Aluminum exposure and metabolism

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 439-474

  Greger, J L ^a   Sutherland, Jessica E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Absorption; Aluminum; Bile; Calcium; Citrate; Diet; Exposure; Iron; Metabolism; Pharmaceuticals; Tissue turnover; Toxicity; Transferrin; Urine

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; CALCIUM; CITRIC ACID; TRANSFERRIN;

BILE SECRETION; BIOACCUMULATION; COMPLEX FORMATION; DIALYSATE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXPOSURE; FLUID THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION; HUMAN; METAL METABOLISM; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; URINARY EXCRETION;

GLOMERULUS;

EID: 0030815820     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10408369709006422     Document Type: Review

References (292)

1. Greger JL. Dietary and other sources of aluminum intake. In: Chadwick DJ, Whelan J, eds. Aluminium in biology and medicine. Pp. 26-35. Ciba Foundation Symposium 169: Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1992.
2. Pennington JAT, Jones JW. Dietary intake of aluminum. In: Gitelman HJ, ed. Aluminum and health, a critical review. Pp. 67-100. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989.
3. Pennington JAT, Schoen SA. Estimates of dietary exposure to aluminum. Food Addit Contain 1995; 12: 119-28.
4. Ellen G, Egmond E, Van Loon JW, et al. Dietary intakes of some essential and nonessential trace elements, nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosamines, by Dutch adults: estimated via a 24-hour duplicate portion study. Food Addit Contam 1990; 7: 207-21.
5. Jorhem L, Haegglund G. Aluminium in foodstuffs and diets in Sweden. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1992; 194: 38-42.
6. Sorenson JRJ, Campbell IR, Tepper LB, et al. Aluminum in the environment and human health. Environ Health Perspect 1974; 8: 3-95.
7. Schlettwein-Gsell D, Mommsen-Straub S. Spurenelemente in Lebensmitteln. XII. Aluminium. Int 2, Vitamin Ernaehrungsforsch 1973; 43: 251-63.
8. Greger JL. Aluminum content of the American diet. Food Technol 1985; 9: 73, 74, 76, 78-80.
9. Greger JL, Goetz W, Sullivan D. Aluminum levels in foods cooked and stored in aluminum pans, trays and foil. J Food Prot 1985; 48: 772-77.
10. Hopkins H, Eisen J. Mineral elements in fresh vegetables from different geographic areas. J Agric Food Chem. 1959; 7: 633-8.
11. Eden T. Tea. Pp. 8-15. London: Longman. 1976.
12. Pennington JAT. Aluminum content of foods and diets. Food Addit Contam 1987; 5: 161-232.
13. Committee on the GRAS Survey-Phase III. The 1977 Survey of Industry on the Use of Food Additives. Washington DC: Natl Acad Sci, 1979.
14. Ondreicka R, Kortus J, Ginter E. Aluminum, its absorption, distribution and effects on phosphorus metabolism. In: Skoryna SC, Waldron-Edward D, eds. Intestinal absorption of metal ions, trace elements and radionuclides. Pp. 293-305. Oxford: Pergamon, 1971.
15. Inoue T, Ishiwata H, Yoshihara K. Aluminum levels in food-stimulating solvents and cooked in aluminum pans. J Agric Food Chem 1988; 36: 599-601.
16. Savory J, Nicholson JR, Wilis MR. Is aluminium leaching enhanced by fluoride? Nature 1987; 327: 107-8.
17. Liukkonen-Lilja H, Piepponen S. Leaching of aluminium from aluminium dishes and packages. Food Addit Contam 1992; 9: 213-23.
18. Moller JP, Steinegger A Schlatter C. Contribution of aluminium from packaging materials and cooking utensils to the daily aluminium intake. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1993; 197: 332-41.
19. Aikoh H, Nishio MR. Aluminum content of various canned and bottled beverages. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 1996; 56: 1-7.
20. Jones KC, Bennett BG. Exposure of man to environmental aluminium-an exposure commitment assessment. Sci Total Environ 1986; 52: 65-82.
21. Miller RG, Kopfler FC, Kelty KC, et al. The occurrence of aluminum in drinking water. J Am Water Assoc 1984; 76: 84-91.
22. Flaten TP. Components of drinking water and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 173.
23. Eastwood JB, Levin GE, Pazianas M, et al. Aluminium deposition in bone after contamination of drinking water supply. Lancet 1990; 336: 462-4.
24. McMillan TM, Freemont AJ, Herxheimer A, et al. Camelford water poisoning accidents: serial neuropsychological assessments and further observations on bone aluminium. Human Exp Toxicol 1993; 12: 37-42.
25. Koo WWK, Kaplan LA Krug-Wispe SK. Aluminum contamination of infant formulas. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1988; 12: 170-3.
26. Freundlich M, Abitbol C, Zilleruelo G, et al. Infant formula as a cause of aluminium toxicity in neonatal uraemia. Lancet 1985; 2: 527-9.
27. McGraw ME, Bishop N, Jameson R, et al. Aluminium content of milk formulae and intravenous fluids used in infants. Lancet 1986; 1: 157.
28. Committee on Nutrition. Aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics 1986; 78: 1150-4.
29. Litov RE, Sickles VS, Chan GM, et al. Plasma aluminum measurements in term infants fed human milk or a soy-based infant formula. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 1105-7.
30. Simmer K, Fudge A, Teubner J, et al. Aluminium concentrations in infant formulae. J Paediatr Child Health 1990; 26: 9-11.
31. Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD. Aluminium levels in Canadian infant formulae and estimation of aluminum intakes from formulae by infants 0 to 3 months old. Food Addit Contain 1990; 7: 275-82.
32. Committee on Nutrition. Aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics 1996; 97: 413-415.
33. Greger JL. Aluminum metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1993; 13: 43-63.
34. Bourgoin BP. Alumino-silicate content in calcium supplements derived from various carbonate deposits. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 1992; 48: 803-8.
35. Garnett WR. Sucralfate-alternative therapy for peptic ulcer disease. Clin Pharm 1982; 1: 307-14.
36. Allain P, Mauras Y, Krari N, et al. Plasma and urine aluminium concentrations in healthy subjects after administration of sucralfate. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 29: 391-5.
