Genetic regulation of aging

Journal of Molecular Medicine

Volumn 75, Issue 10, 1997, Pages 715-727

  Osiewacz, Heinz D ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aging; Genetic instabilities; Mitochondrial nuclear interactions; Molecular mechanisms; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

AGING; BIOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC REGULATION; HUMAN; LIFESPAN; MITOCHONDRION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW;

AGING; ANIMALS; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; GENOME; HUMANS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

EID: 0030826910     PISSN: 09462716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s001090050158     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Weismann A (1891) Essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems, vol I. Clarendon, Oxford
2. Kirkwood TBL (1995) What can evolution theory tell us about the mechanisms of aging? In: Esser K, Martin GM (eds) Molecular aspects of aging. Wiley, Chichester, pp 5-14
3. Cummings DJ, McNally KL, Domenico JM, Matsuura ET (1990) The complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 17:375-402
4. Bonen L (1991) Mitochondrial genome: so simple yet so complex. Curr Opin Genet Devel 4: 515-522
5. Glick BG, Schatz G (1991) Import of proteins into mitochondria. Annu Rev Genet 25:21-44
6. Pfanner N, Rassow J, van der Klei IJ, Neupert W (1992) A dynamic model of the mitochondrial protein import machinery. Cell 68:999-1002
7. Külbrich M, Dietmeier K, Pfanner N (1995) Genetic and biochemical dissection of the mitochondrial protein-import machinery. Curr Genet 27:393-403
8. Stuart RA, Cyr DM, Craig EA, Neupert W (1994) Mitochondrial molecular chaperones: their role in protein translocation. Trends Biochem Sci 19:87-99
9. Henshaw PS, Riley ER, Stapleton GE (1947) The biological effect of pile radiation. Radiology 49:349-364
10. Szilard E (1959) On the nature of the aging process. Proc Natl Acad Sci 45:30-45
11. Harman D (1956) A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11:298-300
12. Swartz HM, Mäder K (1995) Free radicals in aging: theories, facts, and artifacts In: Esser K, Martin GM (eds) Molecular aspects of aging. Wiley, Chichester, pp 77-97
13. Ames BN, Saul RE, Schwiers E, Adelman R, Catchcart R (1985) Oxidative DNA damage as related to cancer and aging: assay of thymine glycol, thymidine glycol and hydroxymethyluracil in human and rat urine. In: Sohal RS, Cutler RG (eds) Molecular biology of aging. Raven, New York, pp 137-144
14. Richter C, Park JW, Ames BN (1988) Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive. Proc Natl Acad Sci 85:6465-6467
15. 32P postlabeling assay and possible significance for spontaneous tumor induction and aging. Carcinogenesis 7:1615-1617
16. 32P-post-labeling: relationship to cancer and aging. Exp Gerontol 27:533-549
17. Randerath K, Putman KL, Osterburg HH, Johnson SA, Morgan DG, Finch CE (1993) Age-dependent increases of DNA adducts (I-compounds) in human and rat brain DNA. Mutat Res 295:11-18
18. 32P-postlabeling in DNA modified by oxidative damage in vitro. Comparison with rat lung I-compounds. Mutat Res 250:135-144
19. Randerath K, Chang J, Randerath E (1995) Age-dependent DNA modifications (I-compounds): effects of carcinogenesis and oxidative stress. In: Cuttler RG, Packer E, Bertram J, Mori A (eds) Oxidative stress and aging. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 77-87
20. Schneider LE (1985) Cytogenetics of aging. In: Finch CE, Schneider LE (eds) Handbook of the biology of aging. Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 357-373
21. Abruzzo MA, Mayer M, Jacobs PA (1985) Aging and aneuploidy: Evidence for the preferential involvement of the inactive X chromosome. Cytogenet Cell Genet 39:275-278
