메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 54, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 1480-1493

Predation on fish by cormorants and pelicans in a cold-water river: A field and modeling study

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN; DIET; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT; PREDATION;

EID: 0030812737     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/f97-055     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 0000628969 scopus 로고
    • Feeding ecology of marine cormorants in southwestern North America
    • Ainley, D.G., Anderson, D.W., and Kelly, P.R. 1981. Feeding ecology of marine cormorants in southwestern North America. Condor, 83: 120-131.
    • (1981) Condor , vol.83 , pp. 120-131
    • Ainley, D.G.1    Anderson, D.W.2    Kelly, P.R.3
  • 3
    • 0038231033 scopus 로고
    • Foraging behavior of the American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in western Nevada
    • Anderson, J.G.T. 1991. Foraging behavior of the American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in western Nevada. Colon. Waterbirds, 14: 166-172.
    • (1991) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.14 , pp. 166-172
    • Anderson, J.G.T.1
  • 4
    • 0002437088 scopus 로고
    • Diets of shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis and cormorants P. carbo in Norway and possible implications for gadoid stock recruitment
    • Barrett, R.T., Rov, N., Loen, J., and Montevecchi, W.A. 1990. Diets of shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis and cormorants P. carbo in Norway and possible implications for gadoid stock recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 66: 205-218.
    • (1990) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.66 , pp. 205-218
    • Barrett, R.T.1    Rov, N.2    Loen, J.3    Montevecchi, W.A.4
  • 5
    • 0010624605 scopus 로고
    • Metabolizable energy of fish when fed to captive great blue herons (Ardea herodias)
    • Bennett, D.C., and Hart, L.E. 1993. Metabolizable energy of fish when fed to captive great blue herons (Ardea herodias). Can. J. Zool. 71: 1767-1771.
    • (1993) Can. J. Zool. , vol.71 , pp. 1767-1771
    • Bennett, D.C.1    Hart, L.E.2
  • 6
    • 0029544180 scopus 로고
    • The effects of hatchery and wild ancestry and experience on the relative ability of steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to avoid a benthic predator
    • Berejikian, B.A. 1995. The effects of hatchery and wild ancestry and experience on the relative ability of steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to avoid a benthic predator. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 2476-2482.
    • (1995) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 2476-2482
    • Berejikian, B.A.1
  • 8
    • 0024874587 scopus 로고
    • Activity-specific metabolic rates of free-living northern gannets and other seabirds
    • Birt-Friesen, V.L., Montevecchi, W.A., Cairns, D.K., and Macko, S.A. 1989. Activity-specific metabolic rates of free-living northern gannets and other seabirds. Ecology, 70: 357-367.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 357-367
    • Birt-Friesen, V.L.1    Montevecchi, W.A.2    Cairns, D.K.3    Macko, S.A.4
  • 9
    • 0006951789 scopus 로고
    • Foods of nestling double-crested cormorants in Penobscot Bay, Maine, USA: Temporal and spatial comparisons
    • Blackwell, B.F., Krohn, W.B., and Allen, R.B. 1995. Foods of nestling double-crested cormorants in Penobscot Bay, Maine, USA: temporal and spatial comparisons. Colon. Waterbirds, 18: 199-208.
    • (1995) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.18 , pp. 199-208
    • Blackwell, B.F.1    Krohn, W.B.2    Allen, R.B.3
  • 10
    • 0002574114 scopus 로고
    • Digestibility of three fish species by double-crested cormorants
    • Brugger, K.E. 1993. Digestibility of three fish species by double-crested cormorants. Condor, 95: 25-32.
    • (1993) Condor , vol.95 , pp. 25-32
    • Brugger, K.E.1
  • 11
    • 21144470860 scopus 로고
    • Diet of double-crested cormorants wintering in Texas
    • Campo. J.J., Thompson, B.C., and Barron, J.C. 1993. Diet of double-crested cormorants wintering in Texas. J. Field Ornithol. 64: 135-144.
    • (1993) J. Field Ornithol. , vol.64 , pp. 135-144
    • Campo, J.J.1    Thompson, B.C.2    Barron, J.C.3
  • 13
    • 0009615336 scopus 로고
    • Energetic requirements for maintenance of a captive juvenile great white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus
    • Cooper, J. 1980. Energetic requirements for maintenance of a captive juvenile great white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. Cormorant, 8: 17-19.
