Cytokines as targets for the inhibition of eosinophilic inflammation

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 259-283

  Hogan, Simon P ^a   Foster, Paul S ^a  

^a Australian National University   (Australia)

Author keywords

Asthma; Cytokines; Eosinophils; Eotaxin; Interleukin 4 and 5; T cells

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; EOTAXIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3; RANTES;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; ASTHMA; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; EOSINOPHILIA; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; ASTHMA; EOSINOPHILS; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-4; INTERLEUKIN-5; PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 0030819040     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00001-6     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Abu Ghazaleh, R. I., Fujisawa, T., Mestecky, J., Kyle, R. A. and Gleich, G. J. (1989) IgA-induced eosinophil degranulation. J. Immunol. 142: 2393-2400.
2. Alam, R., Forsythe, P., Stafford, S., Heinrich, J., Bravo, R., Proost, P. and Van, D. J. (1994) Monocyte chemotactic protein-2, monocyte chemotactic protein-3, and fibroblast-induced cytokine. Three new chemokines induce chemotaxis and activation of basophils. J. Immunol. 153: 3155-1159.
3. 2-like' cells in allergy and asthma: pharmacological perspectives. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15: 324-332.
4. Azzawi, M., Bradley, B., Jeffery, P. K., Frew, A. J., Wardlaw, A. J., Knowles, G., Assoufi, B., Collins, J. V., Durham, S. and Kay, A. B. (1990) Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142: 1407-1413.
5. Baggiolini, M. and Dahinden, C. A. (1994) CC chemokines in allergic inflammation. Immunol. Today 15: 127-133.
6. Barker, R. L., Gundel, R. H., Gleich, G. J., Checkel, J. L., Loegering, D. A., Pease, L. R. and Hamann, K. J. (1991) Acidic polyamino acids inhibit human eosinophil granule major basic protein toxicity. Evidence of a functional role for ProMBP. J. Clin. Invest. 88: 798-805.
7. Beasley, R., Coleman, E. D., Hermon, Y., Holst, P. E., O'Donnell, T. V. and Tobias, M. (1988) Viral respiratory tract infection and exacerbations of asthma in adult patients. Thorax 43: 679-683.
8. Beasley, R., Roche, W. R., Roberts, J. A. and Holgate, S. T. (1989) Cellular events in the bronchi in mild asthma and after bronchial provocation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139: 806-817.
9. Beck, L. A., Schall, T. J., Beall, L. D., Leopold, D., Bickel, C., Baroody, F., Naclerio, R. M. and Schleimer, R. P. (1994) Detection of the chemokine RANTES and activation of vascular endothelium in nasal polyps. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 93: 234.
10. Bentley, A. M., Menz, G., Sotrz, C., Robinson, D. S., Bradely, B., Jeffery, P. K., Durham, S. R. and Kay, A. B. (1992) Identification of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and activated eosinophils in the bronhial mucosa in intrinsic asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146: 500-506.
11. 1and IgE. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 1073-1077.
12. Bjornsdottir, U. S. and Busse, W. W. (1992) Respiratory infections and asthma. Clin. Allergy 76: 895-915.
13. Bochner, B. S., Charlesworth, E. N., Lichtenstein, L. M., Derse, C. P., Gillis, S., Dinarello, C. A. and Schleimer, R. P. (1990) Interleukin-1 is released at sites of human cutaneous allergic reactions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 80: 830-834.
14. Bochner, B. S., Luscinskas, F. W., Gimbrone, M. J., Newman, W., Sterbinsky, S. A., Derse, A. C., Klunk, D. and Schleimer, R. P. (1991) Adhesion of human basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils to interleukin 1-activated human vascular endothelial cells: contributions of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. J. Exp. Med. 173: 1553-1557.
15. Bochner, B. S., Undem, B. J. and Lichtenstein, L. M. (1994) Immunological aspects of allergic asthma. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12: 295-335.
16. Bousquet, J. B., Chanez, P., Lacoste, J. Y., Barneon, G., Ghavanian, N., Enander, I., Venge, P., Ahlstedt, S., Simony-Lafontaine, J., Godard, P. and Michel, F. B. (1990) Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. N. Engl. Med. J. 323: 1033-1039.
17. Bradding, P., Feather, I. H., Wilson, S., Bardin, P. G., Heusser, C. H., Holgate, S. T. and Howarth, P. H. (1993) Immunolocalization of cytokines in the nasal mucosa of normal and perennial rhinitic subjects. The mast cell as a source of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 in human allergic mucosal inflammation. J. Immunol. 151: 3853-3865.
18. Bradley, B. L., Azzawi, M., Jacobson, M., Assoufi, B., Collins, J. V., Irani, A. M., Schwartz, L. B., Durham, S. R., Jeffery, P. K. and Kay, A. B. (1991) Eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchial biopsy specimens from atopic subjects with asthma: comparison with biopsy specimens from atopic subjects without asthma and normal control subjects and relationship to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88: 661-674.
19. Braun, R. K., Franchini, M., Erard, F., Rihs, S., De, V. I., Blaser, K., Hansel, T. T. and Walker, C. (1993) Human peripheral blood eosinophils produce and release interleukin-8 on stimulation with calcium ionophore. Eur. J. Immunol. 23: 956-960.
20. Broide, D. H., Gleich, G. J., Cuomo, A. J., Coburn, D. A., Federman, E. C., Schwartz, L. B. and Wasserman, S. I. (1991) Evidence of ongoing mast cell and eosinophil degranulation in symptomatic asthma airway. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88: 637-648.
21. Broide, D. H., Paine, M. M. and Firestein, G. S. (1992) Eosinophils express interleukin 5 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor mRNA at sites of allergic inflammation in asthmatics. J. Clin. Invest. 90: 1414-1424.
22. Brusselle, G. G., Kips, J. C., Tavernier, J. H., van Der Heyden, J. G., Cuvelier, C. A., Pauwels, R. A. and Bluethmann, H. (1994) Attenuation of allergic airway inflammation in IL-4 deficient mice. Clin. Exp. Allergy 24: 73-80.