22. Richards F, Aurias J, Couturier AM, Dutrillaux AM, Flüry-Herard A, Gerbault-Seureau M, Hoffschir F, Lamoliatte E, Eefrancois D, Lombard M, Muleris M, Prieur M, Ricoul M, Sabatier L, Viegas-Pequignot E, Volobouev V, Duttrillaux B (1993) Aneuploidy in human lymphocytes: An extensive study of eight individuals of various ages. Mutat Res 295:71-80
23. Wertheim I, Jagiello GM, Ducayern MB (1986) Aging and aneuploidy in human oocytes and follicular cells. J Gerontol 41:567-573
24. Martin GM, Smith AC, Ketterer DJ, Ogburn CE, Disteche CM (1985) Increased chromosomal aberrations in first metaphases of cells isolated from the kidneys of aged mice. Isr J Med Sci 21:296-301
25. Marlhens F, AI Achkar W, Aurias A, Couturier J, Dutrillaux AM, Gerbault-Seureau M, Hoffschir F, Lamoliatte E, Lefrancois, Lombard M, Muleris M, Prieur M, Prod'homme M, Sabatier L, Viegas-Pequignot E, Volobouvev V, Dutrillaux B (1986) The rate of chromosome breakage is age dependent in lymphocytes of adult controls. Hum Genet 73:290-297
26. Bender MA, Preston RJ, Leonard RC, Pyatt BE, Gooch PC (1989) Chromosomal aberration and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of a large human population sample. II. Extension of age range. Mutat Res 212:149-154
27. Fukuchi KI, Martin GM, Monnat RT (1989) Mutator phenotype of Werner syndrome is characterized by extensive deletions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86:5893-5897
28. Cheng RZ, Murano S, Kurz B, Shmookler-Reis RJ (1990) Homologous recombination is elevated in some Werner-like syndromes but not during normal in vitro or in vivo senescence of mammalian cells. Mutat Res 237:259-269
29. Harley CA, Futcher AB, Greider CW (1990) Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345:458-460
30. Counter CM, Avilion AA, LeFeuvre CE, Stewart NG, Greider CA, Harley CB, Bacchetti S (1992) Telomere shortening associated with chromosome instability is arrested in immortal cells which express telomerase activity. EMBO J 11:1921-1929
31. Allsopp RC, Vaziri H, Patterson C, Goldstein S, Younglai EV, Futcher AB, Greider CW, Harley CB (1992) Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:10114-10118
32. Harley CA, Vaziri H, Counter CM, Allsopp RC (1992) The telomere hypothesis of cellular aging. Exp Gerontol 27:375-382
33. D'mello N, Childress AM, Franklin DS, Kale SP, Pinswasdi C, Jazwinski SM (1994) Cloning and characterization of LAG1, a longevity assurance gene in yeast. J Biol Chem 269:1545-15459
34. Schwartz T, Osiewacz HD (1996) Telomere length does not change during senescence of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. Mutat Res 316:193-199
35. Strehler BL (1986) Genetic instability as primary cause of human aging. Exp Gerontol 21:283-319
36. Gaubatz JW (1990) Extrachromosomal circular DNAs and genomic sequence plasticity in eukaryotic cells. Mutat Res 237:271-292
37. Johnson R, Strehler BL (1972) Loss of genes coding for ribosomal RNA in aging brain cells. Nature 240:412
38. Johnson R, Crisp C, Strehler BL (1972) Selective loss of ribosomal RNA genes during aging of post-mitotic tissues. Mech Ageing Dev 1:183-198
39. Johnson LK, Johnson RW, Strehler BL (1975) Cardiac hypertrophy, aging and changes in ribosomal RNA gene dosage in man. J Mol Cell Cardiol 7:125-133
40. Strehler BL, Chang M (1979) Loss of hybridizable ribosomal RNA from human post-mitotic tissues during aging. II. Age-dependent loss from human cerebral cortex-hippocampal and somatosensory cortex comparison. Mech Ageing Dev 11:379-382
41. Gaubatz JW, Cutler RG (1978) Age-related differences in the number of ribosomal RNA genes of mouse tissues. Gerontol 24:179-207
42. Peterson CRD, Cryar JR, Gaubatz JW (1984) Constancy of ribosomal RNA genes during aging of mouse heart cells and during serial passage of WI-38 cells. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 3:115-125
43. Murray V (1990) Are transposons a cause of ageing? Mutat Res 237:59-63
44. Egilmez NK, Shmookler-Reis RJ (1994) Age-dependent somatic excision of transposable element Tel in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutat Res 316:17-24