    • (1980) Cormorant , vol.8 , pp. 17-19
    • Cooper, J.1
  • 14
    • 0002711258 scopus 로고
    • Double-crested cormorants in the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin, USA: Population trends, food habits, and fishery depredations
    • Craven, S.R., and Lev, E. 1987. Double-crested cormorants in the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin, USA: population trends, food habits, and fishery depredations. Colon. Waterbirds, 10: 64-71.
    • (1987) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.10 , pp. 64-71
    • Craven, S.R.1    Lev, E.2
  • 15
    • 38249028796 scopus 로고
    • Effects of ration, temperature and body size on the body composition, energy content and condition of the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.)
    • Cui, Y., and Wootton, R.J. 1988. Effects of ration, temperature and body size on the body composition, energy content and condition of the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.). J. Fish. Biol. 32: 749-764.
    • (1988) J. Fish. Biol. , vol.32 , pp. 749-764
    • Cui, Y.1    Wootton, R.J.2
  • 17
    • 84985057410 scopus 로고
    • The feeding and energetics of stream-resident trout in winter
    • Cunjak, R.A., and Power, G. 1987. The feeding and energetics of stream-resident trout in winter. J. Fish Biol. 31: 493-511.
    • (1987) J. Fish Biol. , vol.31 , pp. 493-511
    • Cunjak, R.A.1    Power, G.2
  • 18
    • 0011837199 scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone National Park. Completion report to Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.
    • Davenport, M.B. 1974. Piscivorous avifauna on Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park. Completion report to Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.
    • (1974) Piscivorous Avifauna on Yellowstone Lake
    • Davenport, M.B.1
  • 19
    • 0000677345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of pellet versus collected birds for sampling diets of double-crested cormorants
    • Derby, C.E., and Lovvorn, J.R. 1997. Comparison of pellet versus collected birds for sampling diets of double-crested cormorants. Condor, 99: 549-553.
    • (1997) Condor , vol.99 , pp. 549-553
    • Derby, C.E.1    Lovvorn, J.R.2
  • 20
    • 0348005801 scopus 로고
    • Weight growth of young double-crested cormorants in the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec
    • DesGranges, J.-L. 1982. Weight growth of young double-crested cormorants in the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec. Colon. Waterbirds, 5: 79-86.
    • (1982) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.5 , pp. 79-86
    • DesGranges, J.-L.1
  • 21
    • 0344537296 scopus 로고
    • Winter food habits of smew (Mergus albellus L.) on Lake Yssel, the Netherlands: Species and size selection in relation to fish stocks
    • Doornbos, G. 1979. Winter food habits of smew (Mergus albellus L.) on Lake Yssel, The Netherlands: species and size selection in relation to fish stocks. Ardea, 67: 42-48.
    • (1979) Ardea , vol.67 , pp. 42-48
    • Doornbos, G.1
  • 22
    • 0024228559 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fish-eating birds on freshwater fish stocks: An evaluation
    • Draulans, D. 1988. Effects of fish-eating birds on freshwater fish stocks: an evaluation. Biol. Conserv. 44: 251-263.
    • (1988) Biol. Conserv. , vol.44 , pp. 251-263
    • Draulans, D.1
  • 23
    • 0000611713 scopus 로고
    • The breeding birds of Mandarte Island, British Columbia
    • Drent, R., Van Tets, G.F., Tompa, F., and Vermeer, K. 1964. The breeding birds of Mandarte Island, British Columbia. Can. Field-Nat. 78: 208-263.
    • (1964) Can. Field-Nat. , vol.78 , pp. 208-263
    • Drent, R.1    Van Tets, G.F.2    Tompa, F.3    Vermeer, K.4
  • 24
    • 0000334964 scopus 로고
    • Caloric intake of nestling double-crested cormorants
    • Dunn, E.H. 1975a. Caloric intake of nestling double-crested cormorants. Auk, 92: 553-565.
    • (1975) Auk , vol.92 , pp. 553-565
    • Dunn, E.H.1
  • 25
    • 0000695774 scopus 로고
    • Growth, body components and energy content of nestling double-crested cormorants
    • Dunn, E.H. 1975b. Growth, body components and energy content of nestling double-crested cormorants. Condor, 77: 431-438.