23. Campbell, H. D., Tucker, W. Q., Hort, Y., Martinson, M. E., Mayo, G., Clutterbuck, E. J., Sanderson, C. J. and Young, I. G. (1987) Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the gene encoding human eosinophil differentiation factor (interleukin 5). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 6629-6633.
24. Canonica, G., Mingari, M., Melioli, G., Colombatti, M. and Moretta, L. (1979) Imbalances of T cell populations in patients with atopic diseases and effect of specific immunotherapy. J. Immunol. 123: 2669-2672.
25. Casale, T. B., Wood, D., Richerson, H. B., Zehr, B., Zavala, D. and Hunninghake, G. W. (1987) Direct evidence of a role for mast cells in the pathogenesis of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. J. Clin. Invest. 80: 1507-1511.
26. Chand, N., Harrison, J. E., Rooney, S., Pillar, J., Jakubicki, R., Nolan, K., Diamantis, W. and Sofia, R. D. (1992) Anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody inhibits allergic late phase bronchial eosinophilia in guinea pigs: a therapeutic approach. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 211: 121-123.
27. 2 clones revealed by RNA hybridization, functionally mono-specific bioassays, and monoclonal antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 166: 1229-1244.
28. Clutterbuck, E. J., Hirst, E. M. and Sanderson, C. J. (1989) Human interleukin 5 (IL-5) regulates the production of eosinophils in human bone marrow cultures: comparisons and interactions with IL-1, IL-3, IL-6 and GM-CSF. Blood 73: 1504-1512.
29. Cocks, B. G., de Waal Malefyt, R., Galizzi, J. P., de Vries, J. E. and Aversa, G. (1993) IL-13 induces proliferation and differentiation of human B cells activated by the CD40 ligand. Int. Immunol. 5: 657-663.
30. Coeffier, E., Joseph, D. and Vargaftig, B. B. (1991) Activation of guinea pig eosinophils by human recombinant IL-5. Selective priming to platelet-activating factor-acether and interference of its antagonists. J. Immunol. 147: 2595-2602.
31. Coffman, R. L., Seymour, B. W., Hudak, S., Jackson, J. and Rennick, D. (1989) Antibody to interleukin-5 inhibits helminth-induced eosinophilia in mice. Science 245: 308-310.
32. Collins, P. D., Marleau, S., Griffiths-Johnson, D. A., Jose, P. J. and Williams, T. J. (1995) Cooperation between interleukin-5 and the chemokine eotaxin to induce eosinophil accumulation in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 182: 1169-1174.
33. Corrigan, C. J., Haczku, A., Gemou, E. V., Doi, S., Kikuchi, Y., Takatsu, K., Durham, S. R. and Kay, A. B. (1993) CD4 T-lymphocyte activation in asthma is accompanied by increased serum concentrations of interleukin-5. Effect of glucocorticoid therapy. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147: 540-547.
34. Corry, D. B., Folkesson, H. G., Warnock, M. L., Erle, D. J., Matthay, M. A., Wiener-Kronish, J. P. and Locksley, R. M. (1996) Interleukin 4, but not interleukin 5 or eosinophils, is required in a murine model of acute airway hyperreactivity. J. Exp. Med. 183: 109-117.
35. Costa, J. J., Matossian, K., Resnick, M. B., Beil, W. J., Wong, D. T., Gordon, J. R., Dvorak, A. M., Weller, P. F. and Galli, S. J. (1993) Human eosinophils can express the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha. J. Clin. Invest. 91: 2673-2684.
36. + cells can switch to interleukin 5 production and induce airway eosinophilia. J. Exp. Med. 181: 1229-1233.
37. Coyle, A. J., Wagner, K., Bertrand, C., Tsuyuki, S., Bews, J. and Heusser, C. (1996) Central role of immunoglobulin (Ig) E in the induction of lung eosinophil infiltration and T helper 2 cell cytokine production: inhibition by a nonanaphylactogenic anti-IgE antibody. J. Exp. Med.183: 1303-1310.
38. Dahinden, C. A., Geiser, T., Von Tscharner, V., Coput, D., Ferrara, P., Minty, A. and Baggiolini, M. (1994) Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 is a most effective basophil-and eosinophil-activating chemokine. J. Exp. Med. 179: 751-756.
39. Del Pozo, V., De Andres, B., Martin, E., Cárdaba, B., Fernández, J. C., Gallardo, S., Tramón, P., Leyva-Cobian, F., Palomino, P. and Lahoz, C. (1992) Eosinophil as antigen-presenting cell: activation of T cell clones and T cell hybridoma by eosinophils after antigen processing. Eur. J. Immunol. 22: 1919-1925.
40. De Monchy, J. G., Kauffman, H. F., Venge, P., Koeter, G. H., Jansen, H. M., Sluiter, H. J. and de Vries, V. K. (1985) Bronchoalveolar eosinophilia during allergen-induced late asthmatic reactions. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131: 373-376.
41. Dent, L. A., Strath, M., Mellor, A. L. and Sanderson, C. J. (1990) Eosinophilia in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 5. J. Exp. Med. 172: 1425-1431.
42. Desreumaux, P., Janin, A., Dubucquoi, S., Copin, M. C., Torpier, G., Capron, A., Capron, M. and Prin, L. (1993) Synthesis of interleukin-5 by activated eosinophils in patients with eosinophilic heart diseases. Blood 82: 1553-1560.
43. Djukanovic, R., Roche, W. R., Wilson, J. W., Beasley, C. R. W., Twentyman, O. P., Howarth, P. H. and Holgate, S. T. (1990a) Mucosal inflammation in asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142: 434-467.
44. Djukanovic, R., Wilson, J. W., Britten, K. M., Wilson, S. J., Walls, A. F., Roche, W. R., Howarth, P. H. and Holgate, S. T. (1990b) Quantitation of mast cells and eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa of symptomatic atopic asthmatics and healthy control subjects using immunohistochemistry. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142: 863-871.