45. Woodruff RC (1992) Transposable DNA elements and life history traits. I. Transposition of P DNA elements in somatic cells reduces the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 86:143-154
46. Woodruff RC, Nikitin AG (1995) P DNA element movement in somatic cells reduces lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. evidence in support of the somatic mutation theory of aging. Mutat Res 338:35-42
47. Servomaa K, Rytomaa T (1988) Suicidal death of rat chloroleukemia cells by activation of the long interspersed repetitive DNA element (L1Rn). Cell Tissue Kinet 21:33-43
48. Servomaa K, Rytomaa T (1990) UV light and ionizing radiation cause programmed death of chloroleukaemia cells by inducing retropositions of a mobile DNA element (L1Rn). Int J Radiat Biol 57:331-345
49. Esser K (1976) Podospora anserina. In: King RC (ed) Handbook of genetics, vol I. Plenum, New York, 531-551
50. Osiewacz HD (1996) Genetic analysis of senescence in Podospora anserina. In: Bos CJ (ed) Fungal Genetics. Dekker, New York, pp 317-335
51. Rizet G (1953) Sur l'impossibilité d'obtenir la multiplication végétative ininterrompue et illimité de l'ascomycete Podospora anserina. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 237:838-855
52. Marcou D (1961) Notion de longevite et nature cytoplasmatique du determinant de la senescence chez quelque chapignons. Ann Sci Natur Bot Ser 12:653-764
53. Belcour L, Begel O, Mosse MO, Vierny C (1981) Mitochondrial DNA amplification in senescent cultures of Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 3:13-21
54. Kuck U, Stahl U, Esser K (1981) Plasmid-like DNA is part of the mitochondrial DNA in Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 3:151-156
55. Belcour L, Begel O, Keller AM, Vierny C (1982) Does senescence in Podospora anserina result from instability of the mitochondrial genome? In: Slonimski PP, Borst P, Attardi G (eds) Mitochondrial genes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 415-422
56. Stahl U, Lemke PA, Tudzynski P, Kuck U, Esser K (1978) Evidence for plasmid like DNA of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. Mol Gen Genet 178:639-646
57. Cummings DJ, Belcour L, Grandchamps C (1979) Mitochondrial DNA from Podospora anserina. II. Properties of mutant DNA and multimeric circular DNA from senescent cultures. Mol Gen Genet 171:239-250
58. Osiewacz HD, Esser K (1984) The mitochondrial plasmid of Podospora anserina: a mobile intron of a mitochondrial gene. Curr Genet 8:299-305
59. Cummings DJ, McNally IA, Domenico JM, Matsuura ET (1985) Excision-amplification of mitochondrial DNA of Podospora anserina. DNA sequence analysis of three unique 'plasmids.' J Mol Biol 185:659-680
60. Sellem CH, Lecellier G, Belcour E (1993) Transposition of a group II intron. Nature 366: 176-178
61. Michel F, Lang B (1985) Mitochondrial class II introns encode proteins related to reverse transcriptases of retroviruses. Nature 316:641-643
62. Steinhilber WD, Cummings DJ (1986) A DNA polymerase activity with characteristics of a reverse transcriptase in Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 10:389-392
63. Sellem CH, Sainsard-Chanet A, Belcour E (1990) Detection of a protein encoded by a class II mitochondrial intron of Podospora anserina. Mol Gen Genet 224:232-240
64. Faßbender S, Brühl KH, Ciriacy M, Kuck U (1994) Reverse transcriptase activity of an intron encoded polypeptide. EMBO J 13:2075-2083
65. Osiewacz HD, Hermanns J, Marcou D, Triffi M, Esser K (1989) Mitochondrial DNA rearrangements are correlated with a delayed amplification of the mobile intron (plDNA) in a long-lived mutant of Podospora anserina. Mutat Res 219:1-7
66. Hermanns J, Osiewacz HD (1992) The linear mitochondrial plasmid pAE2-1 of a long-lived Podospora anserina mutant is an invertron encoding a DNA and RNA polymerase. Curr Genet 22:491-500