    • (1975) Condor , vol.77 , pp. 431-438
    • Dunn, E.H.1
  • 26
    • 0001408489 scopus 로고
    • Development of endothermy and existence energy expenditure of nestling double-crested cormorants
    • Dunn, E.H. 1976. Development of endothermy and existence energy expenditure of nestling double-crested cormorants. Condor, 78: 350-356.
    • (1976) Condor , vol.78 , pp. 350-356
    • Dunn, E.H.1
  • 27
    • 0022228737 scopus 로고
    • Prey detectability for fish-eating birds in relation to fish density and water transparency
    • Eriksson, M.O.G. 1985. Prey detectability for fish-eating birds in relation to fish density and water transparency. Ornis Scand. 16: 1-7.
    • (1985) Ornis Scand. , vol.16 , pp. 1-7
    • Eriksson, M.O.G.1
  • 28
    • 0013660078 scopus 로고
    • Status, distribution, and habitat affinities of double-crested cormorant nesting colonies in Wyoming
    • Findholt, S.L. 1988. Status, distribution, and habitat affinities of double-crested cormorant nesting colonies in Wyoming. Colon. Waterbirds, 11: 245-251.
    • (1988) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.11 , pp. 245-251
    • Findholt, S.L.1
  • 30
    • 0028859653 scopus 로고
    • Diet and prey use patterns of the American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) nesting at Pathfinder Reservoir, Wyoming
    • Findholt, S.L., and Anderson, S.H. 1995. Diet and prey use patterns of the American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) nesting at Pathfinder Reservoir, Wyoming. Colon. Waterbirds, 18: 58-68.
    • (1995) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.18 , pp. 58-68
    • Findholt, S.L.1    Anderson, S.H.2
  • 31
    • 33646326772 scopus 로고
    • Status and distribution of American white pelican nesting colonies in Wyoming: An update
    • Findholt, S.L., and Diem, K.L. 1988. Status and distribution of American white pelican nesting colonies in Wyoming: an update. Great Basin Nat. 48: 285-289.
    • (1988) Great Basin Nat. , vol.48 , pp. 285-289
    • Findholt, S.L.1    Diem, K.L.2
  • 32
    • 0001702430 scopus 로고
    • An attempt to train hatchery-reared brook trout to avoid predation by the common loon
    • Fraser, J.M. 1974. An attempt to train hatchery-reared brook trout to avoid predation by the common loon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103: 815-818.
    • (1974) Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , vol.103 , pp. 815-818
    • Fraser, J.M.1
  • 33
    • 0002985740 scopus 로고
    • Energy requirements of seabird communities: A bioenergetic model
    • Furness, R.W. 1978. Energy requirements of seabird communities: a bioenergetic model. J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 39-53.
    • (1978) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.47 , pp. 39-53
    • Furness, R.W.1
  • 34
    • 0001082332 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between breeding seabird and pelagic fish populations in the southern Benguela region
    • Furness, R.W., and Cooper, J. 1982. Interactions between breeding seabird and pelagic fish populations in the southern Benguela region. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 8: 243-250.
    • (1982) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.8 , pp. 243-250
    • Furness, R.W.1    Cooper, J.2
  • 35
    • 0000385912 scopus 로고
    • The impact of double-crested cormorants on the Mississippi Delta catfish industry: A bioenergetics model
    • Glahn, J.F., and Brugger, K.E. 1995. The impact of double-crested cormorants on the Mississippi Delta catfish industry: a bioenergetics model. Colon. Waterbirds, 18(Spec. Publ. 1): 168-175
    • (1995) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.18 , Issue.1 SPEC. PUBL , pp. 168-175
    • Glahn, J.F.1    Brugger, K.E.2
  • 36
    • 0000532758 scopus 로고
    • Food habits of double-crested cormorants wintering in the delta region of Mississippi
    • Glahn, J.F., Dixson, P.J., Littauer, G.A., and McCoy, R.B. 1995. Food habits of double-crested cormorants wintering in the delta region of Mississippi. Colon. Waterbirds, 18: 158-167.
    • (1995) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.18 , pp. 158-167
    • Glahn, J.F.1    Dixson, P.J.2    Littauer, G.A.3    McCoy, R.B.4
  • 37
    • 0000852355 scopus 로고
    • Effect of wind on avian metabolic rate with particular reference to Gambel's quail
    • Goldstein, D.L. 1983. Effect of wind on avian metabolic rate with particular reference to Gambel's quail. Physiol. Zool. 56: 485-492.