37. Lione A. The prophylactic education of aluminium intake. Food Chem Toxicol 1983; 21: 103-9.
38. Lione A. Aluminum intake from non-prescription drugs and sulcralfate. Gen Pharmacol 1985; 16: 223-8.
39. Yokel RA. Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: should we worry? J Pharm Practice 1988; 1: 118-27.
40. Van de Vyver FL, D'Haese PC DeBroe ME. The metabolism of aluminum. In: DeBroe ME, Coburn JW, eds, Aluminum and renal failure. Pp. 27-39. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.
41. Polinsky MS, Gruskin AB. Aluminum toxicity in children with chronic renal failure. J Pediatr 1984; 105: 758-61.
42. Fournier A, Moriniére P, Sebert JL, et al. Calcium carbonate, an aluminum-free agent for control of hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperparathyroidism in uremia. Kidney Int 1986; 29(Suppl 18): S114-9.
43. Moriniére PH, Djerad M, Boudailliez B, et al. Control of predialytic hyperphosphatemia by oral calcium acetate and calcium carbonate. Comparable efficacy for half the dose of elemental calcium given as acetate without lower incidence of hypercalcemia. Nephron 1992; 60: 6-11.
44. King SW, Savory J, Wills MR. The clinical biochemistry of aluminum. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1981; 14: 1-20.
45. Hewitt CD, Savory J Wills MR. Aspects of aluminum toxicity. Clin Lab Med 1990; 10: 403-22.
46. Alfrey AC. Aluminum and renal disease. Contrib Nephrol 1993; 102: 110-24.
47. Burwen DR, Olsen SM, Bland LA, et al. Epidemic aluminum intoxication in hemodialyis patients traced to use of an aluminum pump. Kidney Int 1995; 48: 469-74.
48. Klein GL, Alfrey AC, Miller NL, et al. Aluminum loading during total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 1425-9.
49. Sedman AB, Klein GL, Merritt RJ, et al. Evidence of aluminum loading in infants receiving intravenous therapy. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1337-43.
50. Klein GL, Herndon DN, Rutan TC, et al. Risk of aluminum accumulation in patients with burns and ways to reduce it. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994; 15: 354-8.
51. Recknagel S, Brätter P, Chrissafidou A, et al. Parenteral aluminum loading in critical care medicine. I. Aluminum content of infusion solutions and solutions for parenteral nutrition. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1994; 21: 266-73.
52. Klein GL. Aluminum in parenteral solutions revisited - again. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 449-56.
53. Food and Drug Administration. Parenteral drug products containing aluminum as an ingredient or a contaminant: notice of intent and request for information. Federal Register 1990; 55: 20799-802.
54. ASCN/ASPEN Working group on standards for aluminum content of parenteral nutrition solution: Klein GL, Alfrey AC, Shike M, et al. Parenteral drug products containing aluminum as an ingredient or a contaminant: response to FDA notice of intent. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 399-402.
55. Koo WWK, Chesney RW. Guest editorial: Response to a special report from the ASCN/ASPEN working group on standards for aluminum content of parenteral nutrition solutions. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11: 3-4.
56. Gramm HJ, Brätter P, Rösick U, et al. Parenteral aluminum loading in critical care medicine. Part II: Response to aluminum load from long-term parenteral nutrition. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1994; 21: 298-303.
57. Hem SL, White JL. Pharmaceutical uses of aluminum. In: Gitelman HJ, ed, Aluminum and health: a critical review. Pp. 257-82. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989.
58. Quatrale RP, Coble DW, Stoner KL, et al. The mechanism of antiperspirant action by aluminum salts. II. Histological observations of human eccrine sweat glands inhibited by aluminum chlorohydrate. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1981; 32: 107-36.
59. Anane, R., Bonini, M., Grafeille, J-M, et al. Bioaccumulation of water soluble aluminium chloride in the hippocampus after transdermal uptake in mice. Arch Toxicol 1995; 69: 568-71.
60. Gitelman HJ. Aluminum exposure and excretion. Sci Total Environ 1995; 163: 129-35.
61. Gitelman HJ, Alderman FR, Kurs-Lasky M, et al. Serum and urinary aluminium levels of workers in the aluminium industry. Ann Occup Hyg 1995; 39: 181-91.
62. Pierre F, Baruthio F, Diebold F, et al. Urinary kinetics of aluminium and fluoride in industrially exposed workers. Occup Environ Health 1995; 52: 396-403.
63. Sjögren B, Blinder CG, Lidums V, et al. Uptake and urinary excretion of aluminum among welders. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1988; 60: 77-9.
64. Elinder CG, Ahrengart L, Lidums V, et al. Evidence of aluminium accumulation in aluminium welders. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 735-8.
65. Hänninen H, Matikainen E, Kovala T, et al. Internal load of aluminum and the central nervous system function of aluminum welders. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20: 279-85.
66. Roberts E. Alzheimer's disease may begin in the nose and may be caused by aluminosilicates. Neruobiol Aging 1987; 7: 561-7.
67. Perl DP, Good PF. Uptake of aluminium into central nervous system along nasal-olfactory pathways. Lancet 1987; 1: 1028.
68. Ganrot, PO. Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminum. Environ Health Perspect 1986; 65: 363-441.
69. Skalsky, ML, Carchman RA. Aluminum homeostasis in man. J Am Coll Toxicol 1983; 2: 405-23.
70. Alfrey AC. Aluminum. In: Mertz W, ed. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. 5th ed. Vol. 2, Pp. 399-413. Orlando: Academic Press, 1986.
71. Kostyniak PJ. An electrothermal atomic absorption method for aluminum analysis in plasma: identification of source contamination in blood sampling procedures. J Anal Toxicol 1983: 7: 20-3.
72. Savory J. Wills MR. Analytical techniques for the analysis of aluminum. In: Gitelman HJ, Aluminum and health: a critical review Pp. 1-24. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1988.
73. Bureau of Radiological Health and Training Institute. Radiological Health Handbook Pp. 237-8. Rockville, MD: US Dept Health Educ Welfare, 1970.