45. Dobrina, A., Menegazzi, R., Carlos, T. M., Nardon, E., Cramer, R., Zacchi, T., Harlan, J. M. and Patriarca, P. (1991) Mechanisms of eosinophil adherence to cultured vascular endothelial cells. Eosinophils bind to the cytokine-induced ligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 via the very late activation antigen-4 integrin receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 88: 20-26.
46. Drazen, J. M., Arm, J. P. and Austen, K. F. (1996) Sorting out the cytokines of asthma. J. Exp. Med. 183: 1-5.
47. Dubucquoi, S., Desreumaux, P., Janin, A., Klein, O., Goldman, M., Tavernier, J., Capron, A. and Capron, M. (1994) Interleukin 5 synthesis by eosinophils: association with granules and immunoglobulin-dependent secretion. J. Exp. Med. 179: 703-708.
48. Ebisawa, M., Bochner, B. S., Georas, S. N. and Schleimer, R. P. (1992) Eosinophil transendothelial migration induced by cytokines. I. Role of endothelial and eosinophil adhesion molecules in IL-1 beta-induced transendothelial migration. J. Immunol. 149: 4021-4028.
49. Ebisawa, M., Yamada, T., Bickel, C., Klunk, D. and Schleimer, R. P. (1994) Eosinophil transendothelial migration induced by cytokines. III. Effect of the chemokine RANTES. J. Immunol. 153: 2153-2160.
50. Einarsson, O., Geba, G. P., Zhu, Z., Landry, M. and Elias, J. A. (1996) Interleukin-11: stimulation in vivo and in vitro by respiratory viruses and induction of airways hyperresponsiveness. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 915-924.
51. Elias, J. A., Zheng, T., Whiting, N. L., Trow, T. K., Merrill, W. W., Zitnik, R., Ray, P. and Alderman, E. M. (1994) Interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor B regulation of fibroblast-derived interleukin-11. J. Immunol. 152: 2421-2429.
52. Elwood, W., Lotvall, J. O., Barnes, P. J. and Chung, K. F. (1992) Effect of dexamethasone and cyclosporin A on allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory cell responses in sensitized Brown-Norway rats. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145: 1289-1294.
53. Engel, P., Huguet, J., Sanosa, J., Sierra, P., Cols, N. and Garcia-Calderon, P. (1984) T cell substets in allergic respiratory disease using monoclonal antibodies. Ann. Allergy 53: 337-340.
54. 2 cytokines and help B cells. Science 260: 1802-1805.
55. Eum, S. Y., Haile, S., Lefort, J., Huerre, M. and Vargaftig, B. B. (1995) Eosinophil recruitment into the respiratory epithelium following antigenic challenge in hyper-IgE mice is accompanied by interleukin 5-dependent bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 12290-12294.
56. Faccioli, L. H., Nourshargh, S., Moqbel, R., Williams, F. M., Sehmi, R., Kay, A. B. and Williams, T. J. (1991) The accumulation of 111 In-eosinophils induced by inflammatory mediators, in vivo. Immunology 73: 222-227.
57. Finkelman, F. D., Katona, I. M., Mosmann, T. R. and Coffman, R. L. (1988a) IFN-gamma regulates the isotypes of Ig secreted during in vivo humoral immune responses. J. Immunol. 140: 1022-1027.
58. Finkelman, F. D., Katona, I. M., Urban, J. F., Holmes, J., Ohara, J., Tung, A. S., Sample, J. G. and Paul, W. E. (1988b) IL-4 is required to generate and sustain in vivo IgE responses. J. Immunol. 141: 2335-2341.
59. Finotto, S., Fabbri, L. M., Rado, V., Mapp, C. E. and Maestrelli, P. (1991) Increase in numbers of CD8 positive lymphocytes and eosinophils in peripheral blood of subjects with late asthmatic reaction induced by toluene disocyanate. Br. J. Ind. Med. 48: 116-121.
60. Flavahan, N. A., Slifman, N. R., Gleich, G. J. and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1988) Human eosinophil major basic protein causes hyperreactivity of respiratory smooth muscle. Role of the epithelium. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138: 685-688.
61. Foster, P. S., Hogan, S. P., Ramsay, A. J., Matthaei, K. I. and Young, I. G. (1996) Interleukin 5 deficiency abolishes eosinophilia, airways hyperreactivity, and lung damage in a mouse asthma model. J. Exp. Med. 183: 195-201.
62. Frick, W. E., Sedgwick, J. B. and Busse, W. W. (1989) The appearance of hypodense eosinophils in antigen-dependent late phase asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139: 1401-1408.
63. Fujisawa, T., Abu-Ghazaleh, R., Kita, H., Sanderson, C. J. and Gleich, G. J. (1990) Regulatory effects of cytokines on eosinophil degranulation. J. Immunol. 144: 642-646.
64. Fukuda, T., Dunnette, S. L., Reed, C. E., Ackerman, S. J., Peters, M. S. and Gleich, G. J. (1985) Increased numbers of hypodense eosinophils in the blood of patients with bronchial asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132: 981-985.
65. Fukuda, T., Numao, T., Akutsu, I. and Makino, S. (1992) Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced chemotaxis and PAF binding to human eosinophils. J. Lipid Mediat. 5: 145-149.
66. + T lymphocytes prevents antigen-induced airway hyperreactivity and pulmonary eosinophilia. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 10: 587-593.
67. 2 cytokine expression in mice. J. Exp. Med. 182: 1527-1536.
68. Gladue, R. P., Carroll, L. A., Milici, A. J., Scampoli, D. N., Stukenbrok, H. A., Pettipher, E. R., Slater, E. D., Contillo, L. and Showell, H. J. (1996) Inhibition of leukotriene B4-receptor interaction suppresses eosinophil infiltration and disease pathology in a murine model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 183: 1893-1898.
69. Gleich, G. J. (1990) Why do allergic individuals accumulate more eosinophils at the site of an IgE-mediated reaction than do normal subjects? Clin. Exp. Allergy 20: 245-246.
70. Gleich, G. J. and Adolphson, C. R. (1986) The eosinophilic leukocyte: structure and function. Adv. Immunol. 39: 177-253.