67. Hermanns J, Asseburg A, Osiewacz HD (1994) Evidence for a life span prolonging effect of a linear plasmid in longevity mutant Podospora anserina. Mol Gen Genet 243:297-307
68. Hermanns J, Osiewacz HD (1996) Induction of longevity by cytoplasmic transfer of a linear plasmid in Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 29:250-256
69. Akins RA, Kelley RE, Lambowitz AM (1986) Mitochondrial plasmids of Neurospora: integration into mitochondrial DNA and evidence for reverse transcription in mitochondria. Cell 47:505-516
70. Bertrand H, Chan BSS, Court DA, Griffiths AJF (1985) Insertion of a foreign nucleotide sequence into mitochondrial DNA causes senescence in Neurospora intermedia. Cell 41:877-884
71. Chan BSS, Court DA, Vierula PJ, Bertrand H (1991) The kalilo linear senescence-inducing plasmid of Neurospora is an invertron and encodes DNA and RNA polymerases. Curr Genet 20:225-237
72. Court DA, Griffiths AJK, Krauss SR, Russel PJ, Bertrand H (1991) A new senescence-inducing mitochondrial linear plasmid in field-isolated Neurospora crassa strains from India. Curr Genet 19:129-137
73. Piko L, Hougham AJ, Bulpitt KJ (1988) Studies of sequence heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA from rat and mouse tissues: evidence for an increased frequency of deletions/additions with aging. Mech Ageing Dev 43:279-293
74. Chen X, Simonetti S, DiMauro S, Schon EA (1993). Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions in organisms with various lifespans. Bull Mol Biol Med 18:57-66
75. Melov S, Hertz GZ, Stormo GD, Johnson TE (1994) Detection of deletions in the mitochondrial genome of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nucleic Acids Res 22:1075-1078
76. Gadaleta MN, Rinaldi G, Lezza AMS, Milella F, Fracasso F, Cantatore P (1992) Mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial DNA deletion in adult and senescent rats. Mutat Res 275:181-193
77. Edris W, Burgett B, Stine OC, Filburn CR (1994) Detection and quantitation of an age-associated increase in a 4.9-kb deletion in rat mitochondrial DNA. Mutat Res 316:69-78
78. Lee CM, Eimon P, Weindruch R, Aiken JM (1994) Direct repeat sequences are not required at the breakpoints of age-associated mitochondrial DNA deletions in rhesus monkeys. Mech Ageing Dev 75:69-79
79. Cortopassi GA, Arnheim N (1990) Detection of a specific mitochondrial deletion in tissues of older humans. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6927-6933
80. Katayama M, Tanaka M, Yamamoto H, Ohbayashi T, Nimura Y, Ozawa T (1991) Deleted mitochondrial DNA in the skeletal muscle of aged individuals. Biochem. Int. 25:47-56
81. Yen TC, Su JH, King KL, Wie YH (1991) Ageing-associated 5 kb deletion in human liver mitochondrial DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 178:124-131
82. Zhang C, Baumer A, Maxwell RJ, Linnane AW, Nagley P (1992) Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions in an elderly human individual. FEBS Lett 297:34-38
83. Corral-Debrinski TM, Horton M, Lott MT, Shoffner JM, Beal MF, Wallace DC (1992) Mitochondrial DNA deletions in human brain: Regional variability and increase with advanced age. Nature Genet 2:324-329
84. Wallace DC (1995) Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease and aging. In: Esser K, Martin GM (eds) Molecular aspects of aging. Wiley, Chichester, pp 163-177
85. Wallace DC, Bohr VA, Cortopassi G, Kadenbach B, Linn S, Linnane AW, Richter C, Shay JW (1995) The role of bioenergetics and mitochondrial mutations in aging and age-related diseases. In: Esser K, Martin GM (eds) Molecular aspects of aging. Wiley, Chichester, pp 199-225
86. Linnane AW, Marzuki S, Ozawa T, Tanka M (1989) Mitochondrial DNA mutations as an important contribution to ageing and degenerative diseases. Lancet I: 642-645
87. Kadenbach B, Höcker-Müller J (1990) Mutations of mitochondrial DNA and human death. Naturwissenschaften 77:221-225
88. Schon EA, Rizzuto R, Morares CT, Nakase H, Zeviani M, DiMauro S (1989) A direct repeat is a hotspot for large-scale deletion of human mitochondrial DNA. Science 244:346-349