74. 26A1 tracer. Lancet 1991; 337: 1345.
75. 26A1 and accelerator mass spectrometry. Clin Nephrol 1993; 40: 244-8.
76. Priest ND, Newton D, Day JP, et al. Human metabolism of aluminium-26 and gallium-67 injected as citrates. Human Exp Toxicol 1995; 14: 287-93.
77. Meirav O, Sutton RA, Fink D, et al. Accelerator mass spectrometry: application to study of aluminum kinetics in the rat. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: F466-9.
78. Allen DD, Yokel RA. Dissimilar aluminum and gallium permeation of the blood - brain barrier demonstrated by in vivo microdialysis. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 903-8.
79. Greger JL, Chang MM MacNeil GG. Tissue turnover of aluminum and Ga-67: effect of iron status. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994; 207: 89-96.
80. Greger JL, Chang MM Radzanowski GM. Comparison of tissue retention of aluminum and Ga-67: effects of iron status in rats. Toxicology 1995; 100: 1-9.
81. Alfrey AC. Physiology of aluminum in man. In: Gitelman JH, ed. Aluminum and health: a critical review. Pp. 101-24, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989.
82. Greger JL. Aluminum and tin. World Rev Nutr Diet 1987; 54: 255-85.
83. Clarkson EM, Luck VA, Hynson WV, et al. The effect of aluminium hydroxide on calcium, phosphorus and aluminium balances, the serum parathyroid hormone concentration and the aluminium content of bone in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sci 1972; 43: 519-31.
84. Cam JM, Luck VA, Eastwood JB, et al. The effect of aluminium hydroxide orally on calcium, phosphorus and aluminium metabolism in normal subjects. Clin Sci Mol Med 1976; 51: 407-14.
85. Recker RR, Blotcky AJ, Leffler JA, et al. Evidence for aluminum absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and bone deposition by aluminum carbonate ingestion with normal renal function. J Lab Clin Med 1977; 90: 810-5.
86. Gorsky JE, Dietz AA, Spencer H, et al. Metabolic balance of aluminum studied in six men. Clin Chem 1979; 25: 1739-43.
87. Tipton IH, Stewart PL, Martin PG. Trace elements in diets and excreta. Health Phys 1966; 12: 1683-9.
88. Greger JL, Baier MJ. Excretion and retention of low or moderate levels of aluminium by human subjects. Food Chem Toxicol 1983; 21: 473-7.
89. Kaehny WD, Hegg AP Alfrey AC. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum containing antacids. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1389-90.
90. Ondreicka R, Ginter E, Kortus J, et al. Chronic toxicity of aluminium in rats and mice and its effects on phosphorus metabolism. Br J Ind Med 1966; 23: 305-12.
91. Berlyne GM, Yagel R, Ben Ari J, et al. Aluminium toxicity in rats. Lancet 1972; 1: 564-8.
92. Herzog P, Schmitt KF, Grendahl T, et al. Evaluation of serum and urine electrolyte changes during therapy with magnesium-aluminum containing antacid: results of a prospective study. In: Hafter F. ed. Antacids in the Eighties, Pp. 123-35. Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1982.
93. Slanina P, Falkeborn Y, Frech W, et al. Aluminium concentrations in the brain and bone of rats fed citric acid, aluminium citrate or aluminium hydroxide. Food Chem Toxicol 1984; 22: 391-7.
94. Slanina P, Frech W, Bernhardson A, et al. Influence of dietary factors on aluminium absorption and retention in the brain and bone of rats. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1985; 56: 331-6.
95. Greger JL, Bula EN Gum ET. Mineral metabolism of rats fed moderate levels of various aluminum compounds for short periods of time. J Nutr 1985; 115: 1708-16.
96. Greger JL, Donnaubauer SE. Retention of aluminium in the tissues of rats after the discontinuation of oral exposure to aluminum. Food Chem Toxicol 1986; 24: 1331-4.
97. Greger JL, Gum ET Bula EN. Mineral metabolism of rats fed various levels of aluminum hydroxide. Biol Trace Elem Res 1986; 9: 67-77.
98. Fulton B, Jeffery EH. Absorption and retention of aluminum from drinking water. 1. Effect of citrate and ascorbic acids on aluminum tissue levels in rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1990; 14: 788-96.
99. Oteiza PI, Keen CL, Han B, et al. Aluminum accumulation and neurotoxicity in Swiss Webster mice after long-term dietary exposure to aluminum and citrate. Metabolism 1993; 42: 1296-300.
100. Wills MR, Hewitt CD, Savory J, et al. Long-term oral aluminum administration in rabbits. II. Brain and other organs. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1993; 23: 17-23.
101. Anghileri LJ, Maincent P Thouvenot P. Long-term oral administration of aluminum in mice. Aluminum distribution in tissues and effects on calcium metabolism. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1994; 24: 22-6.
102. Ecelbarger CA, MacNeil GG Greger JL. Importance of kidney function and duration of exposure on aluminum accumulation in mature rats. Nutr Res 1994; 14: 577-86.
103. Ecelbarger CA, MacNeil GG Greger JL. Tissue aluminum accumulation and toxic consequences in rats chronically fed aluminum with and without citrate. J Agric Food Chem 1994; 42: 2220-4.
104. Greger JL, Radzanowski GM. Tissue aluminium distribution in growing mature and aging rats: relationship to changes in gut, kidney and bone metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 1995; 33: 867-75.
105. Greger JL, Powers CF. Assessment of exposure to parenteral and oral aluminum with and without citrate using a desferrioxamine test in rats. Toxicology 1992; 76: 119-32.
106. Froment DH, Molitoris BA, Buddington B, et al. Site and mechanism of enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum by citrate. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 978-84.
107. Froment DH, Buddington B, Miller NL, et al. Effect of solubility on the gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum from various aluminum compounds in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 1989; 114: 237-42.
108. Nagy E, Jobst K. The kinetics of aluminium-containing antacid absorption in man. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1994; 32: 119-21.
109. Van der Voet GB. Intestinal absorption of aluminium. In: Chadwick DJ, Whelan J, eds. Aluminium in biology and medicine. Pp. 107-17. Ciba Foundation Symposium 169: Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1992.
