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4. Flies were kept in a dark, humid chamber overnight and were then exposed to either 20 s or 15 min of blue or orange light. Light exposure times were selected to maximize differences between phenotypes. Flies were then frozen in liquid nitrogen and dried in cold acetone for 3 hours at -80°C followed by 16 hours at -20°C. Retinas were hand-dissected and homogenized in electrophoresis sample buffer containing the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and microcystin. Proteins were separated by denaturing electrophoresis, blotted to nitrocellulose, analyzed on a phosphorimager, and then probed with specific antibodies.
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ERGs of 4-day-old adult, dark-raised flies were recorded as described (32). Stimulating light was delivered with a 450-W xenon lamp (Osram) and filtered with either a 480-nm bandpass filter (Oriel, 53850) for blue light or a 570-nm longpass filter (Oriel, 51310) for orange light. Recordings (Fig. 3A) were performed with orange light attenuated 1 : 1585. Similar responses were elicited with blue light. For intracellular recordings, a coronal section was made through the compound eye. Dorsal hemispheres of the head were mounted upside down and immediately immersed in Schneider's medium (Gibco). Photoreceptor cells were impaled with 90-to 150-MΩ electrodes filled with 2 M KCI. Maximal differences in deactivation time were found when stimuli 0.5 s or longer were used. Under whole-cell recording conditions, no significant differences in deactivation time were found.
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We thank P. Dolph for suggestions and fly stocks, and A. Newton and members of the Zuker laboratory for critical reading of the manuscript. K.J. is an American Cancer Society junior fellow, R.W.H. is an associate of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and C.S.Z. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Supported in part by a grant from the National Eye Institute.
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