    • (1983) Physiol. Zool. , vol.56 , pp. 485-492
    • Goldstein, D.L.1
  • 38
    • 0029474679 scopus 로고
    • Energy requirements of breeding great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
    • Gremillet, D., Schmid, D., and Culik, B. 1995. Energy requirements of breeding great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 121: 1-9.
    • (1995) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.121 , pp. 1-9
    • Gremillet, D.1    Schmid, D.2    Culik, B.3
  • 39
    • 0029111170 scopus 로고
    • Failure of submersed macrophytes to provide cover for rainbow trout throughout their first winter in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho
    • Griffith, J.S., and Smith, R.W. 1995. Failure of submersed macrophytes to provide cover for rainbow trout throughout their first winter in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 15: 42-48.
    • (1995) N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. , vol.15 , pp. 42-48
    • Griffith, J.S.1    Smith, R.W.2
  • 40
    • 0022163599 scopus 로고
    • Energy requirements of a great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) population and its impact on fish stocks
    • Guillet, A., and Furness, R.W. 1985. Energy requirements of a great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) population and its impact on fish stocks. J. Zool. (London), 205: 573-583.
    • (1985) J. Zool. (London) , vol.205 , pp. 573-583
    • Guillet, A.1    Furness, R.W.2
  • 41
    • 0039128312 scopus 로고
    • Importance of body size to the recruitment process in largemouth bass populations
    • Gutreuter, S.J., and Anderson, R.O. 1985. Importance of body size to the recruitment process in largemouth bass populations. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114: 317-327.
    • (1985) Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , vol.114 , pp. 317-327
    • Gutreuter, S.J.1    Anderson, R.O.2
  • 42
  • 43
    • 0002763846 scopus 로고
    • Changing populations of double-crested cormorants
    • Hatch, J.J. 1995. Changing populations of double-crested cormorants. Colon. Waterbirds, 18: 8-24.
    • (1995) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.18 , pp. 8-24
    • Hatch, J.J.1
  • 44
    • 0001042768 scopus 로고
    • Population, diet and reproductive success of double-crested cormorants breeding on Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, in 1987
    • Hobson, K.A., Knapton, R.W., and Lysack, W. 1989. Population, diet and reproductive success of double-crested cormorants breeding on Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, in 1987. Colon. Waterbirds, 12: 191-197.
    • (1989) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.12 , pp. 191-197
    • Hobson, K.A.1    Knapton, R.W.2    Lysack, W.3
  • 45
    • 2642659939 scopus 로고
    • White pelican production and survival of young at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota
    • Johnson, R.F., and Sloan, N.F. 1978. White pelican production and survival of young at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota. Wilson Bull. 90: 346-352.
    • (1978) Wilson Bull. , vol.90 , pp. 346-352
    • Johnson, R.F.1    Sloan, N.F.2
  • 46
    • 0029132607 scopus 로고
    • Economic benefits and costs of stocking catchable rainbow trout: A synthesis of economic analysis in Colorado
    • Johnson, D.M., Behnke, R.J., Harpman, D.A., and Walsh, R.G. 1995. Economic benefits and costs of stocking catchable rainbow trout: a synthesis of economic analysis in Colorado. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 15: 26-32.
    • (1995) N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. , vol.15 , pp. 26-32
    • Johnson, D.M.1    Behnke, R.J.2    Harpman, D.A.3    Walsh, R.G.4
  • 47
    • 0002999820 scopus 로고
    • Avian energetics
    • Edited by J. Pinowski and S.C. Kendeigh. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
    • Kendeigh, S.C., Dolnik, R.V., and Gavrilov, V.M. 1977. Avian energetics. In Granivorous birds in ecosystems. Edited by J. Pinowski and S.C. Kendeigh. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass. pp. 127-204.
    • (1977) Granivorous Birds in Ecosystems , pp. 127-204
    • Kendeigh, S.C.1    Dolnik, R.V.2    Gavrilov, V.M.3
  • 48
    • 84987383146 scopus 로고
    • Predation by cormorants on the salmonid populations of an Irish river
    • Kennedy, G.J.A., and Greer, J.E. 1988. Predation by cormorants on the salmonid populations of an Irish river. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 19: 159-170.
