Association of leisure time physical activity with the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged men and women

International Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 739-747

  Haapanen, Nina ^a,b   Miilunpalo, Seppo ^a   Vuori, Ilkka ^a   Oja, Pekka ^a   Pasanen, Matti ^a  

^a UKK INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH PROMOTION RESEARCH   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE   (Finland)

Author keywords

Coronary heart disease; Diabetes; Energy expenditure; Hypertension; Intensity; Leisure time activities

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CORONARY RISK; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LEISURE; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING;

ADULT; COHORT STUDIES; CORONARY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICAL FITNESS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 0030818365     PISSN: 03005771     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ije/26.4.739     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Powell K E, Thompson P D, Caspersen C J et al. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Annu Rev Public Health 1987; 8: 253-87.
2. Berlin J A, Colditz G A. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 612-28.
3. Blair S N, Kohl H W, Gordon N F et al. How much physical activity is good for health. Annu Rev Public Health 1992; 13: 99-126.
4. Paffenbarger R S, Wing A L, Hyde R. Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 108: 161-75.
5. Morris J N, Everitt M G, Pollard R et al. Vigorous exercise in leisure-time: protection against coronary heart disease, Lancet 1980; ii: 1207-10.
6. Garcia-Palmieri M R, Costas R, Cruz-Vidal M et al. Increased physical activity: a protective factor against heart attacks in Puerto Rico. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50: 749-55.
7. Leon A S, Connett J, Jacobs D R et al. Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death: the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. JAMA 1987; 258: 2388-95.
8. Pekkanen J, Marti B, Nissinen A et al. Reduction of premature mortality by high physical activity: a 20-year follow-up of middle-aged Finnish men. Lancet 1987; 255: 1473-77.
9. Donahue R P, Abbott R D, Reed D M et al. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in middle-aged and elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Am J Public Health 1988; 78: 683-85.
10. Salonen J T, Slater J S, Tuomilehto J et al. Leisure time and occupational physical activity: risk of death from ischemic heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 87-94.
11. Slattery M L, Jacobs D R, Nichaman M Z. Leisure time physical activity and coronary heart disease death: the US Railroad Study. Circulation 1989; 79: 304-11.
12. Morris J N, Clayton D G, Everitt M G et al. Exercise in leisure time: coronary attack and death rates. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 325-34.
13. Shaper A G, Wannamethee G. Physical activity and ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged British men. Br Heart J 1991; 66: 384-94.
14. Hein H O, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Physical fitness or physical activity as a predictor of ischaemic heart disease? A 17-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. J Intern Med 1992; 232: 471-79.
15. Paffenbarger R S, Hyde R T, Wing A L et al. The association of changes in physical activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 538-45.
16. Lakka T A, Venäläinen J M, Rauramaa R et al. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction in men. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1549-54.
17. Rodriquez B L, Curb J D, Burchfiel C M et al. Physical activity and 23-year incidence of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among middle-aged men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation 1994; 89: 2540-44.
18. Eaton C B, Medalie J H, Flocke S A. et al. Self-reported physical activity predicts long-term coronary heart disease and all cause mortalities. Twenty-one-year follow-up of the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Arch Fam Med 1995; 4: 323-29.
19. Reaven P D, Barrett-Connor E, Edelstein S. Relation between leisure-time physical activity and blood pressure in older women. Circulation 1991; 83: 559-65.
20. Fagard R H, Tipton C M. Physical activity, fitness and hypertension. In: Bouchard C, Shephard R J, Stephens T (eds). Physical Activity, Fitness and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1994, pp. 633-55.
21. Helmrich S P, Ragland D R, Leung R W et al. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 147-52.
22. Manson J E, Rimm E B, Stampfer M J et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet 1991; 338: 774-78.
23. Manson J E, Nathan D M, Krolewski A S et al. A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among US male physicians. JAMA 1992; 268: 63-67.
24. Burchfiel C M, Sharp D S, Curb J D et al. Physical activity and incidence of diabetes; the Honolulu Heart Program. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 360-68.
25. Perry I J, Wannamethee S G, Walker M K et al. Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle-aged British men. Br Med J 1995; 310: 560-64.
26. Paffenbarger R S, Hyde R T, Wing A L et al. Physical activity, all-cause mortality and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 605-13.
27. Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Pasanen M et al. Agreement between questionnaire data and medical records of chronic diseases in middle-aged and elderly men and women. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 762-69.
28. Ainsworth B E, Haskell W L, Leon A S et al. Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 71-80.
29. Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Vuori I et al. Characteristics of leisure time physical activity associated with decreased risk of premature all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143: 870-80.
30. Niemi I, Kiiski S, Liikkanen M. Suomalaisten ajankãyttõ 1979 (Time use among Finns in 1979) (In Finnish). Helsinki: Central Statistical Office of Finland, 1981 (Study no 65).
31. Smith G D, Morris J N. Assessment of physical activity, and physical fitness, in population surveys. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46: 89-91.
32. Pate R R, Pratt M, Blair S N et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995; 273: 402-07.
33. Cox D R. Regression models and life tables. J R Stat Soc (B) 1972; 34: 187-220.
34. Paffenbarger R S, Wing A L, Hyde R T et al. Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117: 245-57.
35. American College of Sports Medicine. Physical activity, physical fitness and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: i-x.
36. Folsom A R, Caspersen C J, Taylor H L et al. Leisure time physical activity and its relationship to coronary risk factors in a population-based sample. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 570-79.
37. Verenpainetoimikunnan välimietintö: verenpainetaudin varhaistoteamisen, diagnostiikan ja hoidon jãrjestãminen Suomessa, yleissuunnitelma. (The report of the National Hypertension Committee: guidelines for the detection, evaluation and treatment of hypertension in Finland.) Helsinki: National Hypertension Committee, 1976. (Komiteanmietintö 38).
38. Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, Enlund H et al. Costs and benefits of community programmes for the control of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1992; 6: 473-79.
39. Fletcher G F, Balady G, Froelicher V F et al. Exercise standards. A statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1995; 91: 580-615.
40. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health. Physical activity and cardiovascular health. JAMA 1996; 276: 241-46.