymia; Anterior cingulate cortex; Blindsight; Consciousness; Emotional awareness; Positron emission tomography

Indexed keywords

ALEXITHYMIA; AUTOREGULATION; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOMATICS; REVIEW; SELF CARE; SYMBOLISM;

AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; AROUSAL; AWARENESS; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; GYRUS CINGULI; HUMANS; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS;

EID: 0030829834     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00050-4     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Alexander F. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1950;Norton, New York.
2. Asendorpf JB, Scherer KR. The discrepant repressor Differentiation between low anxiety, high anxiety, and repression of anxiety by autonomic-facial-verbal patterns of behavior . J Pers Soc Psychol. 45:1983;1334-1346.
3. Bagby RM, Parker JDA, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure . J Psychosom Res. 38:1994;23-32.
4. Bench CJ, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Friston KJ, Paulesu E, Frackowiak RSJ, et al. Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop test. Neuropsychologia. 31:1993;907-922.
5. Cohen RA, Kaplan RF, Meadows ME, Wilkinson H. Habituation and sensitization of the orienting response following bilateral anterior cingulotomy. Neuropsychologia. 32:1994;609-617.
6. Corbetta M, Miezin FM, Dobmeyer S, Shulman GL, Petersen SE. Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape, color, and velocity in humans. Science. 248:1990;1556-1559.
7. Corbetta M, Miezin FM, Dobmeyer S, Shulman GL, Petersen SE. Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed Functional anatomy by positron emission tomography . J Neurosci. 11:1991;2382-2402.
8. Cotterill RMJ. On the unity of conscious experience. J Consciousness Studies. 2:1995;290-312.
9. Cowey A, Stoerig P. The neurobiology of blindsight. TINS. 14:1991;140-145.
10. Crick F. The Astonishing Hypothesis - The Scientific Search for the Soul. 1994;Scribner, New York.
11. Cummings JL. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 1985;Grune & Stratton, Orlando, FL.
12. Damasio AR. Descartes' Error Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain . 1994;Putnam, New York.
13. Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behavior. Brain. 118:1995;279-306.
14. Frith CD, Friston K, Liddle PF, Frackowiak RSJ. Willed action and the prefrontal cortex in man A study with PET . Proc R Soc Lond Biol Sci. 244:1991;241-246.
15. Hare RD. Electrodermal and cardiovascular correlates of psychopathy. Hare RD, Schalling D. Psychopathic Behavior Approaches to Research . 1978;107-143 Wiley, Chichester, England.
16. Haviland MG, Reise SP. A California Q-set alexithymia prototype and its relationship to ego-control and ego-resiliency. J Psychosom Res. 41:1996;597-608.
17. Hoppe KD, Bogen JE. Alexithymia in twelve commissurotomized patients. Psychother Psychosom. 28:1977;148-155.
18. Horgan J. Can science explain consciousness? Sci Am. 271:1994;88-94.
19. Hurley KM, Herbert H, Moga MM, Saper CB. Efferent projections of the infra limbic cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 308:1991;249-276.
20. Jacobs S. Pathological Grief Maladaption to Loss . 1993;American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
21. Jimerson DC, Wolfe BE, Franko DL, Covino NA, Sifneos PE. Alexithymia ratings in bulimia nervosa Clinical correlates . Psychosom Med. 56:1994;90-93.
22. Karmiloff-Smith A. Precis of beyond modularity A developmental perspective on cognitive science . Behav Brain Sci. 17:1994;693-745.
23. Kolb B, Whishaw I. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. 4th ed. 1996;Freeman, New York.
24. Krystal HE. Alexithymia and psychotherapy. Am J Psychother. 33:1979;17-31.
25. Lane RD, Jennings JR. Hemispheric assymmetry, autonomic asymmetry and the problem of sudden cardiac death. Davidson RJ, Hugdahl K. Brain Asymmetry. 1995;271-304 MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
26. Lane RD, Schwartz GE. Levels of emotional awareness A cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology . Am J Psychiatry. 144:1987;133-143.
27. Lane RD, Schwartz GE. Levels of emotional awareness Implications for psychotherapeutic integration . J Psychother Integr. 2:1992;1-18.
28. Lane RD, Quinlan D, Schwartz G, Walker P, Zeitlin S. The levels of emotional awareness scale A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion . J Pers Assess. 55:1990;124-134.
29. Lane RD, Kevley LS, DuBois MA, Shamasundara P, Schwartz GE. Levels of emotional awareness and the degree of right hemispheric dominance in the perception of facial emotion. Neuropsychologia. 33:1995;525-528.
30. Lane RD, Reiman E, Ahern G, Schwartz G, Davidson R. Neuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness and disgust. Am J Psychiatry. 154:1997;926-933.
31. Lane RD, Reiman E, Axelrod B, Yun L-S, Holmes A, Schwartz GE (in press): Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness: Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Science.
32. Lane RD, Sechrest L, Reidel RG, Weldon V, Kaszniak AW, Schwartz GE. Impaired verbal and nonverbal emotion recognition in alexithymia. Psychosom Med. 58:1996;203-210.
33. Lieverman A, Benson F. Control of emotional expression in pseudobulbar palsy. Arch Neurol. 34:1977;717-719.
34. Linden W, Wen F, Paulus DL. Measuring alexithymia Reliability, validity and prevalence . Adv Pers Assess. 10:1995;51-95.
35. Litz BT. Emotional numbing in combat-related post traumatic stress disorder A critical review and reformulation . Clin Psychol Rev. 12:1992;417-432.
36. MacLean PD. Psychosomatic disease and the "visceral brain" Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion . Psychosom Med. 11:1949;338-353.