    • (1988) Aquacult. Fish. Manage. , vol.19 , pp. 159-170
    • Kennedy, G.J.A.1    Greer, J.E.2
  • 49
    • 33646306762 scopus 로고
    • Annual growth and fat content of white sucker Catastomus commersoni in a Quebec lake
    • Lalancette, L.-M. 1976. Annual growth and fat content of white sucker Catastomus commersoni in a Quebec lake. Nat. Can. 103: 403-416.
    • (1976) Nat. Can. , vol.103 , pp. 403-416
    • Lalancette, L.-M.1
  • 50
    • 0344708596 scopus 로고
    • Food habits of white pelicans during 1976 and 1977 at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota
    • Lingle, G.R., and Sloan, N.F. 1980. Food habits of white pelicans during 1976 and 1977 at Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota. Wilson Bull. 92: 123-125.
    • (1980) Wilson Bull. , vol.92 , pp. 123-125
    • Lingle, G.R.1    Sloan, N.F.2
  • 51
    • 0027068350 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between white-breasted cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) and the fisheries of Lake Malawi
    • Linn, I.J., and Campbell, K.L.I. 1992. Interactions between white-breasted cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) and the fisheries of Lake Malawi. J. Appl. Ecol. 29: 619-634.
    • (1992) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.29 , pp. 619-634
    • Linn, I.J.1    Campbell, K.L.I.2
  • 52
    • 0030417215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food dispersion and foraging energetics: A mechanistic synthesis for field studies of avian benthivores
    • Lovvorn, J.R., and Gillingham, M.P. 1996. Food dispersion and foraging energetics: a mechanistic synthesis for field studies of avian benthivores. Ecology, 77: 435-451.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 435-451
    • Lovvorn, J.R.1    Gillingham, M.P.2
  • 53
    • 0037919132 scopus 로고
    • Food habits and feeding ecology of nesting double-crested cormorants in the upper Great Lakes, 1986-1989
    • Ludwig, J.P., Hull, C.N., Ludwig, M.E., and Auman, H.J. 1989. Food habits and feeding ecology of nesting double-crested cormorants in the upper Great Lakes, 1986-1989. Jack-Pine Warbler, 67: 114-126.
    • (1989) Jack-Pine Warbler , vol.67 , pp. 114-126
    • Ludwig, J.P.1    Hull, C.N.2    Ludwig, M.E.3    Auman, H.J.4
  • 54
    • 0029159639 scopus 로고
    • Waterbird predation on fish in western Lake Erie: A bioenergetics model application
    • Madenjian, C.P., and Gabrey, S.W. 1995. Waterbird predation on fish in western Lake Erie: a bioenergetics model application. Condor, 97: 141-153.
    • (1995) Condor , vol.97 , pp. 141-153
    • Madenjian, C.P.1    Gabrey, S.W.2
  • 55
    • 0013659323 scopus 로고
    • Survival of hatchery-reared cutthroat trout in an Alberta stream
    • Miller, R.B. 1952. Survival of hatchery-reared cutthroat trout in an Alberta stream. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 81: 35-42.
    • (1952) Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , vol.81 , pp. 35-42
    • Miller, R.B.1
  • 56
    • 0029787730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cormorant and grebe predation on rainbow trout stocked in a southern Utah reservoir
    • Modde, T., Wasowicz, A.F., and Hepworth, D.K. 1996. Cormorant and grebe predation on rainbow trout stocked in a southern Utah reservoir. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 16: 388-394.
    • (1996) N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. , vol.16 , pp. 388-394
    • Modde, T.1    Wasowicz, A.F.2    Hepworth, D.K.3
  • 57
    • 0002763853 scopus 로고
    • The double-crested cormorant: Biology, conservation and management
    • Nettleship, D.N., and Duffy, D.C. (Editors). 1995. The double-crested cormorant: biology, conservation and management. Colon. Waterbirds 18(Spec. Publ. 1).
    • (1995) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.18 , Issue.1 SPEC. PUBL
    • Nettleship, D.N.1    Duffy, D.C.2
  • 58
    • 0027976018 scopus 로고
    • Observations on double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) at sportfishing waters in southwestern Utah
    • Ottenbacher, M.J., Hepworth, D.K., and Berg, L.N. 1994. Observations on double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) at sportfishing waters in southwestern Utah. Great Basin Nat. 54: 272-286.
