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Volumn 278, Issue 5335, 1997, Pages 93-96

Midwinter start to Antarctic ozone depletion: Evidence from observations and models

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE; OZONE;

EID: 0030820098     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5335.93     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (43)

References (34)
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    • note
    • Direct-sun measurements of total ozone by a Dobson spectrophotometer can only be made at SZA less than 75°, because of the extra extinction of UV from the sun by molecular scattering when the sun is low in the sky. Lunar Dobson observations demand great skill and persistence by the observer, and given their larger scatter than that of normal Dobson measurements (20), they are not considered reliable for medium time-scale trend determination within a single year.
  • 3
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    • TOMS can only make accurate observations, particularly in the presence of polar stratospheric clouds [O. Torres, Z. Ahmad, J. R. Herman, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 13015 (1992)], to about 85° SZA [J.-P. Pommereau et al., in Proceedings of the 28th Liege International Astrophysics Colloquium, Liege, Belgium, 26 to 30 June, 1989, P. J. Crutzen, J.-C. Gerard, R. Zander, Eds. (Univ. of Liege, Belgium, 1989), pp. 141-146].
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    • Torres, O.1    Ahmad, Z.2    Herman, J.R.3
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    • Liege, Belgium, 26 to 30 June, 1989, P. J. Crutzen, J.-C. Gerard, R. Zander, Eds. Univ. of Liege, Belgium
    • TOMS can only make accurate observations, particularly in the presence of polar stratospheric clouds [O. Torres, Z. Ahmad, J. R. Herman, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 13015 (1992)], to about 85° SZA [J.-P. Pommereau et al., in Proceedings of the 28th Liege International Astrophysics Colloquium, Liege, Belgium, 26 to 30 June, 1989, P. J. Crutzen, J.-C. Gerard, R. Zander, Eds. (Univ. of Liege, Belgium, 1989), pp. 141-146].
    • (1989) Proceedings of the 28th Liege International Astrophysics Colloquium , pp. 141-146
    • Pommereau, J.-P.1
  • 5
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    • TOVS observes upwelling thermal emission from the atmosphere, but its ozone channel relies on a temperature contrast between the surface and the ozone layer [A. C. Neuendorffer, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18807 (1996)], and hence in winter it has poor accuracy over the central Antarctic plateau and reduced accuracy at the edge of Antarctica.
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    • Neuendorffer, A.C.1
  • 9
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    • We compared SAOZ ozone to measurements from the Dobson at Faraday in seasons other than winter to test overall stability, and we examined intercepts of Langley plots during all seasons and over a wide range of ozone amounts to test stability of offset. SAOZ observes ozone in the slant path of sunlight through the atmosphere, related to total vertical amount by an air-mass factor (AMF). When observing the zenith sky, sunlight follows a set of parallel paths before being scattered vertically into the instrument, so there is no unique AMF, merely an average AMF that depends on profiles of ozone and air density. By means of a standard radiative transfer scheme [A. Sarkissian, H. K. Roscoe, D. J. Fish, ibid., p. 471], AMFs have now been calculated for each month of the observations, with the use of a mixture of climatological and measured parameters as input.
    • J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer , pp. 471
    • Sarkissian, A.1    Roscoe, H.K.2    Fish, D.J.3
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    • S. Chubachi, in Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Halkidiki, Greece, 3 to 7 September 1984, C. S. Zerefos and A. Ghazi, Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1985), pp. 285-289.
    • (1985) Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium , pp. 285-289
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    • The upstream advection scheme is based on conservation of second-order moments of tracer distribution during advection [M. J. Prather, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6671 (1986)]. The advection algorithm is stable, accurate, and highly nondiffusive, making the scheme particularly suited to the preservation of sharp gradients, an important consideration where localized chemical processing on polar stratospheric clouds can cause strong inhomogeneities in tracer distributions.
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    • 2O field. The full set of chemical fields from the model was then mapped into the 3D domain with the use of equivalent latitude and potential temperature as the transfer coordinates. These coordinates allow chemical fields to follow polar-vortex distortions in a realistic way.
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    • 2O field. The full set of chemical fields from the model was then mapped into the 3D domain with the use of equivalent latitude and potential temperature as the transfer coordinates. These coordinates allow chemical fields to follow polar-vortex distortions in a realistic way.
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    • note
    • We thank J. C. Farman for suggesting that a SAOZ be placed at Faraday; D. J. Oldham for persistence during its first year there; C. J. Wright, S. Cuthbertson, D. Haigh, F. P. Hindle, M. P. Chipperfield, J. A. Pyle, and G. L. Manney for efforts at Faraday in subsequent years; J. Squires for help with Langley plots; A. Sarkissian for AMF software; M. P. Chipperfield and J. A. Pyle for SLIMCAT software; G. L. Manney for discussions on MLS data; and J.-P. Pommereau for first drawing our attention to the hint of a midwinter maximum in ozone from the SAOZ at Dumont d'Urville.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.