89. Nelson RE, d'Auriol L, Galibach F, Ponsot G, Lestienne P (1989) Nucleotide mapping and kinetic model of a heteroplasmic deletion of 4,666 base pairs from mitochondrial DNA in the Kearns-Sayre syndrome. CR Acad Sci 309:403-407
90. Shoffner JM, Lott MT, Voljavec AS, Soueidan SA, Costigan DA, Wallace DC (1989) Spontaneous Kearns-Sayre/chronic external ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome associated with mitochondrial DNA deletion: a slip-replication model and metabolic therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86:7952-7956
91. Mita S, Rizzuta R, Moares C, Shanske S, Arnaudo E, Fabrizi GM, Koga Y, DiMauro S, Schon EA (1990) Recombination via flanking direct repeats is a major cause of large-scale deletions of human mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 18:561-567
92. Zeviani M, Servidei S, Gellera C, Bertini E, DiMauro S (1989) An autosomal dominant disorder with multiple deletions of mitochondrial DNA starting at the D-loop region. Nature 339:309-311
93. Suomalainen A, Kaukonen J, Amati P, Timonen R, Haltia M, Weissenbach J, Zeviani M, Somer H, Peltonen E (1995) An autosomal locus predisposing to deletions of mitochondrial DNA. Nature Genet 9: 146-151
94. D'mello NP, Childress AM, Franklin DS, Kale SP, Pinswasdi C, Jazwinski SM (1994) Cloning and characterization of LAG], a longevity-assurance gene in yeast. J Biol Chem 22:15451-15459
95. Jazwinski SM (1995) Nuclear genes in aging. In: Esser K, Martin GM (eds) Molecular aspects of aging. Wiley, Chichester, pp 15-28
96. Sun J, Kale SP, Childress AM, Pinswasdi C, Jazwinski SM (1994) Divergent roles of RAS1 and RAS2 in yeast longevity. J Biol Chem 28:18638-18645
97. Kennedy BK, Austriaco NR, Zhang J, Guarente L (1995) Mutation in the silencing gene SIR4 can delay aging in S. cerevisiae. Cell 80:485-496
98. Prillinger H, Esser K (1977) The phenoloxidases of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. XIII. Action and interaction of genes controlling the formation of laccase. Mol Gen Genet 156:333-345
99. Esser K, Tudzynski P (1979) Senescence in fungi. In: Thimann KV (ed) Senescence in plants. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 67-83
100. Osiewacz HD, Nuber U (1996) GRISEA, a putative copperactivated transcription factor of Podospora anserina involved in differentiation and senescence. Mol Gen Genet 252:115124
101. Tudzynski P, Stahl U, Esser K (1982) Development of a eukaryotic cloning system in Podospora anserina. I. Long-lived mutants as potential recipients. Curr Genet 6:219-222
102. Silard P, Picard M (1994) Increased longevity of EF-1α high-fidelity mutants in Podospora anserina. J Mol Biol 235:231-236
103. Klass MR (1983) A method for the isolation of longevity mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and initial results. Mech Ageing Dev 22:279-286
104. Friedman DB, Johnson TE (1988) A mutation in the age-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans lengthens life and reduces hermaphrodite fertility. Genetics 118:75-86
105. Friedman DB, Johnson TE (1988) Three mutants that extend both mean and maximum life span of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, define the age-1 gene. J Gerontol 43: B102-109
106. Larsen PL (1993) Aging and resistance to oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90:8905-8909
107. Vanfleteren JR (1993) Oxidative stress and ageing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem J 292:605-608
108. Van Voorhies WA (1992) Production of sperm reduces nematode lifespan. Nature 360:456-458
109. Kenyon C, Chang J, Gensch E, Rudner A, Tabtiang R (1993) A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. Nature 366:461-464
110. Esser K, Keller W (1976) Genes inhibiting senescence in the ascomycete Podospora anserina. Mol Gen Genet 144:107-110