37. Martin JB, Pihl R. The stress-alexithymia hypothesis Theoretical and empirical considerations . Psychother Psychosom. 43:1985;169-176.
38. McDonald PW, Prkachin KM. The expression and perception of facial emotion in alexithymia A pilot study . Psychosom Med. 52:1990;199-210.
39. Mehler J, Dupoux E. What Infants Know The New Cognitive Science of Early Development . 1996;Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA.
40. Nemiah JC. Denial revisited Reflections on psychosomatic theory . Psychother Psychosom. 24:1975;140-147.
41. Nemiah JC, Sifneos PE. Affect and fantasy in patients with psychosomatic disorder. Hill OW. Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine. vol 2:1970;26-34 Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
42. Newman JP, Widon CS, Nathan S. Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition Psychopathy and extraversion . J Pers Soc Psychol. 48:1985;1316-1327.
43. Notarius CI, Levenson RW. Expressive tendencies and physiological response to stress. J Pers Soc Psychol. 37:1979;1204-1210.
44. Paillard JF, Michel F, Stelmach G. Localization with content A tactile analogue of "blindsight" Arch Neurol. 40:1983;548-551.
45. Papciak AS, Feuerstein M, Spiegel JA. Stress reactivity in alexithymia Decoupling of physiological and cognitive responses . J Human Stress. 1:1985;135-142.
46. Pardo JV, Pardo PJ, Janer KW, Raichle ME. The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1990;256-259.
47. Parker JDA, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Acklin MW. Alexithymia in panic disorder and simple phobia A comparative study . Am J Psychiatry. 150:1993;1105-1107.
48. Paus T, Petrides M, Evans AC, Meyer E. Role of the human anterior cingulate cortex in the control of oculomotor, manual, and speech responses A positron emission tomography study . J Neurophysiol. 70:1993;453-469.
49. Petersen SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Mintun M, Raichle ME. Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature. 331:1988;585-589.
50. Posner MI. Attention The mechanisms of consciousness . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;7398-7403.
51. Prince JD, Berenbaum H. Alexithymia and hedonic capacity. J Res Pers. 27:1993;15-22.
52. Ross ED. The aprosodias. Functional-anatomic organization of the affective components of language in the right hemisphere. Arch Neurol. 38:1981;561-569.
53. Ross ED. Acute agitation and other behaviors associated with Wernicke aphasia and their possible neurological bases. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 6:1993;9-18.
54. Ruesch J. The infantile personality. Psychosom Med. 10:1948;134-144.
55. Schachter S, Singer JE. Cognitive, social and psychological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev. 69:1962;379-399.
56. Schaller S. A Man without Words. 1992;Summit Books, New York.
57. Schwartz GE. Disregulation theory and disease Applications to the repression/cerebral disconnection/cardiovascular disorder hypothesis . Int Rev Appl Psychol. 32:1983;95-118.
58. Schwartz GE. Levels of awareness and "awareness without awareness" Data and theory . Hameroff S, Kaszniak A, Scott A. Toward a Science of Consciousness Contributions from the 1994 Tucson Conference . 1996;279-293 MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
59. Schwartz GE, Bell IR, Dikman ZV, Fernandez M, Kline JP, Peterson JM, et al. EEG responses to low-level chemicals in normals and cacosmics. Toxicol Ind Health. 10:1994;633-643.
60. Sifneos PE. Short-Term Psychotherapy and Emotional Crisis. 1972;Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
61. Solomon GEA. Psychology of novice and expert wine talk. Am J Psychol. 103:1990;495-517.
62. Talbot JD, Villemure JG, Bushnell MC, Duncan GH. Evaluation of pain perception after anterior capsulotomy A case report . Somatosens Mot Res. 12:1995;115-126.
63. Taylor GJ. Psychosomatic Medicine and Contemporary Psychoanalysis. 1987;International Universities Press, Madison, CT.
64. Taylor MA, Sierles FS, Abrams R. General Hospital Psychiatry. 1985;The Free Press, New York.
65. Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JDA. The alexithymia construct A potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine . Psychosomatics. 32:1991;153-164.
66. TenHouten WD, Hoppe KD, Bogen JE, Walter DO. Alexithymia and the split brain I. Lexical-level content analysis . Psychother Psychosom. 43:1985;202-208.
67. TenHouten WD, Hoppe KD, Bogen JE, Walter DO. Alexithymia and the split brain II. Sentential-level content analysis . Psychother Psychosom. 44:1985;1-5.
68. TenHouten WD, Hoppe KD, Bogen JE, Walter DO. Alexithymia and the split brain III. Global-level content analysis of fantasy and symbolization . Psychother Psychosom. 44:1985;89-94.
69. Tranel D. "Acquired sociopathy" The development of sociopathic behavior following focal brain damage . Prog Exp Pers Psychopathol Res. 17:1994;285-311.
70. Tranel D, Damasio AR. Non-conscious face recognition in patients with face agnosia. Behav Brain Res. 30:1988;235-249.
71. Tranel D, Damasio A. Neuroanatomical correlates of electrodermal skin conductance responses. Psychophysiology. 31:1994;427-438.
72. Vogt BA, Finch DM, Olson CR. Functional heterogeneity in cingulate cortex The anterior executive and posterior evaluative regions . Cereb Cortex. 2:1992;435-443.
73. Weinberger DA, Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ. Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress . J Abnorm Psychol. 88:1979;369-380.
74. Weiskrantz L. Blindsight. 1986;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
75. Zeitlin SB, Lane RD, O'Leary DS, Schrift MJ. Interhemispheric transfer deficit and alexithymia. Am J Psychiatry. 146:1989;1434-1439.