71. Gleich, G. J., Frigas, E., Loegering, D. A., Wassom, D. E. and Steinmuller, D. (1979) Cytotoxic properties of the eosinophil major basic protein. J. Immunol. 123: 2925-2927.
72. Gleich, G. J., Flavahan, N. A., Fujisawa, T. and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1988) The eosinophil as a mediator of damage to respiratory epithelium: a model for bronchial hyperreactivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 81: 776-781.
73. Gonzalez, M., Diaz, P., Galleguillos, F., Ancic, P., Cromwell, O. and Kay, A. (1987) Allergen-induced recruitment of bronchoalveolar helper (OKT4) and suppressor (OKT8) T cells in asthma. Relative increases in OKT8 cells in single early responders compared with those in late-phase responders. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136: 600-604.
74. 2-type response. Immunity 4: 1-14.
75. Gounni, A. S., Lamkhioued, B., Ochiai, K., Tanaka, Y., Delaporte, E., Capron, A., Kinet, J. P. and Capron, M. (1994) High-affinity IgE receptor on eosinophils is involved in defence against parasites. Nature 367: 183-186.
76. Griffiths-Johnson, D. A., Collins, P. D., Rossi, A. G., Jose, P. J. and Williams, T. J. (1993) The chemokine, eotaxin, activates guinea-pig eosinophils in vitro and causes their accumulation into the lung in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197: 1167-1172.
77. Gulbenkian, A. R., Egan, R. W., Fernandez, X., Jones, H., Kreutner, W., Kung, T., Payvandi, F., Sullivan, L., Zurcher, J. A. and Watnick, A. S. (1992) Interleukin-5 modulates eosinophil accumulation in allergic guinea pig lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146: 263-265.
78. Gundel, R. H., Letts, L. G. and Gleich, G. J. (1991) Human eosinophil major basic protein induces airway constriction and airway hyperresponsiveness in primates. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 1470-1473.
79. Haczku, A., Chung, K. F., Sun, J., Barnes, P. J., Kay, A. B. and Moqbel, R. (1995a) Airways hyperresponsiveness, elevation of serum-specific IgE and activation of T cells following allergen exposure in sensitized Brown-Norway rats. Immunology 85: 598-603.
80. Haczku, A., Moqbel, R., Jacobson, M., Kay, A. B., Barnes, P. J. and Chung, K. F. (1995b) T-cells subsets and activation in bronchial mucosa of sensitized Brown-Norway rats after single allergen exposure. Immunology 85: 591-597.
81. + T cells in the development of airways hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of airway sensitization. J. Exp. Med. 183: 1719-1729.
82. Hamid, Q., Azzawi, M., Ying, S., Moqbel, R., Wardlaw, A. J., Corrigan, C. J., Bradley, B., Durham, S. R., Collins, J. V., Jeffery, P. K., Quint, D. J. and Kay, A. B. (1991) Expression of mRNA for interleukin-5 in mucosal bronchial biopsies from asthma. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 1541-1546.
83. Hamid, Q., Barkans, J., Meng, Q., Ying, S., Abrams, J. S., Kay, A. B. and Moqbel, R. (1992) Human eosinophils synthesize and secrete interleukin-6, in vitro. Blood 80: 1496-1501.
84. Harper, T. B., Gaumer, H. R., Waring, W., Brannon, R. B. and Salvaggio, J. E. (1980) A comparison of cell-mediated immunity and supressor T-cell function in asthmatic and normal children. Clin. Allergy 10: 555-563.
85. Hartnell, A., Kay, A. B. and Wardlaw, A. J. (1992) IFN-gamma induces expression of Fc gamma RIII (CD16) on human eosinophils. J. Immunol. 148: 1471-1478.
86. Hastie, A. T., Loegering, D. A., Gleich, G. J. and Kueppers, F. (1987) The effect of purified human eosinophil major basic protein on mammalian ciliary activity. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135: 848-853.
87. Heeger, P., Wolf, G., Meyers, C., Sun, M. J., O'Farrell, S. C., Krensky, A. M. and Neilson, E. G. (1992) Isolation and characterization of cDNA from renal tubular epithelium encoding murine RANTES. Kidney Int. 41: 220-225.
88. Hitoshi, Y., Yamaguchi, N., Korenaga, M., Mita, S., Tominaga, A. and Takatsu, K. (1991) In vivo administration of antibody to murine IL-5 receptor inhibits eosinophilia of IL-5 transgenic mice. Int. Immunol. 3: 135-139.
89. Hogan, S., Mould, A., Kikutani, H., Ramsay, A. J. and Foster, P. S. (1996) Aeroallergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation, lung damage and airways hyperreactivity in mice can occur independently of IL-4 and allergen-specific immunoglobulins. J. Clin. Invest., in press.
90. Holt, P. G., McMenamin, C., Schon, H. M., Strickland, D., Nelson, D., Wilkes, L., Bilyk, N., Oliver, J., Holt, B. J. and McMenamin, P. G. (1991) Immunoregulation of asthma: control of T-lymphocyte activation in the respiratory tract. Eur. Respir. J. Suppl. 13: S6-S15.
91. + T cells, IL5, and mast cells. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 73: 305-311.
92. + T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages. Science 260: 547-549.
93. Hunt, J. E., Stevens, R. L., Austen, K. F., Zhang, J., Xia, Z. and Ghildyal, N. (1996) Natural disruption of the mouse mast cell protease 7 gene in the C57BL/6 mouse. J. Biol. Chem. 5: 2851-2855.
94. Inaba, K., Kitaura, M., Kato, T., Watanabe, Y., Kawade, Y. and Muramatsu, S. (1986) Contrasting effect of alpha/beta-and gamma interferons on expression of macrophage Ia antigens. J. Exp. Med. 163: 1030-1037.
95. Ishida, K., Thomson, R. J., Beattie, L. L., Wiggs, B. and Schellenberg, R. R. (1990) Inhibition of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, but not acute hypoxia or airway eosinophilia, by an antagonist of platelet-activating factor. J. Immunol. 144: 3907-3911.