110. Martin RB. Aluminium speciation in biology. In: Chadwick DJ, Whelan J, eds. Aluminium in biology and medicine. Pp. 5-18. Ciba Foundation Symposium 169: Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1992.
111. Partridge NA, Regnier FE, White JL, et al. Influence of dietary constituents on intestinal absorption of aluminum. Kidney Int 1989; 35: 1413-7.
112. Adler AJ, Berlyne GM. Duodenal aluminum absorption in the rat: effect of vitamin D. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: G209-13.
113. Feinroth M, Feinroth MV Berlyne GM. Aluminum absorption in the rat everted gut sac. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1982; 8: 29-35.
114. Cochran M, Goddard G Ludwigson N. Aluminum absorption by rat duodenum: further evidence of energy-dependent uptake. Toxicol Lett 1990; 51: 287-94.
115. Provan SD, Yokel RA. Influence of calcium on aluminum accumulation by the rat jejunal slice. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1988; 59: 79-92.
116. Provan SP, Yokel RA. Aluminum uptake by the in situ rat preparation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 245: 928-31.
117. Wasserman RH, Fullmer CS. On the molecular mechanism of intestinal calcium transport. In: Dintzis FR, Laszlo JA, eds., Mineral absorption in the monogastric GI tract. Adv Exp Med Biol Vol. 249. Pp. 45-65. New York: Plenum Press, 1989.
118. Burnatowska-Hledin MA, Doyle TM, Eadie MJ, et al. 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 increases serum and tissue accumulation of aluminum in rats. J Lab Clin Med 1986; 108: 96-102.
119. Long JF, Renkes G, Steinmeyer CL, et al. Effect of calcitriol infusions on serum aluminum in vitamin D-depleted rabbits fed an aluminum-supplemented ration. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1992; 74: 89-104.
120. Long JF, Nagode LA, Steinmeyer CL, et al. Comparative effects of calcitriol and parathyroid hormone on serum aluminum in vitamin D-depleted rabbits fed an aluminum-supplemented diet. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1994; 83: 3-14.
121. Ittel TH, Kluge R, Sieberth HG. Enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium in uraemia: time course and effect of vitamin D. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1988; 3: 617-23.
122. Ittel TH, Köppe BK, Sieberth HG. Differential effect of steroids and chloroquine on the intestinal absorption of aluminium and calcium. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990; 5: 860-7.
123. Wasserman RH, Chandler JS, Meyer SA, et al. Intestinal calcium transport and calcium extrusion processes at the basolateral membrane. J Nutr 1992; 122: 662-71.
124. Mayor GH, Keiser JA, Makdani D, et al. Aluminum absorption and distribution: effect of parathyroid hormone. Science 1977; 197: 1187-9.
125. Mayor GH, Sprague SM, Hourani MR, et al. Parathyroid hormone-mediated aluminum deposition and egress in the rat. Kidney Int 1980; 17: 40-4.
126. Mocan MZ, Mocan H, Fell GS, et al. Autonomous hyperparathyroidism not associated with increased aluminum absorption. Isr J Med Sci 1992; 28: 24-6.
127. Ittel TH, Buddington B, Miller NL, et al. Enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum in uremic rats. Kidney Int 1987; 32: 821-6.
128. Adler AJ, Caruso C Berlyne GM. Effect of aluminum on calcium binding to bovine intestinal calcium-binding protein. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1991; 17: 141-6.
129. Dunn MA, Johnson NE, Liew MYB, et al. Dietary aluminum chloride reduces the amount of intestinal calbindin D-28K in chicks fed low calcium or phosphorus diets. J Nutr 1993; 123: 1786-93.
130. Dunn MA, Ishizaki AS, Liew MYB, et al. Dietary aluminum chloride inhibits the ability of vitamin D to regulate intestinal calbindin D-28K levels in chicks. J Trace Elem Exp Med 1995; 8: 47-57.
131. Ballard ST, Hunter JH Taylor AE. Regulation of tight-junction permeability during nutrient absorption across the intestinal epithelium. Annu Rev Nutr 1995; 15: 35-55.
132. Provan SD, Yokel RA. Reduced intestinal calcium and dietary calcium intake, increased aluminum absorption, and tissue concentration in the rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 1990; 23: 119-32.
133. +3 hydrolysis reactions. J Inorganic Biochem 1991; 44: 141-7.
134. Lote CJ, Saunders H. Aluminium: gastrointestinal absorption and renal excretion. Clin Sci 1991; 81: 289-95.
135. Beynon H, Cassidy MJD. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium. Nephron 1990; 55: 235-6.
136. Conway EL, O'Callaghan C, Drummer OH, et al. A single-dose comparison of the bioavailability of aluminium from two formulations of sucralphate in normal volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1994; 15: 253-61.
137. Schütze K, Hentschel E, Happonen P, et al. Sucralfate effervescent tablet: treatment of peptic ulcer disease and change in serum aluminium concentration. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1995; 42: 240-5.
138. Berthon G, Daydé S. Why aluminum phosphate is less toxic than aluminum hydroxide. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11: 340-8.
139. Yokel RA, McNamara PJ. Influence of renal impairment, chemical form, and serum protein binding in intravenous and oral aluminum kinetics in the rabbit. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988; 95: 32-43.
140. Bakir AA, Hryhorczuk DO, Ahmed S, et al. Hyperaluminemia in renal failure: the influence of age and citrate intake. Clin Nephrol 1989; 31: 40-4.
141. Rudy D, Sica DA, Comstock T, et al. Aluminum-citrate interaction in end-stage renal disease. Anific Kidney Dial 1991; 14: 625-9.
142. Kirschbaum BB, Schoolwerth, AC. Hyperaluminaemia associated with oral citrate and aluminium hydroxide. Human Toxicol 1989; 8: 45-7.
143. Nordal KP, Dahl E, Sorhus K, et al. Gastrointestinal absorption and urinary excretion of aluminium in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure. Pharmacol Toxicol 1988; 63: 351-4.