    • (1994) Great Basin Nat. , vol.54 , pp. 272-286
    • Ottenbacher, M.J.1    Hepworth, D.K.2    Berg, L.N.3
  • 59
    • 0020917138 scopus 로고
    • Summer food of the great and double-crested cormorants on the Magdalen Islands, Quebec
    • Pilon, C., Burton, J., and McNeil, R. 1983. Summer food of the great and double-crested cormorants on the Magdalen Islands, Quebec. Can. J. Zool. 61: 2733-2739.
    • (1983) Can. J. Zool. , vol.61 , pp. 2733-2739
    • Pilon, C.1    Burton, J.2    McNeil, R.3
  • 60
    • 0028981834 scopus 로고
    • Time and energy constraints of fishing behaviour in breeding cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis at Lake Ijsselmeer, the Netherlands
    • Platteeuw, M., and Van Eerden, M.R. 1995. Time and energy constraints of fishing behaviour in breeding cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis at Lake Ijsselmeer, The Netherlands. Ardea, 83: 223-234.
    • (1995) Ardea , vol.83 , pp. 223-234
    • Platteeuw, M.1    Van Eerden, M.R.2
  • 62
    • 0000820153 scopus 로고
    • The food of nesting double-crested cormorants and pelagic cormorants at Mandarte Island, British Columbia, with notes on feeding ecology
    • Robertson, I. 1974. The food of nesting double-crested cormorants and pelagic cormorants at Mandarte Island, British Columbia, with notes on feeding ecology. Condor, 76: 346-348.
    • (1974) Condor , vol.76 , pp. 346-348
    • Robertson, I.1
  • 63
    • 2142658123 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the feeding and nesting requirements of the great cormorant and double-crested cormorant in Nova Scotia
    • Ross, R.K. 1976. A comparison of the feeding and nesting requirements of the great cormorant and double-crested cormorant in Nova Scotia. Proc. N.S. Inst. Sci. 27: 114-132.
    • (1976) Proc. N.S. Inst. Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 114-132
    • Ross, R.K.1
  • 64
    • 0022171056 scopus 로고
    • Common tern foraging: Seasonal trends in prey fish densities and competition with bluefish
    • Safina, C., and Burger, J. 1985. Common tern foraging: seasonal trends in prey fish densities and competition with bluefish. Ecology, 66: 1457-1463.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1457-1463
    • Safina, C.1    Burger, J.2
  • 65
    • 33646306409 scopus 로고
    • Survival and growth of fingerling brown trout (Salmo fario) reared under different hatchery conditions and planted in fast and slow water
    • Schuck, H.A., and Kingsbury, O.R. 1948. Survival and growth of fingerling brown trout (Salmo fario) reared under different hatchery conditions and planted in fast and slow water. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 75: 147-156.
    • (1948) Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 147-156
    • Schuck, H.A.1    Kingsbury, O.R.2
  • 66
    • 0011101626 scopus 로고
    • Status of the American white pelican: An update
    • Sidle, J.G., Koonz, W.H., and Roney, K. 1985. Status of the American white pelican: an update. Am. Birds, 39: 859-864
    • (1985) Am. Birds , vol.39 , pp. 859-864
    • Sidle, J.G.1    Koonz, W.H.2    Roney, K.3
  • 67
    • 0004249246 scopus 로고
    • W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Calif.
    • Sokal, R.S., and Rohlf, F.J. 1969. Biometry. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Calif.
    • (1969) Biometry
    • Sokal, R.S.1    Rohlf, F.J.2
  • 68
    • 0028161623 scopus 로고
    • Survival of rainbow trout during their first winter in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho
    • Smith, R.W., and Griffith, J.S. 1994. Survival of rainbow trout during their first winter in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123: 747-756.
    • (1994) Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , vol.123 , pp. 747-756
    • Smith, R.W.1    Griffith, J.S.2
  • 69
    • 0030319934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pellet analysis in the assessment of great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo diet: Reducing biases from otolith wear when reconstructing fish length
    • Suter, W., and Morel, P. 1996. Pellet analysis in the assessment of great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo diet: reducing biases from otolith wear when reconstructing fish length. Colon. Waterbirds, 19: 280-284.