96. Iwama, T., Nagai, H., Suda, H., Tsuruoka, N. and Koda, A. (1992) Effects of murine recombinant interleukin-5 on the cell population in guinea-pig airways. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105: 19-22.
97. Iwama, T., Nagai, H., Tsuruoka, N. and Koda, A. (1993) Effect of murine recombinant interleukin-5 on bronchial reactivity in guinea-pigs. Clin. Exp. Allergy 23: 32-38.
98. + T lymphocytes and interleukin-5 in antigen-induced eosinophil recruitment into the site of cutaneous late-phase reaction in mice. J. Leukoc. Biol. 52: 572-578.
99. Jacoby, D. B., Ueki, I. F., Widdicombe, J. H., Loegering, D. A., Gleich, G. J. and Nadel, J. A. (1988) Effect of human eosinophil major basic protein on ion transport in dog tracheal epithelium. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137: 13-16.
100. Jose, P. J., Griffiths-Johnson, D. A., Collins, P. D., Walsh, D. T., Moqbel, R., Totty, N. F., Truong, O., Hsuan, J. J. and Williams, T. J. (1994) Eotaxin: a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea-pig model of allergic airways inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 179: 881-887.
101. Kaiser, E., Forster, R., Wolf, I., Ebensperger, C., Kuehl, W. M. and Lipp, M. (1993) The G protein-coupled receptor BLR1 is involved in murine B cell differentiation and is also expressed in neuronal tissues. Eur. J. Immunol. 23: 2532-2539.
102. Kameyoshi, Y., Dorschner, A., Mallet, A. I., Christophers, E. and Schroder, J. M. (1992) Cytokine RANTES released by thrombin-stimulated platelets is a potent attractant for human eosinophils. J. Exp. Med. 176: 587-592.
103. Kaneko, M., Swanson, M. C., Gleich, G. J. and Kita, H. (1995) Allergen-specific IgG1 and IgG3 through Fc gamma RII induce eosinophil degranulation. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 2813-2821.
104. Kawabe, T., Naka, T., Yoshida, K., Tanaka, T., Fujiwara, H., Suematsu, S., Yoshida, N., Kishimoto, T. and Kikutani, H. (1994) The immune responses in CD40-deficient mice: impaired immunoglobulin class switching and germinal centre formation. Immunity 1: 167-178.
105. Kawabori, S., Soda, K., Perdue, M. H. and Bienenstock, J. (1991) The dynamics of intestinal eosinophil depletion in rats treated with dexamethasone. Lab. Invest. 64: 224-233.
106. Kelner, G. S., Kennedy, J., Bacon, K. B., Kleyensteuber, S., Largaespada, D. A., Jenkins, N. A., Copeland, N. G., Bazan, J. F., Moore, K. W., Schall, T. J., et al. (1994) Lymphotactin: a cytokine that represents a new class of chemokine. Science 266: 1395-1399.
107. Kernen, P., Wymann, M. P., von Tscharner, V., Deranleau, D. A., Tai, P. C., Spry, C. J., Dahinden, C. A. and Baggiolini, M. (1991) Shape changes, exocytosis, and cytosolic free calcium changes in stimulated human eosinophils. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 2012-2017.
108. Kips, J. C., Brusselle, G. J., Joos, G. F., Peleman, R. A., Tavernier, J. H., Devos, R. R. and Pauwels, R. A. (1996) Interleukin-12 inhibits antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153: 535-539.
109. Kita, H., Ohnishi, T., Okubo, Y., Weiler, D., Abrams, J. S. and Gleich, G. J. (1991) Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 3 release from human peripheral blood eosinophils and neutrophils. J. Exp. Med. 174: 745-748.
110. Kobayashi, M., Fitz, L., Ryan, M., Hewick, R. M., Clark, S. C., Chan, S., Loudon, R., Sherman, F., Perussia, B. and Trinchieri, G. (1989) Identification and purification of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF), a cytokine with multiple biologic effects on human lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 170: 827-845.
111. 2 cytokine responses. Nature 362: 245-248.
112. Kopf, M., Brombacher, F., Hodgkin, P. D., Ramsay, A. J., Milbourne, E. A., Dai, W. J., Ovington, K. S., Behm, G., Kohler, G., Young, I. G. and Matthaei, K. I. (1996) IL-5 deficient mice have a developmental defect in CD5+ B-1 cells and lack eosinophils but have normal anitbody cytotoxic T cell responses. Immunity 4: 15-24.
113. Kurup, V., Choi, H., Murali, S. and Coffman, R. L. (1994) IgE and eosinophil regulation in a murine model of allergic aspergillosis. J. Leuk. Biol. 56: 593-598.
114. Lam, S., LeRiche, J., Phillips, D. and Chan, Y. M. (1987) Cellular and protein changes in bronchial lavage fluid after late asthmatic reaction in patients with red cedar asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 80: 44-50.
115. Looney, R. J., Ryan, D. H., Takahashi, K., Fleit, H. B., Cohen, H. J., Abraham, G. N. and Anderson, C. L. (1986) Identification of a second class of IgG Fc receptors on human neutrophils. A 40 kilodalton molecule also found on eosmophils. J. Exp. Med. 163: 826-836.
116. Lopez, A. F., Sanderson, C. J., Gamble, J. R., Campbell, H. D., Young, I. G. and Vadas, M. A. (1988) Recombinant human interleukin 5 is a selective activator of human eosinophil function. J. Exp. Med. 167: 219-224.
117. Mac Donald, D., Gordon, A. A., Kajitani, H., Enokihara, H. and Barrett, A. J. (1990) Interleukin-2 treatment-associated eosinophilia is mediated by interleukin-5 production. Br. J. Haematol. 76: 168-173.
118. Massey, W. A., Randall, T. C., Kagey, S. A., Warner, J. A., MacDonald, S. M., Gillis, S., Allison, A. C. and Lichtenstein, L. M. (1989) Recombinant human IL-1 alpha and -1 beta potentiate IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils. J. Immunol. 143: 1875-1880.