144. Molitoris BA, Froment DH, Mackenzie TA, et al. Citrate: a major factor in the toxicity of orally administered aluminum compounds. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 949-53.
145. Kirschbaum BB, Schoolwerth AC. Acute aluminum toxicity associated with oral citrate and aluminum-containing antacids. Am J Med Sci 1989; 297: 9-11.
146. Nolan CR, DeGoes JJ Alfrey AC. Aluminum and lead absorption from dietary sources in women ingesting calcium citrate. South Med J 1994; 87: 894-8.
147. Hewitt CD, Poole CL, Westervelt FB, et al. Risks of simultaneous therapy with oral aluminium and citrate compounds. Lancet 1988; 2: 849.
148. Coburn JW, Mischel MG, Goodman WG, et al. Calcium citrate markedly enhances aluminum absorption from aluminum hydroxide. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 708-11.
149. Lindberg JS, Copley JB, Koenig KG, et al. Effect of citrate on serum aluminum concentrations in hemodialysis patients. South Med J 1993; 86: 1385-8.
150. Nestel AW, Meyers AM, Paiker J, et al. Effect of calcium supplement preparation containing small amounts of citrate on the absorption of aluminium in normal subjects and in renal failure patients. Nephron 1994; 68: 197-201.
151. Fulton B, Jaw S Jeffery EH. Bioavailability of aluminum from drinking water. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1989; 12: 144-50.
152. Ecelbarger CA, Greger JL. Dietary citrate and kidney function affect aluminum, zinc and iron utilization in rats. J Nutr 1991; 121: 1755-62.
153. Owen LMW, Crews HM, Bishop NJ, et al. Aluminium uptake from some foods by guinea pigs and the characterization of aluminium in in vivo intestinal digesta by SEC-ICP-MS. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32: 697-705.
154. Quartley B, Esselmont G, Taylor A, et al. Effect of oral aluminium citrate on short-term tissue distribution of aluminium. Food Chem Toxicol 1993; 31: 543-8.
155. Glynn AW, Sparen A, Danielsson LG, et al. Bioavailability of labile aluminium in acidic drinking water: a study in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1995; 33: 403-8.
156. Martin RB. The chemistry of aluminum as related to biology and medicine. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 1797-806.
157. Partridge NA, Regnier FE Reed WM. Contribution of soluble aluminium species to absorption of aluminum from the rat gut in situ. Clin Sci 1992; 83: 425-30.
158. Van der Voet GB, Van Ginkel MF de Wolff FA. Intestinal absorption of aluminum in rats: stimulation by citric acid and inhibition by dinitrophenol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 99: 90-7.
159. Martinez-Palomo A, Meza I, Beaty G, et al. Experimental modulation of occluding junctions in a cultured transporting epithelium. J Cell Biol 1980; 87: 736-45.
160. Alvarez-Hernandez X, Madigosky SR, Stewart B, et al. Iron status affects aluminum uptake and transport by Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 1994; 124: 1574-80.
161. Domingo JL, Gomez M, Llobet JM, et al. Influence of some dietary constituents on aluminum absorption and retention in rats. Kidney Int 1991; 39: 598-601.
162. Domingo JL, Gomez M, Llobet JM, et al. Influence of citric, ascorbic and lactic acids on the gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum in uremic rats. Nephron 1994; 66: 108-9.
163. Harvey JA, Zobitz MM Pak CY. Dose dependency of calcium absorption: a comparison of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. J Bone Miner Res 1988; 3: 253-8.
164. Garber BT, Wei E. Influence of dietary factors on the gastrointestinal absorption of lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 27: 685-91.
165. Hurley LS, Lönnerdal B. Zinc binding in human milk: citrate versus picolinate. Nutr Rev 1982; 40: 65-71.
166. Powell JJ, Thompson RPH. The chemistry of aluminium in the gastrointestinal lumen and its uptake and absorption. Proc Nutr Soc 1993; 52: 241-53.
167. Powell JJ, Greenfield SM, Parkes HG, et al. Gastro-intestinal availability of aluminium from tea. Food Chem Toxicol 1993; 31: 449-54.
168. Lotz M, Zisman E Bartter FC. Evidence for a phosphorus-depletion syndrome in man. N Engl J Med 1968; 278: 409-15.
169. Dent CE, Winter CS. Osteomalacia due to phosphate depletion from excessive aluminium hydroxide ingestion. Br Med J 1974; 1: 551-52.
170. Spencer H, Kramer L, Morris C, et al. Effect of small doses of aluminum-containing antacids on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 32-40.
171. Rosa IV, Henry PR Ammerman CB. Interrelationship of dietary phosphorus, aluminum and iron on performance and tissue mineral composition in lambs. J Anim Sci 1982; 55: 1231-40.
172. Valdivia R, Ammerman CB, Henry PR, et al. Effect of dietary aluminum and phosphorus on performance, phosphorus utilization and tissue mineral composition in sheep. J Anim Sci 1982; 55: 402-10.
173. Schaefer K, von Herrath D, Erley CM. Treatment of uremic hyperphosphatemia - Is there still a need for aluminum salts? Am J Nephrol 1988; 8: 173-8.
174. Spencer H, Kramer L, Noms C, et al. Effect of aluminum hydroxide on plasma fluoride and fluoride secretion during a high fluoride intake in men. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1981; 56: 140-4.
175. Greger JL, Baier MJ. Effect of dietary aluminum on mineral metabolism of adult males. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38: 411-9.
176. Said AN, Slagsvold P, Bergh H, et al. High fluorine water to wether sheep maintained in pens: aluminum chloride as a possible alleviator of fluorosis. Nord Vet Med 1977; 29: 172-80.
177. Hahn PH, Guenter W. Effect of dietary fluoride and aluminum on laying hen performance and fluoride concentration in blood, soft tissue, bone and egg. Poultry Sci 1986; 65: 1343-9.
178. Ahn HW, Fulton B, Moxon D, et al. Interactive effects of fluoride and aluminum uptake and accumulation in bones of rabbits administered both agents in their drinking water. J Toxicol Environ Health 1995; 44: 337-350.
179. Birchall JD, Chappell JS. The chemistry of aluminum and silicon in relation to Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 265-7.