    • (1996) Colon. Waterbirds , vol.19 , pp. 280-284
    • Suter, W.1    Morel, P.2
  • 71
    • 0028861525 scopus 로고
    • Validation of age estimates from white sucker otoliths
    • Thompson, K.R., and Beckman, D.W. 1995. Validation of age estimates from white sucker otoliths. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124: 637-639.
    • (1995) Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 637-639
    • Thompson, K.R.1    Beckman, D.W.2
  • 72
    • 0024937163 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic foraging by three species of cormorants in an Australian estuary
    • Trayler, K.M., Brothers, D.J., Wooller, R.D., and Potter, I.C. 1989. Opportunistic foraging by three species of cormorants in an Australian estuary. J. Zool. (London), 218: 87-98.
    • (1989) J. Zool. (London) , vol.218 , pp. 87-98
    • Trayler, K.M.1    Brothers, D.J.2    Wooller, R.D.3    Potter, I.C.4
  • 74
    • 0028851094 scopus 로고
    • Changes in abundance of cyprinid and percid prey affect rate of predation by cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo carbo on salmon Salmo salar smolt in northern Ireland
    • Warke, G.M.A., and Day, K.R. 1995. Changes in abundance of cyprinid and percid prey affect rate of predation by cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo carbo on salmon Salmo salar smolt in northern Ireland. Ardea, 83: 157-166.
    • (1995) Ardea , vol.83 , pp. 157-166
    • Warke, G.M.A.1    Day, K.R.2
  • 75
    • 0021534274 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of time-budget estimates of daily energy expenditure in birds
    • Weathers, W.W., Buttemer, W.A., Hayworth, A.M., and Nagy, K.A. 1984. An evaluation of time-budget estimates of daily energy expenditure in birds. Auk, 101: 459-472.
    • (1984) Auk , vol.101 , pp. 459-472
    • Weathers, W.W.1    Buttemer, W.A.2    Hayworth, A.M.3    Nagy, K.A.4
  • 76
    • 84952489538 scopus 로고
    • Feeding ecology of piscivorous birds at Lake St Lucia, Part 3: Swimming birds
    • Whitfield, A.K., and Blaber, S.J.M. 1979. Feeding ecology of piscivorous birds at Lake St Lucia, Part 3: swimming birds. Ostrich, 50: 10-20.
    • (1979) Ostrich , vol.50 , pp. 10-20
    • Whitfield, A.K.1    Blaber, S.J.M.2
  • 77
    • 0003390996 scopus 로고
    • Modelling the energy requirements of seabird populations
    • Edited by G.C. Whittow and H. Rahn. Plenum Press, New York
    • Wiens, J.A. 1984. Modelling the energy requirements of seabird populations. In Seabird energetics. Edited by G.C. Whittow and H. Rahn. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 255-284.
    • (1984) Seabird Energetics , pp. 255-284
    • Wiens, J.A.1
  • 78
    • 0001814386 scopus 로고
    • The use of otoliths for age determination
    • Edited by T.B. Bagenal. Unwin Brothers, Surrey, U.K.
    • Williams, T., and B. C. Bedford. 1974. The use of otoliths for age determination. In The ageing of fish. Edited by T.B. Bagenal. Unwin Brothers, Surrey, U.K. pp. 114-123.
    • (1974) The Ageing of Fish , pp. 114-123
    • Williams, T.1    Bedford, B.C.2
  • 79
    • 0022192897 scopus 로고
    • Food-searching behaviour of the common merganser (Mergus merganser) II: Choice of foraging location
    • Wood, C.C. 1985. Food-searching behaviour of the common merganser (Mergus merganser) II: Choice of foraging location. Can. J. Zool. 63: 1271-1279.
    • (1985) Can. J. Zool. , vol.63 , pp. 1271-1279
    • Wood, C.C.1
  • 80
    • 0022172857 scopus 로고
    • Food-searching behaviour of the common merganser (Mergus merganser) I: Functional responses to prey and predator density
    • Wood, C.C., and Hand, C.M. 1985. Food-searching behaviour of the common merganser (Mergus merganser) I: Functional responses to prey and predator density. Can. J. Zool. 63: 1260-1270.
    • (1985) Can. J. Zool. , vol.63 , pp. 1260-1270
    • Wood, C.C.1    Hand, C.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.