119. Mauser, P. J., Pitman, A., Witt, A., Fernandez, X., Zurcher, J., Kung, T., Jones, H., Watnick, A. S., Gean, R. W., Kreutner, W. and Adams, G. K., III (1993) Inhibitory effect of the TRFK-5 anti-IL-5 antibody in a guinea pig model of asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148: 1623-1627.
120. Meurer, R., Van, R. G., Feeney, W., Cunningham, P., Hora, D. J., Springer, M. S., MacIntyre, D. E. and Rosen, H. (1993) Formation of eosinophilic and monocytic intradermal inflammatory sites in the dog by injection of human RANTES but not human monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, human macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha, or human interleukin 8. J. Exp. Med. 178: 1913-1921.
121. Milne, A. A. and Piper, P. J. (1994) Effects of interleukin-5 inhibition on antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and cell accumulation in guinea pigs. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 725: 282-287.
122. Milne, A. A., Teixeira, M. M., Hellewell, P. G. and Piper, P. J. (1995) Induction of leucocyte recruitment and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the guinea pig by aerosol administration of interleukin-2. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 108: 60-67.
123. Moqbel, R., Hamid, Q., Ying, S., Barkans, J., Hartnell, A., Tsicopoulos, A., Wardlaw, A. J. and Kay, A. B. (1991) Expression of mRNA and immunoreactivity for the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulatory factor in activated human eosinophils. J. Exp. Med. 174: 749-752.
124. Mosmann, T. R. and Coffman, R. L. (1989) TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7: 145-173.
125. Motojima, S., Frigas, E., Loegering, D. A. and Gleich, G. J. (1989) Toxicity of eosinophil cationic proteins for guinea pig tracheal epithelium in vitro. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139: 801-805.
126. Mould, A. W., Matthaei, K. I., Young, I. G. and Foster, P. S. (1997) Relationship between interleukin-5 and eotaxin in regulating blood and tissue eosinophilia in mice. J. Clin. Invest., in press.
127. Nagai, H., Yamaguchi, S., Inagaki, N., Tsuruoka, N., Hitoshi, Y. and Takatsu, K. (1993) Effect of anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody on allergic bronchial eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Life Sci. 53: 7-15.
128. + T-lymphocytes and interleukin-5 mediate antigen-induced eosinophil infiltration into the mouse trachea. Am. Rev. Rep. Dis. 146: 374-377.
129. + T cell recruitment into tissue. J. Immunol. 153: 1264-1270.
130. Nicholson, K. G., Kent, J. and Ireland, D. C. (1993) Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. Br. Med. J. 307: 982-986.
131. Ohashi, Y., Motojima, S., Fukuda, T. and Makino, S. (1992) Airway hyperresponsiveness, increased intracellular spaces of bronchial epithelium, and increased infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes in bronchial mucosa in asthma [see comments]. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145: 1469-1476.
132. Ohno, I., Lea, R. G., Flanders, K. C., Clark, D. A., Banwatt, D., Dolovich, J., Denburg, J., Harley, C. B., Gauldie, J. and Jordana, M. (1992) Eosinophils in chronically inflamed human upper airway tissues express transforming growth factor beta 1 gene (TGF beta 1). J. Clin. Invest. 89: 1662-1668.
133. Okudaira, H., Nogami, M., Matsuzaki, G., Dohi, M., Suko, M., Kasuya, S. and Takatsu, K. (1991) T-cell-dependent accumulation of eosinophils in the lung and its inhibition by monoclonal anti-interleukin-5. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 94: 171-173.
134. Oppenheim, J. J., Zachariae, C. O., Mukaida, N. and Matsushima, K. (1991) Properties of the novel proinflammatory supergene "intercrine" cytokine family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9: 617-648.
135. 1 in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 1398-1408.
136. Owen, W. F., Jr., Rothenberg, M. E., Silberstein, D. S., Gasson, J. C., Stevens, R. I., Austen, K. F. and Soberman, R. J. (1987) Regulation of human eosinophil viability, density, and function by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the presence of 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Exp. Med. 166: 129-141.
137. 2 human T cell clones. J. Immunol. 149: 2977-2983.
138. Pene, J., Rousset, F., Briere, F., Chretien, I., Bonnefoy, J. Y., Spits, H., Yokota, T., Arai, N., Arai, K., Banchereau, J. and de Vries, J. E. (1988) IgE production by normal human lymphocytes is induced by interleukin 4 and suppressed by interferons gamma and alpha and prostaglandin E2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 6880-6884.
139. Pober, J. S., Gimbrone, M. A., Lapierre, L. A., Jr., Mendrick, D. L., Fiers, W., Rothlein, R. and Springer, T. A. (1986) Overlapping patterns of activation of human endothelial cells by interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and immune interferon. J. Immunol. 137: 1893-1896.
140. Punnonen, J., Aversa, G., Cocks, B. G., McKenzie, A. N., Menon, S., Zurawski, G., de Waal Malefyt, R. and de Vries, J. E. (1993) Interleukin 13 induces interleukin 4-independent IgG4 and IgE synthesis and CD23 expression by human B cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 3730-3734.
141. Rand, T. H., Silberstein, D. S., Kornfeld, H. and Weller, P. F. (1991) Human eosinophils express functional interleukin 2 receptors. J. Clin. Invest. 88: 825-832.
142. Rathanaswami, P., Hachicha, M., Sadick, M., Schall, T. J. and McColl, S. R. (1993) Expression of the cytokine RANTES in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Differential regulation of RANTES and interleukin-8 genes by inflammatory cytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 5834-5839.
143. Robinson, D. S., Hamid, Q., Sun-Ying, A., Tsicopoulos, A., Barkans, J., Bentley, A. M., Corrigan, C., Durham, S. R. and Kay, A. B. (1992) Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N. Eng. J. Med. 326: 298-304.
144. + T cells, increased TH2-type cytokine mRNA expression, and eosinophil recruitment in bronchoalveolar lavage after allergen inhalation challenge in patients with atopic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 92: 313-324.