180. Birchall JD. The interrelationship between silicon and aluminium in the biological effects of aluminum. In: Chadwick DJ, Whelan J, eds. Aluminium in biology and medicine. Pp. 50-61. Ciba Foundation Symposium 169: Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1992.
181. Edwardson JA, Moore PB, Ferrier IN, et al. Effect of silicon on gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium. Lancet 1993 342: 211-2.
182. Bellia JP, Newton K, Davenport A, et al. Silicon and aluminium and their inter-relationship in serum and urine after renal transplantation. Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24: 703-10.
183. Candy JM, Oakley AE, Klinowski J, et al. Aluminosilicates and senile plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1986; 1: 354-7.
184. Tokutake S, Nagase H, Morisaki S, et al. Aluminium detected in senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is contained in lipofuscin granules with silicon, probably as aluminosilicate. Neurosci Lett 1995; 185: 99-102.
185. Fasman GD, Perczel A Moore CD. Solubilization of β-amyloid-(1-42)-peptide: reversing the β-sheet conformation induced by aluminum with silicates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 369-71.
186. Storer NL, Nelson TS. The effect of various aluminum compounds on chick performance. Poultry Sci 1968; 47: 244-7.
187. Daydé S, Filella M Berthon G. Aluminum speciation studies in biological fluids. III. Quantitative investigation of aluminum-phosphate complexes and assignment of their potential significance in vivo. J Inorg Biochem 1990; 38: 241-59.
188. Cochran M, Goddard G, Ramm G, et al. Absorbed aluminium is found with two cytosolic protein fractions, other than ferritin, in the rat duodenum. Gut 1993; 34: 643-6.
189. Powell JJ, Ainley CC, Evans R, et al. Intestinal perfusion of dietary levels of aluminium: association with the mucosa. Gut 1994; 35: 1053-7.
190. Ittel TH, Paulus C-P, Handt S, et al. Induction of intestinal mucosal atrophy by difluoromethylornithine: a nonuremic model of enhanced aluminum absorption. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1992; 18: 15-23.
191. 3. Kidney Int 1981; 19: 324-31.
192. Arvanitakis C, Nakos V, Kalekou-Greka M, et al. Small intestinal function and structure in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol 1988; 29: 235-43.
193. Magnusson M, Magnusson K-E, Sundqvist T, et al. Impaired intestinal barrier function measured by differently sized polyethylene glycols in patients with chronic renal failure. Gut 1991; 32: 754-9.
194. Andress DL, Kopp JB, Maloney NA, et al. Early deposition of aluminum in bone in diabetic patients on hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 292-96.
195. Seidl K, Mrzljak V, Pavlovic D, et al. Aluminum and parathyroid hormone concentrations in insulin-dependent diabetics on long-term hemodialysis. Nephron 1991; 59: 502-3.
196. Pei Y, Hercz G, Greenwood C, et al. Renal osteodystrophy in diabetic patients. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 159-64.
197. Hercz G, Pei Y, Greenwood C, et al. Aplastic osteodystrophy without aluminum: the role of "suppressed" parathyroid function. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 860-6.
198. Pei Y, Hercz G, Greenwood C, et al. Risk factors for renal osteodystrophy: a multivariant analysis. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10: 149-56.
199. Chazan,J. Aluminum in bone in diabetic patients. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 386.
200. Flendrig JA, Kruis H Das HA. Aluminium and dialysis dementia. Lancet 1976; 1: 1235.
201. Alfrey AC, Hegg A, Craswell P. Metabolism and toxicity of aluminum in renal failure. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 1509-16.
202. Yokel, RA. Persistent aluminum accumulation after prolonged systemic aluminum exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 1983; 5: 467-74.
203. Yokel RA. Toxicity of aluminum exposure to the neonatal and immature rabbit. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1987; 9: 795-806.
204. Costantini S, Giordano R, loppolo A, et al. Distribution of aluminium following intraperitoneal injection of aluminium lactate in the rat. Pharmacol Toxicol 1989; 64: 47-50.
205. Yokel RA, McNamara PJ. Elevated aluminum persists in serum and tissues of rabbits after a six-hour infusion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 99: 133-8.
206. Donald JM, Golub MS, Gershwin ME, et al. Neurobehavioral effects in offspring of mice given excess aluminum in diet during gestation and lactation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1989; 11: 345-51.
207. Sutherland JE, Radzanowski GM Greger JL. Bile is an important route of elimination of ingested aluminum by conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology 1996; 109: 101-9.
208. Wilhelm M, Jäger DE, Ohnesorge FK. Aluminium toxicokinetics. Pharmacol Toxicol 1990; 66: 4-9.
209. DeVoto E, Yokel RA. The biological speciation and toxicokinetics of aluminum. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102: 940-51.
210. Gidden H, Holland FF Klein E. Trace metal protein binding in normal and dialysed uremic serum. Trans Am Soc Artific Intern Organs 1980; 26: 133-8.
211. Rahman H, Skillen AW, Channon SM, et al. Methods for studying the binding of aluminum by serum protein. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 1969-73.
212. Burnatowska-Hledin MA, Mayor GH Lau K. Renal handling of aluminum in the rat: clearance and micropuncture studies. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: F192-7.
213. Lote CJ, Wood JA Saunders HC. Renal filtration, reabsorption, and
214. Perez Parajón J, Blanco Gonzalez E, Cannata JB, et al. A critical appraisal of the speciation of aluminum in serum by ultrafiltration. Trace Elem Med 1989; 6: 41-6.
215. Cochran M, Patterson D, Neoh S. Binding of A1 by protein in plasma of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 1314-16.
216. Sanz-Medel A. Beyond total element analysis of biological systems with atomic spectrometric techniques. Analyst 1995; 120: 799-807.
217. +3. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 405-7.
218. Harris WR, Sheldon J. Equilibrium constants for the binding of aluminum to human serum transferrin. Inorg Chem 1990; 29: 119-24.
219. Van Ginkel MF, Van der Voet GB, Van Eijk HG, et al. Aluminium binding to serum constituents: a role for transferrin and for citrate. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1990; 28: 459-63.