111. Tudzynski P, Esser K (1979) Chromosomal and extrachromosomal control of senescence in the ascomycete Podospora anserina. Mol Gen Genet 173:71-84
112. Szyzpka MS, Thiele D (1989) A cysteine-rich nuclear protein activates yeast metallothionein gene transcription. Mol Cell Biol 9:241-429
113. Zhou P, Thiele D (1991) Isolation of a metal-activated transcription factor gene from Candida glabrata by complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88:6112-6116
114. Jungmann J, Reins HA, Lee J, Romeo A, Hassett R, Kosman D, Jentsch S (1993) MAC1, a nuclear regulatory protein related to Cu-dependent transcription factors is involved in Cu/Fe utilization and stress resistance in yeast. EMBO J 12:5051-5056
115. Halliwell B, Gutteridge MC (1984) Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem J 219:1-14
116. Melov S, Lithgow GJ, Fisher DR, Tedesco PM, Johnson TE (1995) Increased frequency of deletions in the mitochondrial genome with age of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nucleic Acids Res 23:1419-1425
117. Luckinbill LS, Arking R, Clare MJ, Cirocco WC, Buck SA (1984) Selection for delayed senescence in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 38:996-1003
118. Rose MR (1984) Laboratory evolution of postponed senescence in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 38:157-161
119. Arking R, Buck S, Berrios A, Dwyer S, Baker III GT (1991) Elevated paraquat resistance can be used as a bioassay for longevity in a genetically based long-lived strain of Drosophila. Dev Genet 12:362-370
120. Rose MR, Vu LN, Park SU, Graves JL (1992) Selection on stress resistance increases longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Exp Gerontol 27:241-250
121. Luckinbill LS, Graves JL, Reed AH, Koetsawang S (1988) Localizing genes that defer senescence in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity 69:367-374
122. Buck S, Wells RA, Dudas SP, Baker III GT, Arking R (1993) Chromosomal localization and regulation of the longevity determinant genes in a selected strain of Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity 71:11-22
123. Orr WC, Sohal RS (1994) Extension of life-span by overexpression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 263:1128-1130
124. Yu CE, Oshima J, Fu YH, Wijsman EM, Hisama F, Alisch R, Matthews S, Nakura J, Miki T, Ouais S, Martin GM, Mulligan J, Schellenberg GD (1996) Positional cloning of the Werner's syndrome gene. Science 272:258-262
125. Salk D, Fujiwari Y, Martin G (1985) Werner's syndrome and human aging. Plenum Press, New York
126. Grube KH, Bürkle A (1992) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity in mononuclear leukocytes of 13 mammalian species correlates with species-specific life span. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89:759-763
127. Burgers PMJ, Klein MD (1986) Selection by genetic transformation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant defective for the nuclear uracil-DNA-glycosylase. J Bacteriol 166:905-913
128. Tomkinson AE, Bonk T, Linn S (1988) Mitochondrial endonuclease activities for apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in DNA from mouse cells. J Biol Chem 263:12532-12537
129. Stuart RA, Cyr DM, Craig EA, Neupert W (1994) Mitochondrial molecular chaperones: their role in protein translocation. Trends Biochem Sci 19:87-92
130. Fargnoli J, Kunisada T, Fornace AJ, Schneider EL, Hohlbrook NJ. Decreased expression of heat shock protein 70 mRNA and protein after heat treatment in cells of aged rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:846-850
131. Stadtman ER (1988) Protein modification in aging. J Gerontol 44:B 112-120
132. Stadtman E (1995) The status of oxidatively modified proteins as a marker of aging. In: Esser K, Martin GM (eds) Molecular aspects of aging. Wiley, Chichester, pp 129-143
133. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7915-7922
134. Chance B, Sies H, Boveries A (1979) Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol Rev 59:527-605