145. Robinson, D., Hamid, Q., Ying, S., Bentley, A., Assoufi, B., Durham, S. and Kay, A. B. (1993b) Prednisolone treatment in asthma is associated with modulation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interferon-gamma cytokine gene expression. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148: 401-406.
146. Robinson, D. S., Ying, S., Bentley, A. M., Meng, Q., North, J., Durham, S. R., Kay, A. B. and Hamid, Q. (1993c) Relationships among numbers of bronchoalveolar lavage cells expressing messenger ribonucleic acid for cytokines, asthma symptoms, and airway methacholine responsiveness in atopic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 92: 397-403.
147. Rot, A., Krieger, M., Brunner, T., Bischoff, S. C., Schall, T. J. and Dahinden, C. A. (1992) RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha induce the migration and activation of normal human eosinophil granulocytes. J. Exp. Med. 176: 1489-1495.
148. Rothenberg, M. E., Owen, W. F., Jr., Silberstein, D. S., Woods, J., Soberman, R. J., Austen, K. F. and Stevens, R. L. (1988) Human eosinophils have prolonged survival, enhanced functional properties, and become hypodense when exposed to human interleukin 3. J. Clin. Invest. 81: 1986-1992.
149. Rothenberg, M. E., Luster, A. D. and Leder, P. (1995a) Murine eotaxin: an eosinophil chemoattractant inducible in endothelial cells and in interleukin 4-induced tumor suppression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8960-8964.
150. Rothenberg, M. E., Luster, A. D., Lilly, C. M., Drazen, J. M. and Leder, P. (1995b) Constitutive and allergen-induced expression of eotaxin mRNA in the guinea pig lung. J. Exp. Med. 181: 1211-1216.
151. Rothenberg, M. E., Ownbey, R., Mehlhop, P. D., Loiselle, P. M., van de Rijn, M., Boventre, J. V., Oettgen, H. C., Leder, P. and Luster, A. D. (1996) Eotaxin triggers eosinophil-selective chemotasix and calcium flux via a distinct receptor and induces pulmonary eosinophilia in the presence of interleukin-5 in mice. Mol. Med. 2: 334-348.
152. Sanz, M. J., Weg, V. B., Bolanowski, M. A. and Nourshargh, S. (1995) IL-1 is a potent inducer of eosinophil accumulation in rat skin. Inhibition of response by a platelet-activating factor antagonist and an anti-human IL-8 antibody. J. Immunol. 154: 1364-1373.
153. Schall, T. J. and Bacon, K. B. (1994) Chemokines, leukocyte trafficking, and inflammation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6: 865-873.
154. Schleimer, R. P., Sterbinsky, S. A., Kaiser, J., Bickel, C. A., Klunk, D. A., Tomioka, K., Newman, W., Luscinskas, F. W., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., McIntyre, B. W. and Bochner, B. S. (1992) IL-4 induces adherence of human eosinophils and basophils but not neutrophils to endothelium. Associations with expression of VCAM-1. J. Immunol. 148: 1086-1092.
155. Sedgwick, J. B., Vrtis, R. F., Gourley, M. F. and Busse, W. W. (1988) Stimulus-dependent differences in superoxide anion generation by normal human eosinophils and neutrophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 81: 876-883.
156. Sedgwick, J. B., Frick, W. E., Sondel, P. M., Hank, J. A., Borden, E. and Busse, W. W. (1990) The appearance of hypodense eosinophils during interleukin-2 treatment. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 85: 557-566.
157. Sehmi, R., Wardlaw, A. J., Cromwell, O., Kurihara, K., Waltmann, P. and Kay, A. B. (1992) Interleukin 5 selectively enhances the chemotactic response of eosinophils obtained from normal but not eosinophilic subjects. Blood 79: 2952-2959.
158. Selig, W. and Tocker, J. (1992) Effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on antigen-induced pulmonary responses in guinea pigs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 213: 331-336.
159. Sewell, W. A. and Mu, H-H. (1996) Dissociation of production of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5. Immunol. Cell Biol. 74: 274-277.
160. Snapper, C. M. and Paul, W. E. (1987) Interferon-g and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 236: 944-947.
161. Solley, G. O., Gleich, G. J., Jordon, R. E. and Schroeter, A. L. (1976) The late phase of the immediate wheal and flare skin reaction. Its dependence upon IgE antibodies. J. Clin. Invest. 58: 408-420.
162. Stern, A. S., Podlaski, F. J., Hulmes, J. D., Pan, Y. C., Quinn, P. M., Wolitzky, A. G., Familletti, P. C., Stremlo, D. L., Truitt, T., Chizzonite, R. and Gately, M. K. (1990) Purification to homogeneity and partial characterization of cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor from human B-lymphoblastoid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6808-6812.
163. Subramanian, N. and Bray, M. A. (1987) Interleukin 1 releases histamine from human basophils and mast cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 138: 271-275.
164. Sun Ying, L., Taborda-Barata, L., Meng, Q., Humbert, M. and Kay, A. B. (1995) The kinetics of allergen-induced transcription of messenger RNA for monocyte chemotactic protein-3 and RANTES in the skin of human atopic subjects: relationship to eosinophil, T cell, and macrophage recruitment. J. Exp. Med. 181: 2153-2159.
165. 2 memory cells. Immunity 1: 543-552.
166. 2 effectors. J. Immunol. 145: 3796-3806.
167. Tamura, N., Agrawal, D. K. and Townley, R. G. (1988) Leukotriene C4 production from human eosinophils in vitro. Role of eosinophil chemotactic factors on eosinophil activation. J. Immunol. 141: 4291-4297.
168. Tomassini, M., Tsicopoulos, A., Tai, P. C., Gruart, V., Tonnel, A. B., Prin, L., Capron, A. and Capron, M. (1991) Release of granule proteins by eosinophils from allergic and nonallergic patients with eosinophilia on immunoglobulin-dependent activation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88: 365-375.