220. Fatemi SJA, Kadir FHA Moore GR. Aluminium transport in blood serum. Biochem J 1991; 280: 527-32.
221. Harris WR. Equilibrium model for speciation of aluminum in serum. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 1809-18.
222. Favarato M, Mizzen CA, Sutherland MK, et al. Aluminum-binding serum proteins: desferrioxamine alters serum aluminum speciation. Clin Chim Acta 1992; 207: 41-55.
223. +3 binding to small carboxylic acids and the proteins albumin and transferrin. J Inorg Biochem 1992; 46: 35-40.
224. Harris, WR, Berthon, G, Day, JP, et al. Speciation of aluminum in biological systems. J Toxicol Environ Health 1996; 48: 543-68.
225. Davis CD, Zech L Greger JL. Manganese metabolism in rats: an improved methodology for assessing gut endogenous losses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1993; 202: 103-8.
226. Davidson L, Lönnerdal B, Sandström B, et al. Identification of transferrin as the major plasma carrier protein for manganese introduced orally or intravenously or after in vivo addition to the rat. J Nutr 1989; 119: 1461-4.
227. McGregor SJ, Naves ML, Birly AK, et al. Interaction of aluminium and gallium with human lymphocytes: the role of transferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1095: 196-200.
228. McGregor SJ, Brock JH Halls D. The role of transferrin and citrate in cellular uptake of aluminium. Biol Metals 1991; 4: 173-5.
229. Cochran M, Chawtur V, Jones ME, et al. Iron uptake by human reticulocytes at physiologic and sub-physiologic concentrations of iron transferrin: the effect of interaction with aluminum transferrin. Blood 1991; 77: 2347-53.
230. Roskams AJ, Connor JR. Aluminum access to the brain: a role for transferrin and its receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 9024-7.
231. Morris CM, Candy JM, Oakley AE, et al. Comparison of the regional distribution of transferrin receptors and aluminium in the forebrain of chronic renal dialysis patients. J Neurol Sci 1989; 94: 295-306.
232. Morris ER. Iron. In: Mertz W, ed. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, 5th ed., Vol. 1. Pp. 79-142. San Diego: Academic Press, 1987.
233. Fleming J, Joshi JG. Ferritin: Isolation of aluminum ferritin complex from brain, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 7866-70.
234. Cole ES, Glass J. Transferrin binding and iron uptake in mouse hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 762: 102-10.
235. Cannata JB, Suarez CS, Cuesta V, et al. Gastrointestinal aluminium absorption: is it modulated by the iron-absorptive mechanism? Proc Eur Dialysis Transplant Assoc 1984; 21: 354-9.
236. Van der Voet GB, de Wolff FA. The effect of di- and trivalent iron on the intestinal absorption of aluminum in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987; 90: 190-7.
237. Fernández-Menéndez MJ, Fell GS, Brock JH, et al. Aluminium uptake by intestinal cells: effect of iron status and precomplexation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991; 6: 672-4.
238. Jäger DE, Wilhelm M, Witte G, et al. Intestinal absorption of aluminium: studies in the isolated perfused rat intestinal preparation. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1991; 5: 81-5.
239. Cannata JB, Fernández-Soto I, Fernandez-Menendez MJ, et al. Role of iron metabolism in absorption and cellular uptake of aluminum. Kidney Int 1991; 39: 799-803.
240. Brown TS, Schwartz R. Aluminum accumulation in serum, liver, and spleen of Fe-dependent and Fe-adequate rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992; 34: 1-10.
241. Cannata JB, Olaizola IR, Gomez-Alonso, et al. Serum aluminum transport and aluminum uptake in chronic renal failure: role of iron and aluminum metabolism. Nephron 1993; 65: 141-6.
242. Andersen JR, Blaehr H, Johansen ES, et al. The impact of iron on the intestinal absorption of aluminum in chronic renal insufficiency. Trace Elem Med 1987; 4: 42-4.
243. Idzerda RL, Huebers H, Finch CA, et al. Rat transferrin gene expression: tissue specific regulation by iron deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 3723-7.
244. Parmley RT, Barton JC Conrad ME. Ultrastructural localization of transferrin, transferrin receptor, and iron binding sites on human placental and duodenal microvilli. Br J Haematol 1985; 60: 81-9.
245. Anderson GJ, Powell LW Halliday JW. Transferrin receptor distribution and regulation in the rat small intestine: effect of iron stores and erythropoiesis. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 576-85.
246. Intragumtornchai T, Huebers HA, Eng M, et al. In vivo transferrin-iron receptor relationships in erythron of rats. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: R326-31.
247. Pai SM, Melethil S. Kinetics of aluminum in rats. I. Dose-dependent elimination from blood after intravenous administration. J Pharm Sci 1989; 78: 200-2.
248. Yokel RA, McNamara PJ. Aluminum bioavailability and deposition in adult and immature rabbits. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 77: 344-52.
249. Markesbery WR, Ehmann WD, Alauddin M, et al. Brain trace element concentrations in aging. Neurobiol Aging 1984; 5: 19-28.
250. McDermott JR, Smith Al, Iqbal K, et al. Brain aluminum in aging and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 1979; 29: 809-14.
251. Massie HR, Aiello VR, Tuttle RS. Aluminum in the organs and diet of ageing C57BL/46J mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1988; 45: 145-56.
252. Massie HR, Williams TR Aiello VR. Excess dietary aluminum increases Drosophila's rate of aging. Gerontology 1985; 31: 309-14.
253. Jacobs RW, Duong T, Jones RE, et al. A reexamination of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease: analysis by energy dispersive X-ray microprobe and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Can J Neurol Sci 1989; 16: 498-503.
254. Naylor GJ, Shepherd B, Treliving L, et al. Tissue aluminum concentrations stability over time, relationship to age, and dietary intake. Biol Psychiatr 1990; 27: 884-90.
255. Gupta SK, Waters DH Gwilt P. Absorption and disposition of aluminum in the rat. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75: 586-9.
256. Hosokawa S, Yoshida O. The relationship between calcium content and aluminum and silicon content in uraemic rats. Int Urol Nephrol 1989; 21: 435-44.