169. Tominaga, A., Takaki, S., Koyama, N., Katoh, S., Matsumoto, R., Migita, M., Hitoshi, Y., Hosoya, Y., Yamauchi, S., Kanai, Y., Miyazaki, J., Usuku, G., Yamamura, K. and Takatsu, K. (1991) Transgenic mice expressing a B cell growth and differentiation factor gene (interleukin 5) develop eosinophilia and autoantibody production, J. Exp. Med. 173: 429-437.
170. Van Haelst Pisani, C., Kovach, J. S., Kita, H., Leiferman, K. M., Gleich, G. J., Silver, J. E., Dennin, R. and Abrams, J. S. (1991) Administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) results in increased plasma concentrations of IL-5 and eosinophilia in patients with cancer. Blood 78: 1538-1544.
171. Van Oosterhout, A. J., Van, A. I., Hofman, G., Savelkoul, H. F. and Nijkamp, F. P. (1993) Recombinant interleukin-5 induces in vivo airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 236: 379-383.
172. Von der Weid, T., Kopf, M., Kohler, G. and Langhorner, J. (1994) The immune response to Plasmodium chabaudi malaria in interleukin-4-deficient mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 24: 2285-2293.
173. Walker, C., Kaegi, M. K., Braun, P. and Blaser, K. (1991a) Activated T cells and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavages from subjects with asthma correlated with disease severity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88: 935-942.
174. Walker, C., Virchow, J. J., Bruijnzcel, P. L. and Blaser, K. (1991b) T cell subsets and their soluble products regulate eosinophilia in allergic and nonallergic asthma. J. Immunol. 146: 1829-1835.
175. Walker, C., Bode, E., Boer, L., Hansel, T. T., Blaser, K. and Virchow, J. J. (1992) Allergic and nonallergic asthmatics have distinct patterns of T-cell activation and cytokine production in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146: 109-115.
176. Walsh, G. M., Hartnell, A., Wardlaw, A. J., Kurihara, K., Sanderson, C. J. and Kay, A. B. (1990) IL-5 enhances the in vitro adhesion of human eosinophils, but not neutrophils, in a leucocyte integrin (CD11/18)-dependent manner. Immunology 71: 258-265.
177. Walsh, G. M., Mermod, J. J., Hartnell, A., Kay, A. B. and Wardlaw, A. J. (1991) Human eosinophil, but not neutrophil, adherence to IL-1-stimulated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells is alpha 4 beta 1 (very late antigen-4) dependent. J. Immunol. 146: 3419-3423.
178. Wardlaw, A. J., Dunnette, S., Gleich, G. J., Collins, J. V. and Kay, A. B. (1988) Eosinophils and mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage in subjects with mild asthma. Relationship to bronchial hyperreactivity. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137: 62-69.
179. Wardlaw, A. J., Moqbel, R. and Kay, A. B. (1995) Eosinophils: biology and role in disease. Adv. Immunol. 60: 151-266.
180. Warringa, R. A. J., Mengelers, H. J. J., Kuijper, P. H. M., Raaijmakers, J. A. M., Bruijnzeel, P. L. B. and Koenderman, L. (1992) In vivo priming of platelet-activating factor-induced eosinophil chemotaxis in allergic asthmatic individuals. Blood 79: 1836-1841.
181. + T cells in Brown Norway rats. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 1303-1310.
182. Weiss, K. B., Gergen, P. J. and Hodgson, T. A. (1992) An economic evaluation of asthma in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 326: 862-866.
183. Weller, P. F., Rand, T. H., Barrett, T., Elovic, A., Wong, D. T. W. and Finberg, R. W. (1993) HLA-DR-dependent, MHC-restricted antigen-presentation and IL-1a expression. J. Immunol. 150: 2554-2562.
184. White, S. R., Ohno, S., Munoz, N. M., Gleich, G. J., Abrahams, C., Solway, J. and Leff, A. R. (1990) Epithelium-dependent contraction of airway smooth muscle caused by eosinophil MBP. Am. J. Physiol. 259: L294-L303.
185. + T lymphocytes in atopic pateints. J. Immunol. 144: 4651-4656.
186. Wong, D. T., Weller, P. F., Galli, S. J., Elovic, A., Rand, T. H., Gallagher, G. T., Chiang, T., Chou, M. Y., Matossian, K., McBride, J. and Todd, R. (1990) Human eosinophils express transforming growth factor alpha. J. Exp. Med. 172: 673-681.
187. Wong, D. T., Elovic, A., Matossian, K., Nagura, N., McBride, J., Chou, M. Y., Gordon, J. R., Rand, T. H., Galli, S. J. and Weller, P. F. (1991) Eosinophils from patients with blood eosinophilia express transforming growth factor beta 1. Blood 78: 2702-2707.
188. Wu, C. Y., Sarfati, M., Heusser, C., Fournier, S., Rubio, T. M., Peleman, R. and Delespesse, G. (1991) Glucocorticoids increase the synthesis of immunoglobulin E by interleukin 4-stimulated human lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 870-877.
189. Yamaguchi, S., Nagai, H., Tanaka, H., Tsujimoto, M. and Tsuruoka, N. (1994) Time course study for antigen-induced airway hyperreactivity and the effect of soluble IL-5 receptor. Life Sci. 54: PL471-PL475.
190. Yamaguchi, Y., Hayashi, Y., Sugama, Y., Miura, Y., Kasahara, T., Kitamura, S., Torisu, M., Mita, S., Tominaga, A., Takatsu, K. and Suda, T. (1988) Highly purified murine interleukin-5 (IL-5) stimulates eosinophil function and prolongs in vitro survival. J. Exp. Med. 1737-1742.
191. Yoshida, T., Ikuta, K., Sugaya, H., Maki, K., Takagi, M., Kanazawa, H., Sunaga, S., Kinashi, T., Yoshimura, K., Miyazaki, J., Takaki, S. and Takatsu, K. (1996) Defective B-1 cell development and impaired immunity against angiostrongylus cantonensis in IL-5Ra-deficient mice. Immunity 4: 483-494.
192. Zheng, T., Nathanson, M. and Elias, J. A. (1994) Histamine augments cytokine-stimulated interleukin-11 production by human lung fibroblasts. J. Immunol. 153: 4742-4752.