257. Meyers VC, Morrison DB. The influence of the administration of aluminum upon the aluminum content of the tissues of the dog. J Biol Chem 1928; 78: 615-24.
258. Underbill FP, Peterman RI Steel SL. Studies in the metabolism of aluminium. IV. The fate of intravenously injected aluminium. Am J Physiol 1929; 90: 52-61.
259. Eveleth DF, Myers VC. Studies on aluminum.II. The storage of intravenously injected aluminum in the dog. J Biol Chem 1936; 113: 467-71.
260. Klein GL, Ott SM, Alfrey AC, et al. Aluminum as a factor in the bone disease of long-term patenteral nutrition. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1982; 95: 155-64.
261. Smeyers-Verbeke J, Verbeelen D Massart DL. Investigation of the accumulation and excretion of Al in rats. In: Brätter P, Schramel P, eds. Trace element analytical chemistry in medicine and biology, Vol. 2, Pp. 333-40. New York: de Gruyter, 1983.
262. Kovalchik MT, Kaehny WD, Hegg AP, et al. Aluminum kinetics during hemodialysis. J Lab Clin Med 1978; 92: 712-20.
263. Klein GL, Heyman MB, Lee TC, et al. Aluminum-associated hepatobiliary dysfunction in rats: relationships to dosage and duration of exposure. Pediatr Res 1988; 23: 275-8.
264. Xu ZX, Pai SM Melethil SI. Kinetics of aluminum in rats. II. Dose-dependent urinary and biliary excretion. J Pharm Sci 1991; 80: 946-51.
265. Xu ZX, Tang JP, Badr M, et al. Kinetics of aluminum in rats. III. Effect of route of administration. J Pharm Sci 1992; 81: 160-3.
266. Allain P, Leblondel G Mauras Y. Effect of aluminum and desferoxamine on biliary iron elimination in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1988; 188: 471-3.
267. D'Haese PC, Lamberts LV, Verpooten GA, et al. Urinary and biliary excretion of aluminoxamine and ferrioxamine in dogs with various renal function. Kidney Int 1994; 45: 76-84.
268. Williams JW, Vera SR, Peters TG, et al. Biliary excretion of aluminum in aluminum osteodystrophy with liver disease. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 782-5.
269. Ishihara N, Matsushiro T. Biliary and urinary excretion of metals in humans. Arch Environ Health 1986; 41: 324-30.
270. Klein AM, Burnatowska-Hledin MA, Kovan J, et al. Reduced fecal aluminum (AI) excretion in rats following parathyroid hormone (PTH) or bile duct ligation. Kidney Int 1983; 23: 215A.
271. Klein GL, Lee TC Mann PA. Effects of aluminum on liver following high-dose enteral administration to rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9: 105-7.
272. Capron JP, Erlinger S. Barbituates and biliary function. Digestion 1975; 12: 43-56.
273. Cooper B, Eakins MN Slater TF. The effect of various anaesthetic techniques on the flow rate, constituents, and enzymic composition of rat bile. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25: 1711-8.
274. Fleck C, Barth A. Influence of xenobiotics on bile flow and bile composition in rats methodological approach. Exp Palhol 1990; 39: 175-85.
275. Gumbleton M, Nicholls PJ Taylor G. Differential influence of laboratory anaesthetic regimens upon renal and hepatosplanchnic haemodynamics in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990; 42: 693-7.
276. Klein GL, Goldblum RM, Moslen, MT, et al. Increased biliary transferrin excretion following parenteral aluminum administration to rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72: 373-6.
277. Abreo K, Jangula J, Jain SK, et al. Aluminum uptake and toxicity in cultured mouse hepatocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 1: 1299-304.
278. Horecker BL, Stotz E Hogness TR. The promoting effect of aluminum, chromium, and the rare earths in the succinic dehydrogenase-cytochrome system. J Biol Chem 1939; 128: 251-6.
279. Kahn RA. Fluoride is not an activator of the smaller (20-25 kDa) GTP-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 15595-7.
280. Sternweis PC, Gilman AG. Aluminum: a requirement for activation of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase by fluoride. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 4888-91.
281. Kleber CJ, Putt MS. Aluminum and dental caries. A review of the literature. Clin Prev Dent 1984; 6: 14-25.
282. Haug A. Molecular aspects of aluminum toxicity. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 1984; 1: 345-73.
283. Krueger GL, Morris TK, Suskind RR, et al. The health effects of aluminum compounds in mammals. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 1984; 13: 1-24.
284. Monteagudo FS, Cassidy MJ Folb PI. Recent developments in aluminum toxicology. Med Toxicol Adv Drug Exper 1989; 4: 1-16.
285. Winship KA. Toxicity of aluminum: a historical review. I and II. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 1992; 11: 123-41 and 1993; 12: 177-211.
286. Winship KA. Toxicity of aluminum: a historical review. I and II. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 1992; 11: 123-41 and 1993; 12: 177-211.
287. Jeffery EH. Biochemical mechanisms of aluminum toxicity. In: Coyer RA, Cherian MG, eds. Toxicology of metals: biochemical aspects. Pp. 139-61. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
288. Yokel RA, Golub, MS, eds. Research issues in aluminum toxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health 1996; 48: 527-686.
289. Martyn CN. The epidemiology of Alzheimers disease in relation to aluminium. In: Chadwick DJ, Whelan J, eds. Aluminium in biology and medicine. Pp. 69-79. Ciba Foundation Symposium 169: Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1992.
290. Wisniewski HM, Wen GY. Aluminium and Alzheimer's disease. In: Chadwick DJ, Whelan J, eds. Aluminium in biology and medicine. Pp. 142-54. Ciba Foundation Symposium 169: Chichester: John Wiley and Sons,1992.
291. Joshi JG, Dhar M, Clauberg M, et al. Iron and aluminum homeostasis in neural disorders. Environ Health Persp 1994; 102(Suppl 3): 207-13.
292. Lukiw WJ, McLachlan DR. Aluminum neurotoxicity. In: Chang LW, Dyer RS, eds. Handbook of neurotoxicity. Pp. 105-42. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995.